scholarly journals Revisiting Hans Böker’s "Species Transformation Through Reconstruction: Reconstruction Through Active Reaction of Organisms" (1935)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro Fábregas-Tejeda ◽  
Abigail Nieves Delgado ◽  
Jan Baedke
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Environmental Perturbations ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
Species Transformation

AbstractAgainst the common historiographic narratives of evolutionary biology, the first decades of the 20th century were theoretically far richer than usually assumed. This especially refers to the hitherto neglected role that early theoretical biologists played in introducing visionary research perspectives and concepts before the institutionalization of the Modern Synthesis. Here, we present one of these scholars, the German theoretical biologist and ecomorphologist Hans Böker (1886–1939), by reviewing his 1935 paper “Artumwandlung durch Umkonstruktion, Umkonstruktion durch aktives Reagieren der Organismen” ("Species Transformation Through Reconstruction: Reconstruction Through Active Reaction of Organisms"), published in the inaugural volume of the journal Acta Biotheoretica. While largely forgotten today, this work represents a melting pot of ideas that adumbrate some of today’s most lively debated empirical and conceptual topics in evolutionary biology: the active role of organisms as actors of their own evolution, environmental induction and phenotypic plasticity, genetic assimilation, as well as developmental bias. We discuss Böker’s views on how species change through (what he calls) "Umkonstruktion," and how such reconstruction is exerted through active reactions of organisms to environmental perturbations. In addition, we outline the aims and wider context of his "biological comparative anatomy," including Boker’s reprehensible political affiliation with the Nazi Party. Finally, we highlight some of the historical reasons for why Böker’s views did not have a larger impact in evolutionary biology, but we also recount some of the direct and indirect legacies of his approach in research areas such as ecomorphology and (Eco)EvoDevo. Böker’s paper is available as supplementary material in the online version of this article, as part of the journal's "Classics in Biological Theory" collection; the first translation of the paper into English, by Alexander Böhm and Jan Baedke, is also being published in this volume.

The future of sustainable supply chains: a novel tertiary-systematic methodology

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Piera Centobelli ◽  
Roberto Cerchione ◽  
Livio Cricelli ◽  
Emilio Esposito ◽  
Serena Strazzullo
Keyword(s):  
New Classification ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Sustainable Supply Chains ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Systematic Methodology

Purpose In recent years, economic, environmental and social sustainability has become one of the fastest-growing research fields. The number of primary and secondary papers addressing the triple bottom line is growing significantly, and the supply chain (SC) management discipline is in the same wave. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a novel tertiary systematic methodology to explore, aggregate, categorise and analyse the findings provided by secondary studies. Design/methodology/approach A novel tertiary systematic literature review approach, including 94 secondary studies, is proposed and used to analyse sustainable SC literature. The papers have been analysed using a research protocol, including descriptive and content analysis criteria. Findings This tertiary study does not only provide an overview of the literature on the topic of sustainability in SCs but also goes further, drawing up a categorisation of main research areas and research perspectives adopted by previous researchers. The paper also presents a rank of research gaps and an updated and a prioritised agenda. Originality/value This paper provides a novel interpretation of the research topics addressed by the secondary studies and presents a new classification of the literature gaps and their evolution. Finally, a dynamic research compass for both academicians and practitioners is presented.

scholarly journals TEMPLE REPRESENTATION IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF HIGHRISE BUILDINGS OF THE REFORMATION ERA IN JAKARTA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hilmy Arieza ; Rahadhian P. Herwindo
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Melting Pot ◽  
Cultural Wealth ◽  
High Rise ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Expansion Level ◽  
Building Representation ◽  
Available Technology ◽  
The City

