scholarly journals Geochemical evaluation of carbonate aquifers in Ngbo and environs, Ebonyi State, southeastern, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1893-1909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ikenna Stanley Ifediegwu ◽  
Chinenye Florence Onyeabor ◽  
Chiamaka Miracle Nnamani
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Ion Chemistry ◽  
Ionic Ratio ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Carbonate Aquifers ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Geochemical Evaluation ◽  
Quality Of Waters ◽  
Dug Wells

Abstract The geochemical evaluation of carbonate aquifers in Ngbo and environs has been executed to ascertain the major ion chemistry and quality of waters for domestic and drinking uses. Ten water samples were gathered from pit lakes, hand dug wells, boreholes and rivers. The collected samples were analysed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3− and PO42− in the laboratory using the standard methods. The results were compared with NDWQS and WHO standards. The physical parameters varied from pH (6.2–8.4), temp. (25.0–26.0 °C), electrical conductivity (4.9–102 µS/cm) and total dissolved solids (25.5–214.2 mg/l). The analysed results revealed the mean concentration of cations and anions in the following order: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ > Fe2+ and HCO3− > CO32− > SO42− > Cl−, respectively. Based on the standard limits, about 90% of the waters in the study area is suitable for domestic and drinking purposes. The Piper trilinear, Stiff and Durov diagrams showed that water samples from various locations fall into mixed CaCO32−+HCO3 type. Various ionic ratio plots show that water sources are from dissolution of minerals in the aquifer media. Geochemical parameters such as Cl−, Na+ and K+ show good interrelationship with positive factor loadings among the ions.

scholarly journals Geochemical Evaluation of Formation Water, Mauddud Reservoir, Khabbaz Oilfield, Kirkuk Area, Northern Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-35
Author(s):  
Fouad Qader ◽  
Basim Al-Qayim Al-Beyati ◽  
Fawzi Al-Beyati
Keyword(s):  
Closed System ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Geochemical Analysis ◽  
Formation Water ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
Water Classification ◽  
Geochemical Evaluation ◽  
Drilling Time

In this study, formation-water samples were collected by NOC Staff, during drilling time, from the Mauddud Formation reservoir of the Khabbaz Oilfield, for this reason four samples from four wells; Kz-3, Kz-4, Kz-7, and Kz-23 were selected to geochemical analysis. Analyzed geochemical parameters include TDS and the concentrations of the different dissolved cations and anions present in brines (Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+1, SO4-2, Cl-1, HCO3-1, and NaCl). Variations among the resulted data are discussed by comparison with other Cretaceous Brines. Geochemical ratios of Na/Cl, (Na-Cl)/SO4) and (Cl-Na)/Mg+2 was calculated for formation water classification following Bojarski, (1970). The calculated geochemical ratios of the studied samples in the studied four wells indicate that all of these waters are "chloride calcium" type under subsurface conditions, this type reflect closed system isolated associations reservoir, which are becoming high hydrostatic in deeper zones without influence by infiltration waters. A major transversal fault cutting the structure at its SE plunge had participated in the dilution of the Mauddud reservoir brine effectively.

scholarly journals Quality of water sources in Southwestern Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT): a cross-sectional descriptive study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-693
Author(s):  
Richard Onyuthi Apecu ◽  
Lucas Ampaire ◽  
Edgar Mugema Mulogo ◽  
Fred Norman Bagenda ◽  
Afsatou Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Gravitational Flow ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Compartment Bag Test

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological quality of water sources in the two rural areas of Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT). In total, 200 water samples were collected from 69 different water sources and processed within 6 h of collection. Positive and negative controls were processed each day together with water samples. Physical parameters were measured in situ. Descriptive statistics were used to generate mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviations and percentages. The results indicated that 29% of the water sources met the National Standards and World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for drinking water. Sixty percent of the borehole, 44% of gravitational flow taps and 14% of roof rain water met the required standards. Of the open water sources, 75% of the rivers, 50% of open channels and 43% of unprotected dug wells plus 25% of protected springs and 9% of gravitational flow schemes had most probable number counts >100 Escherichia coli/100 mL of water. Most of the water sources in the study areas were not fit for human consumption without prior treatment. The CBT was found to be robust and easy to use in all field situations. The mean physical parameters of water sources were within the acceptable limits.

