Pulsed power applications for agriculture and food processing
AbstractRecently, pulsed power technologies, including pulsed electric fields (PEFs) and time-modulated plasmas, are starting to be applied actively in agriculture and food processing. In the applications, compact pulsed power generators with moderate peak power and repetitive operation are developed for controlling discharge plasmas and electric field distribution. These applications are mainly based on the biological effects of a spatially distributed electric field and the chemically active species in the plasma. The PEFs are caused by applying pulse voltage between the electrodes and contribute to form pores on the cell membrane or to change conformation of protein. When the applied voltage exceeds the discharge onset criterion, plasmas are generated through the avalanche process of electron accelerated with intense electric field in a gas or liquids medium. The plasmas produce chemically active species, UV radiation, an intense electric field in the vicinity of discharge channel and shock waves, which also have different biological effects. The agricultural applications of pulsed power can be categorized as two phases: pre-harvest and post-harvest phases. The pre-harvest phase consists of seed germination, seedling growth, plant growth and growth mode change from vegetative to reproductive. Pulsed power technologies are used to promotion of seed germination, plant growth enhancement through direct stimulation or indirect effect such as inactivation of bacteria in soil and liquid hydroponic media, and promotion of mushroom fruit body formation. The post-harvest phase consists of harvesting the agricultural produce, storing the products, transporting the products to consumers and food processing such as drying, pasteurization (sterilization of bacteria), permeabilization and fermentation. The pulsed power technologies are also used to keep freshness of agricultural produce through decontaminating airborne, inactivating bacteria and decomposition of plant hormone in the storage containers. The poration of cell membrane by PEF contributes improvement of extraction of juice, nutritional agents, and antioxidant metabolites such as polyphenols from agricultural products. In this review, at first, a basis of pulsed power system for agricultural applications and bio-effect by high-electric field exposure is outlined. After that, pre-harvest and post-harvest agricultural applications are described. The utilization of pulsed power technologies to contribute efficient food processing and improve food safety and quality is also described.