Abstract - Temples are one of the most important cultural archeological remains available in Indonesia. Over the centuries and indeed up to the present, the various elements in the design of temples have been considered as a reference point and the origin of architecture in Indonesia. The Prambanan temple constitutes the first highrise building in South East Asia, which serves to prove that in that particular era, the ancestors of the current Indonesian population were able to inspire the world with its creations. The temples spread all over Indonesia can be labelled unique because they differed from those hailing from the source of inspiration, namely the country of India. This was due to the active role played by the local genius at that point in time, which showed a knack for absorbing foreign concepts while simultaneously selecting and adapting these ideas to the Indonesian context. In keeping with the developments typical of the era and the available technology, exploring the cultural wealth of resources and architecture must be continued as a matter of course; if not, there is cause for alarm that the local values and the very identity of Indonesian architecture may well fade, and all the more so in the reformation era typified by the increasingly dominant current of globalization. The most rapid development can be found in Jakarta as Indonesia’s capital and the melting pot of all aspects. The density of this urban population goes up all the time, and the price of the increasingly rare land available has followed suit. This particular trend has driven the vertical expansion for reasons of efficient land use and economic factors. The expansion level of high-rise buildings in Jakarta has also risen sharply due to the increasing need. These high-rise buildings can be considered as a symbol of a strong economy of a given city because they define the urban skyline and form a source of pride for the city dwellers. Allowing this expansion of high-rise buildings without making a rigorous selection has frequently led to the urban skyline’s loss of character, and a regrettable tendency to look identical to the skyline of other cities. The purpose of this research project is to study the use of temple representation in the architecture of high-rise buildings of the Reformation Era in Jakarta by way of examining the architectural works of PT Arkonin & PT Airmas Asri. Keywords : Temple, reformation, local genius, high-rise building, representation

scholarly journals Australian Research in Early Childhood Education and Care: Insights Into the Actual; Imagining the Possible

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-310
Author(s):  
Susanne Garvis ◽  
Sivanes Phillipson ◽  
Shane N. Phillipson
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Education And Care ◽  
Teacher Aides

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) remains a priority area for public policy, internationally and in Australia. However, an analysis of empirical research published internationally up to 2008 has identified a bias toward positivist methodologies within a “scientific/psychological’ rather than educational perspective and with a focus on the interactions between preschoolers, family, and child care variables. For some researchers, this bias raises concerns that public policy in ECEC is based on limited research perspectives. This chapter examines research focusing on the Australian context and published between 2010 and 2014 to determine whether this bias exists in Australian research. We explore the quality of ECEC research to develop an overall understanding of the current situation of ECEC research in Australia. Our findings suggest that Australian research in ECEC is very dissimilar to research published internationally, especially in its reliance on qualitative paradigms and a focus on the educators (principals, teachers, and teacher aides). The strong qualitative focus may allow a diverse range of voices within the ECEC sector to be heard and identified, moving beyond traditional notions of historically marginalized individuals and communities that dominate other education research areas.

scholarly journals History of Ukrainian Peasantry of the Dnipro Ukraine in the Research Perspectives of Postgumnism

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Yurii Prysyazhnyuk
Keyword(s):  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Peasant Studies ◽  
Colonial Studies ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Post Humanism

Modern Ukrainian historiography of the peasantry is in a position where both modern and postmodern researches are recognized as the scientifically capable ones for proper methodological substantiation and presentation. And while science, as it is known, seeks to focus on innovations that are characterized by greater productivity, convincing argumentation, all of them can still rely on an interested reader. Given this and some other circumstances, the proposed intelligence is a kind of attempt to show how against the backdrop of little apparent crisis phenomena in the methodology of history seem to be efforts aimed at the research prospects of post-human studies. The historiographic feature of intelligence is the author's appeal to a rather wide range of studies of European (more general – Western) scholars, who in the article presented primarily a collection of well – known Polish historians Eve Domanska and Tomas Vyslich. Post-humanism is presented as a complex of institutionalized tendencies and research areas, thoughtfully, intellectually and ethically connected with it. She claims a wide range of "reformal changes" in the methodology of creating historical knowledge, but has not yet been confirmed as a dominant (or even recognized) paradigm. Accordingly, the author tries to find out how scientifically substantiated abandonment of the principles of modernism opens the prospect of a more reliable understanding of the modern world. Critics are subjected to the principles established in modern Ukrainian historiography as anthropocentrism and secularization. They are known to have caused a lot of interpretative inconvenience to researchers in the agrarian society. Qualitative thinking also requires the usual term "Ukrainian peasantry". It loses its widespread significance, because artificially, and therefore, from a scientific point of view it is not justified to "modernize" the peasant traditional world. Post Humanism recognizes the expediency of post-colonial studies. From the point of view of the needs of Ukrainian peasant studies, this is understandable, if we consider that the modernist professed Eurocentrism, it does not refuse from its prevalence, even though it includes both post-European and post-colonial initiatives. In the end, historians (historiographers) will love to "emphasize" under the next flash of activization of peasant studies. Such statements also provoke the logic of creating mega-narratives, since each block of such intellectual products claims to be some kind of (or desired) completeness. The author argues that post humanism destroys this tradition, opens up new horizons for interpreting the past of an "awkward class".