scholarly journals Environmental Pollution Around Dhaka EPZ and its Impact on Surface and Groundwater

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
MKA Khan ◽  
M Alam ◽  
MS Islam ◽  
MQ Hassan ◽  
MA Al-Mansur
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Clay Layer ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Surface And Groundwater

Industrial sector is gradually playing a more important role in Bangladesh economy and EPZs have provided a good platform of industrial establishment. Dhaka EPZ since its establishment has altered the fragile environment of the surrounding area. Huge amount of effluents discharged from Dhaka EPZ has been polluting the surface and groundwater. Surface water contamination by industrial effluents released from Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) and the ramification to groundwater have been estimated. The study involves analyzing physicochemical properties along with major Anionic contaminants in waste water samples. Conversely their potential transmission into groundwater has been evaluated by analyzing HTW water samples from the surrounding area. Some important physical parameters were measured while collecting the sample in field condition. The suite of 6 major anions (F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3-, SO4-2 and HCO3-) have been measured in ppm level of concentration by analyzing with chemically suppressed Ion Chromatograph while HCO3- content was determined by Titration method. Analysis reveals pH maximum 9.55, DO maximum 2.40 mg/L, TDS maximum 1280 mg/L, Bi-carbonate maximum 891 mg/L, Sulfate maximum 452 mg/L, Chloride maximum 179 mg/L, Nitrate maximum 44 mg/L and Fluoride not above detection limit. Higher concentration of Cl-, SO4-2, NO3- in waste water samples compared to the standard by DOE (Department of Environment) as well as background concentration from uncontaminated water can be correlated with industrial effluent discharge. On the other hand low level of concentration found in groundwater samples indicates that groundwater is still safe. This phenomenon is explained by the presence of impervious clay layer. Key words: Dhaka EPZ; Effluent; Madhupur Tract; Contaminants; DOE; Environment; Clay layer DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v46i2.8181 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 46(2), 153-162, 2011

scholarly journals Effect of COVID-19 Lockdown on Metal Concentration in the Water Column of Asia’s Largest Coastal Lagoon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Hilal Farooq ◽  
Amrit Kumar Mishra ◽  
Sandip Kumar Muhakud ◽  
Prasannajit Acharya ◽  
Pradipta Ranjan Muduli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Concentration ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Chilika Lagoon ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Post Monsoon Season ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mean Concentration

A complete halt on all anthropogenic activities and human movement due to COVID-19 lockdown has provided a great opportunity to assess the impact of human activities on coastal marine ecosystems. The current study assessed the concentration of the metals in water samples of the largest brackish water lagoon of Asia; the Chilika lagoon in the state of Odisha, India between pre-COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 lockdown scenarios. Monthly water samples (n=30 stations) from 0.3 m depth were collected from three sectors of the lagoon seasonally; pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon. In addition to various physical parameters [pH, salinity, alkalinity, (DO) dissolved oxygen, (TDS) total dissolved solids, and (EC) electrical conductivity] the collected water samples were analysed for 18 trace metals (Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V). Most of the physical parameters showed a significant variation between pre-and post-COVID-19 scenarios, except for pH and DO. The concentration of five metals (Be, Cd, Co, Ni, and Pb) remained below detection limits in all water samples. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on the concentration of the metal in the water samples was noticed along with the three sectors of the lagoon. However, eight metals (Al, As, Cr, Fe, Mn, Th, U, and V) were significantly different between the COVID-19 scenarios and the remaining five metals were not statistically significant. The mean concentration of Al, As, Fe, Th, and V were higher in the pre-COVID-19 scenarios, whereas only Cr and Mn were higher in the post-COVID-19 scenarios. The mean concentration of U was similar among both COVID-19 scenarios, even though there were seasonal and sectoral differences. The seasonal influence of riverine influx was more evident on metal concentration during the monsoon season, whereas the difference between sectors was more prominent during the post-monsoon season. An increased number of correlations between physical parameters and metal concentration were observed in the post-monsoon season and post-COVID-19 scenario. This study provides evidence that the imposition of COVID-19 lockdown reduced metal influx in the water column and improved the water quality of the Chilika lagoon. Our results can be used as baseline for metal concentration in surface waters of the lagoon.

