Heavy metal concentrations in the edible portions of Centella asiatica: Health risk toward chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology

AbstractCentella asiatica is a commonly consumed green leafy vegetable in many developing countries due its high nutritious value and availability at low cost. The present study was conducted to assess the Cd, Cr and Pb uptake associated health risks of Centella asiatica harvested from organic and non-organic cultivations in a chronic kidney disease of uncertain etiology (CKDue) prevalent area in Sri Lanka. The health risk assessment was conducted in terms of the bioconcentration factor (BCF), soil-to-root and root-to-leaf translocation factors ($${\text{TF}}\,({\text{soil-root}})$$ TF ( soil-root ) and $${\text{TF}}\,({\text{root-leaf}})$$ TF ( root-leaf ) ), Target hazard quotient for each heavy metal (THQ) and hazard index (HI). In addition, the spatial variation of physical and chemical parameters of the root zone soil were assessed using MINITAB 17 statistical software. Results indicated significant spatial variations in conductivity, organic matter content and Cr concentrations among organic and non-organic study sites. The Cr, Cd and Pb concentrations recorded from roots and leaves of Centella asiatica were higher than the safe limits for consumption established by the European Union. The health risk analysis indicated that there is a potential of hyper-accumulating Cd in the roots of Centella asiatica. Further, the THQ and HI of the heavy metals indicated possible adverse non-cancer health risks associated with long-term consumption of leaves of Centella asiatica. Therefore, necessary precautionary actions to prevent the excessive buildup of Cr, Cd and Pb in the edible portions of Centella asiatica are essential in order to ensure consumer safety.

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Kandungan Logam Berat (Pb dan Hg) pada Sayuran di Desa Kopeng Kabupaten Semarang dan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungannya

VISIKES: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat ◽

10.33633/visikes.v20i1.4274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Indira Casheila Anindityo ◽

Nur Endah Wahyuningsih ◽

Yusniar Hanani Darundiati

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Health Risk ◽

Health Risks ◽

Random Sampling ◽

Heavy Metal Contamination ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Lifetime Risk ◽

Estimated Daily Intake ◽

Running Water

Abstrak : Desa Kopeng, Kabupaten Semarang merupakan kawasan pertanian sayuran. Kegiatan pertanian seperti penggunaan pestisida dapat menyebabkan kontaminasi logam berat pada sayuran dan dapat mengganggu kesehatan yang bersifat karsinogenik pada logam berat timbal dan non-karsinogenik pada logam berat merkruri pada setiap orang yang mengkonsumsinya secara teratur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi timbal dan merkuri pada sayuran di Desa Kopeng dan mengetahui risiko kesehatannya yang merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan metode uji laboratorium menggunakan spektrometri serapan atom dan analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 15 diambil secara proporsional random sampling. Terdiri dari sayuran kubis, brokoli dan selada. Perhitungan risiko kesehatan non-karsinogenik dan karsinogenik meliputi estimated daily intake (EDI); hazard quotients (HQ) dan hazard index (HI); serta lifetime risk cancer (LCR) untuk logam berat Pb. Diperoleh rata-rata kandungan Pb pada seluruh sayuran sebesar 0,069 dan Hg <0,002 mg/kg. Hasil tersebut berada di bawah nilai ambang batas logam berat sayuran yaitu 0,5 untuk Pb dan 0,03 mg/kg untuk Hg. Perhitungan risiko kesehatan karsinogenik pada konsumsi kubis, brokoli dan selada di Desa Kopeng belum memberikan risiko kesehatan, namun pada perhitungan risiko kesehatan non-karsinogenik HI pada anak-anak sudah berisiko. Sebaiknya mengonsumsi sayuran dan buah-buahan yang beragam dan dan dicuci menggunakan air bersih dan mengalir sebelum dikonsumsi.Kata Kunci: sayuran; timbal; merkuri; risiko kesehatan; KopengAbstract: Kopeng in Distric Semarang is a vegetables agricultural area. Agricultural activities such as the use of pesticides can cause heavy metal contamination of vegetables and can cause health problems which are carcinogenic to heavy metal lead and non-carcinogenic to heavy metal mercury in everyone who consumes them regularly. This study aims to determine the concentration of lead and mercury in vegetables in Kopeng and to determine their health risks. This research is a quantitative descriptive study using laboratory test methods using atomic absorption spectrometry and environmental health risk analysis. The research sample 15 was taken by proportional random sampling. Consisting of cabbage vegetables, broccoli and lettuce. Calculations of non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks include estimated daily intake (EDI); hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard index (HI); and lifetime risk cancer (LCR) for heavy metal Pb. Results an average Pb content in all vegetables of 0.069 and Hg <0.002 mg/kg. These results are below the threshold values for heavy metals in vegetables, namely 0.5 for Pb and 0.03 mg/kg for Hg. Calculation of carcinogenic health risks in the consumption of cabbage, broccoli and lettuce in Kopeng Village has not provided a health risk, but the non-carcinogenic health risk of HI in children is already at risk. We recommend that you eat a variety of vegetables and fruits and wash them using clean and running water before consumption.Keywords: vegetables; lead; mercury; health risk; Kopeng