scholarly journals Semantic segmentation of vertebrate microfossils from computed tomography data using a deep learning approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Yemao Hou ◽  
Mario Canul-Ku ◽  
Xindong Cui ◽  
Rogelio Hasimoto-Beltran ◽  
Min Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Stratigraphic Correlation ◽  
Segmentation Method ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Performance Metric ◽  
Segmentation Methods ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
Tomography Data

Abstract. Vertebrate microfossils have broad applications in evolutionary biology and stratigraphy research areas such as the evolution of hard tissues and stratigraphic correlation. Classification is one of the basic tasks of vertebrate microfossil studies. With the development of techniques for virtual paleontology, vertebrate microfossils can be classified efficiently based on 3D volumes. The semantic segmentation of different fossils and their classes from CT data is a crucial step in the reconstruction of their 3D volumes. Traditional segmentation methods adopt thresholding combined with manual labeling, which is a time-consuming process. Our study proposes a deep-learning-based (DL-based) semantic segmentation method for vertebrate microfossils from CT data. To assess the performance of the method, we conducted extensive experiments on nearly 500 fish microfossils. The results show that the intersection over union (IoU) performance metric arrived at least 94.39 %, meeting the semantic segmentation requirements of paleontologists. We expect that the DL-based method could also be applied to other fossils from CT data with good performance.

Metaphysics and Evolutionary Biology

1988 ◽  
pp. 125-155
Author(s):  
Raymond D. Boisvert
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Active Role ◽  
William Morris ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Vermont

This chapter investigates how John Dewey’s naturalistic period is characterized by the substitution of ontological issues for the methodological ones that dominated the experimentalist phase. This change in emphasis resulted from his continued preoccupation with certain concerns that had marked his idealistic period, two of which are relevant here: the recognition that consciousness must be viewed as active as well as passive; and organicism. From William Morris, Dewey had come to appreciate the active role of intelligence in the acquisition of knowledge; and in G.W.F. Hegel, he had found a well-worked-out expression of organicism, a doctrine that had attracted him since his undergraduate years at the University of Vermont.

Empirical Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 151-179
Author(s):  
J. Arvid Ågren
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Genetic Elements ◽  
Selfish Genetic Elements ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Individual

The initial success of the gene’s-eye view came from making sense of old problems in evolutionary biology, in particular those related to social behaviour. It also stimulated new empirical research areas. This chapter is about three such new areas. The first is extended phenotypes, which are examples of phenotypic effects that occur outside of the body in which a gene is located. The second area is greenbeard genes, which gets its name from the thought-experiment devised to show that for altruism to evolve it is the relatedness between the actor and the recipient at the locus underlying the altruistic behaviour that matters, not the genome-wide relatedness. Finally, selfish genetic elements are genetic elements that have the ability to promote their own transmission even if it come at the expense of the fitness of the individual organism. The chapter outlines the current understanding of these topics and the role of the gene’s-eye view in uncovering them.

scholarly journals Geographic range limits of species

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1661) ◽  
pp. 1391-1393 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.J Gaston
Keyword(s):  
Species Interactions ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Dispersal Limitation ◽  
Geographic Range ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Range Limits ◽  
Geographic Ranges ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Key Issues

Understanding the forms that the geographic range limits of species take, their causes and their consequences are key issues in ecology and evolutionary biology. They are also topics on which understanding is advancing rapidly. This themed issue of Proc. R. Soc. B focuses on the wide variety of current research perspectives on the nature and determinants of the limits to geographic ranges. The contributions address important themes, including the roles and influences of dispersal limitation, species interactions and physiological limitation, the broad patterns in the structure of geographic ranges, and the fundamental question of why at some point species no longer evolve the ability to overcome the factors constraining their distributions and thus fail to continue to spread. In this introduction, these contributions are placed in the wider context of these broad themes.