scholarly journals Point-of-Use Water Treatment Methods and the Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in a Peri-Urban Community of Bonendale, Douala IV, Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ngouakam H ◽  
◽  
Fru Cho J ◽  
Tientche B ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Coliform Count ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Dug Wells

Background: The study aimed at assessing the knowledge of Bonendale populations related to safe drinking water; determine the microbiological quality and the household treatment practices of drinking water at the point of use (PoU). Methods: The study was descriptive and cross-sectional, conducted between November 2017 and November 2018 in Bonendale, Douala IV. A systematic random sampling method was used to select 237 households. Results: The main source of drinking water in the study population was dug wells (64.9%). The major activity around the boreholes was agriculture 50% (6/12) while agriculture and livestock rearing were practiced around 34.3% (12/35) and 42.8% (15/35) of dug wells respectively. Nearly half 110 (46.4%) of respondents had a good knowledge of physical properties of drinking water. Fifty-nine water samples out of a total of 60 tested (98.3%) were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Analysis of water samples indicated that 47.6% (10/21) of dug wells, 37.0% (10/27) of Camwater, and 41.2% (5/12) of boreholes had a total coliform count varying between 101-1000 CFU/100mL. And only a single Camwater water sample 1 (137%) had a coliform count of 0 CFU/100mL. Conclusion: These findings indicated the poor microbiological quality of point water used by Bonendale populations representing an important potential health risk of water-borne diseases. The results also reveal that a very high proportion of households treat their PoU before drinking.

scholarly journals Groundwater and river water interaction to solve water shortage: a case from Tasikmalaya, Indonesia

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasapta E Irawan ◽  
Cut N Rachmi ◽  
Aditya Pratama ◽  
Gusti P Tulak ◽  
Achmad D Rochman
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Flow System ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Water Characteristics ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Flow Map

Water shortage is a common problem in the high density settlement along the riverbank of Ciromban and Cibeureum River, Tasikmalaya, as the quality of the water also decreases. One of the solution is to maximize the use of river water. This study aims to investigate the interaction between river and groundwater along the riverbank as a function of land use impact. A river water and unconfined groundwater level mapping has been conducted to make water flow map, assuming both waters are in the same flow system. Physical parameters, temperature, TDS, and pH were measured at each stations to understand water characteristics. Based on observations at 50 dug wells and 12 river stations on July-August 2014, a close interaction between both water bodies has been identified with two flow systems: effluent flow (or gaining stream) at Cibereum river segment and influent flow (losing stream) at Ciromban river segment. Physical parameters show a high correlation in temperature, pH, and TDS. Hence, further evaluation from health point of view should be taken before using river water as raw water supply in Tasikmalaya area.

scholarly journals Groundwater Quality Analysis of Domestic Water Sources from Hand Dug Wells In Gwallameji, Bauchi State

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olufunmilayo I Ndububa ◽  
Abubakar U Ardo
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Quality Analysis ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Environmental Interventions ◽  
Dug Wells