Essay reviews: Cataloguing for Empire

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-311
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Comparative Anatomy ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Natural History Museum ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
History Museum ◽  
Thomas Henry Huxley ◽  
Richard Owen ◽  
The Many

Richard Owen, The Hunterian Lectures in Comparative Anatomy. May and June 1837 . Edited with an Introduction by Phillip Reid Sloan. Natural History Museum Publications, 1992. Pp. xii + 340, £37.50 hardback, £15.95 paper. ISBN 0-565-011065, 0-565-011448 Jacob W. Gruber and John C. Thackray, Richard Owen Commemoration: Three Studies . Historical Studies in the Life and Earth Sciences No. 1. Natural History Museum Publications, 1992. Pp. x + 181, £29.95. ISBN 0-565-01109 Over the last 10 to 15 years it has become increasingly clear that an astonishing proportion of Victorian natural history and comparative anatomy revolved around the enigmatic figure of Richard Owen - so much so that when the centenary of his death came around in 1992, the commemorations willingly spread themselves over several days and a great diversity of scientific themes. Owen’s life and work thoroughly embraced the industrious spirit of the nineteenth century. In his time he was renowned as Britain’s most gifted anatomist, as a public lecturer, a palaeontologist, taxonomist and philosopher on natural history topics, and, in another more concrete sense, as the man who brought the Natural History Museum in South Kensington into existence. He catalogued John Hunter’s collection while curator at the Royal College of Surgeons, dissected rare animals from the zoo, invented dinosaurs, classified a succession of gigantic fossil species from the outposts of empire, wrote memoirs on the pearly Nautilus, Australian marsupials, the Archaeopteryx , the aborigines of the Andaman Islands, the gorilla and the dodo, took an active role in London’s scientific society, received a shower of medals, including the Royal Medal in 1846 and the Copley in 1851, went to the opera, played chess with Edwin Landseer, visited the Queen at Osborne, and ended up with a knighthood and an attractive grace-and-favour residence in Richmond, known as Sheen Lodge. Yet in spite of being such a man of parts, Owen was not liked. Thomas Henry Huxley hated him and never ignored an opportunity to fight. Charles Darwin lost his temper over a review of the Origin of Species and never talked to him again. Antonio Panizzi did his best to prevent him splitting up the British Museum’s collections. It is one of the many achievements of these two books, published to coincide with the centenary, that Owen’s pugnacious, self-aggrandizing character and famous slipperiness under pressure emerge, not quite sanitized, but as the kind of ambitious qualities that were needed to get things done.

scholarly journals Species Transformation Through Reconstruction: Reconstruction Through Active Reaction of Organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Böker
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
English Abstract ◽  
Anatomical Reconstruction ◽  
Technical Process ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
Species Transformation ◽  
Anatomical Characters

AbstractComparative biological morphology, incorporating the study of active reaction, is contrasted with genetics as the study of passive mutation. Geneticists investigate anatomical characters, never anatomical constructions, which are capable of reorganization when the biological-morphological equilibrium of the organism has been disturbed. The anatomy of Opisthocomus cristatus and Stringops habroptilus demonstrate that three successive disturbances in the bio-morphological equilibrium are reacted to purposively by anatomical reconstruction. These reactions are no accidental mutations, but are anatomical reactions, related to, and affecting, the organism as a whole. In sharp contrast to such anatomical reaction, resulting, during phylogeny, in reorganization, are the “technics” [i.e., mechanistic bases] of individual development. The hereditary process is, like every physiological or embryological process, a fixed mechanism, which remains constant until an active reaction leads to reconstruction and at the same time an appropriate change of the mechanisms. The remolding of species is therefore no passive, “technical” process, but a creative act of the organisms themselves. [Original English abstract; not translated.]

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