Lack of access to safe and adequate domestic water supplies contributes to poverty levels through the economic costs of poor health and the high proportion of household expenditure on safe water supplies. Gwallameji, a community on the outskirts of Bauchi town has no access to municipal water supply from Bauchi town, groundwater water, mainly hand dug wells are used as domestic water sources. The quality of water available from these hand dug wells  in the community were determined by the physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water samples collected from domestic water points in the community. The results from the water samples were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) Standards for Drinking Water. High levels of Nitrate and Chromium above recommended levels from the standard were found in all water samples. Concentrations of Calcium highest value of 213mg/l and Magnesium a highest value of 22.02 mg/l at levels higher than recommended levels for drinking water were also obtained in all samples. It was recommended that restrictions on farming activities with use of fertilizers and location of latrines around domestic water sources should be enforced. Hand dug wells should be at a distance of at least 30m from soak away pits and pit latrines. Well lining and cover should be provided for all hand dug wells to reduce contamination of water from these sources. Increased and continued environmental interventions through public health education by community based health workers, awareness and sensitization campaigns should be carried out for improved household and community sanitation in the area.

scholarly journals WATER SOURCES AND WATER-BORNE DISEASES: A STUDY OF SEASONAL DISPARITIES IN BACTERIOLOGICAL COMPOSITIONS OF WATER SOURCES IN KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1113-1118
Author(s):  
Melinga Salifu ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regulation ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Dug Wells ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Water Borne

Water is an essential component of human living and crucial in metabolism, substrate transport across membranes, cellular homeostasis, temperature regulation, and circulatory function. Access to quality water is a critical concern of any society. However, water shortage remains the central problem of many households across the universe, prompting people to depend on water sources that are considered unhealthy for human consumption. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the bacteriological compositions of water sources in Kogi State based on seasonal disparities. Water samples were obtained from streams and hand-dug wells within the Ankpa and Obajana areas during the rainy and dry seasons. The analysis conducted on the samples revealed that the water sources were heavily contaminated with bacteria at both seasons.

scholarly journals DELINEATION OF CONCENTRATION OF FERRUGINOUS MINERALS IN AQUIFERS IN YENAGOA, BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA, USING GEOELECTRIC VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING (VES) AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL TECHNIQUES

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Okorobia E. Mark ◽  
Etim D. Uko ◽  
Amechi Bright ◽  
Onengiyeofori A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Vertical Electrical Sounding ◽  
World Health ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Chemical Parameters ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Electrical Sounding

A total of sixteen Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) surveys and five physicochemical analyses were carried out in selected locations within the Yenagoa Metropolis, in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, to delineate the concentration of ferruginous minerals in freshwater aquifers in the area. For the geophysical survey, the Schlumberger electrode configuration was employed. The resulting data obtained was processed and interpreted using Excel suite, IPI2WIN resistivity, Surfer-11 and Rockworks software. The results revealed four to six geologic layers across the area, and were used to generate geoelectric maps which showed that in most part of the study area, there were uneven distributions of shallow aquifers (4 – 10m), and uneven layers of clay and sandy-silt at varying depths up to 20m. The physicochemical analysis of raw water samples collected from five boreholes located in close proximity to the VES sounding locations were analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Physical parameters tested include colour, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature. Chemical parameters analysed are pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) Alkalinity, Total Iron, Carbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, and heavy metals such as copper, chromium, nickel, cadmium, manganese, zinc and lead. The pH was determined using a Mettler Toledo (GmbH 8603 Schwerzenbach) pH meter by direct measurement. An analogue mercury thermometer was used for temperature measurements and a Hach 2100A turbidimeter for turbidity determination. Also, the concentrations of Zinc, Lead, and Copper in the water samples were obtained using the flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It was observed that the values SO42- , Cl-, Na2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F- have values below World Health Organization (WHO) standard in all boreholes tested while Mn2+, NH3, PO3−and Fe2+, K+, and Cu2+ have values above WHO standard in some boreholes. The pH values all showed that the water was slightly basic as the values all exceeded the neutral limit 7, with only station showing slightly elevated pH value 9, suggesting the presence of iron bacteria. F-, K+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ have values that exceeded the WHO standard. The results from Physicochemical and geophysical analysis suggest that at depths of 20 – 45m, the concentration of ferruginous minerals is high especially towards the north eastern section of the study area and so drilling should be made to approximate depths of 50 – 80m for minimal iron contamination in the aquifers.

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