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Heavy Metal(loid)s Contamination in Ground Dust and Associated Health Risks at a Former Indigenous Zinc Smelting Area

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18030893 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 893

Author(s):

Shan Li ◽

Xiangyang Bi ◽

Zhonggen Li ◽

Heng Wang ◽

Xinyu Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Contaminated Soils ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Threshold Values ◽

Zinc Smelting

Indigenous zinc smelting (IZS) is a backward technique that releases a great deal of heavy metal(loid)s into the environment. However, the contamination of heavy metal(loid)s in ground dust and the associated health risks in such areas are poorly known. In this study, a former IZS area in Guizhou, China, was surveyed during 2008–2018 with 15 elements (Ag, As, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, In, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Tl, Zn) being analyzed. The results indicate that most elements (e.g., Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn) in ground dust decreased significantly after the cessation of the IZS in 2006; nevertheless, some elements still remained at relatively high levels in 2018, e.g., Pb (average: 762 ± 647 mg/kg), Zn (average: 1287 ± 753 mg/kg), Cd (average: 7.76 ± 5.06 mg/kg), and As (average: 41.9 ± 34.8 mg/kg), indicating they might come from the local contaminated soils, slag residues and smelting potteries. In terms of the impacts on human health, children have both higher non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks than that of adults, with the latter subpopulation having a lower risk than the threshold values. Pb and As were the two elements with the highest non-carcinogenic risk for children, the hazard index of local children was still higher than the threshold of 1 (e.g., 1.43 for As, 2.09 for Pb) in 2018. The carcinogenic risk of As exposure to children dropped more than two times to 6.42 × 10−7 in 2018, which falls below the tolerable range (10−6–10−4). This study revealed that although the concentration of heavy metal(loid)s in ground dust and linked health risk in the IZS area has reduced dramatically after the cessation of IZS, continued removal of slag residues and smelting potteries is necessary for further decreasing the human health risk.

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Heavy metal residue in some vegetables and potential health risk assessment among consumers within Katsina North Western Nigeria

Nigerian Journal of Technological Research ◽

10.4314/njtr.v15i3.8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 56-63

Author(s):

L.U Usman ◽

R. Yerima

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Health Risk ◽

Health Risks ◽

Hazard Quotient ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Potential Health ◽

Potential Health Risk ◽

Vegetable Samples

Ingestion of vegetables containing heavy metal is one of the main ways in which these elements enter the human body. Once entered, heavy metals are deposited in bone and fat tissues, overlapping noble minerals. Slowly released into the body, heavy metals can cause an array of diseases. This study aimed to assess the heavy metals residues in some vegetables and potential health risk among consumers within Katsina Metropolis. Six different vegetable samples comprising of cucumber (Cucumis sativus), cabbage (Brassica oleracea), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), red pepper (Piper nigrum) and tomato (Lycopersicum esculentus) were randomly collected from two main irrigation farmland located in Katsina Metropolis (Kofar sauri and Kofar marusa). Their level of toxic metals namely (Copper, Zinc, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead) were assessed using standard materials and methods. Results obtained were used to estimate the health risk of these heavy metals via consumption of the vegetable samples. The results from the study showed that the mean heavy metal concentration ranged between 1.10±0.00 mg/kg to 4.45±0.16 mg/kg, 1.78±0.07 mg/kg to 4.9±0.11 mg/kg, 0.02±0.00 mg/kg to 1.28±0.02 mg/kg, 1.51±0.02 mg/kg to 4.34±0.02 mg/kg and 1.05±0.01 mg/kg to 2.86±0.02 mg/kg for Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, and Pb respectively. The concentration of Cu and Zn were found to be below permissible limit while Cd, Cr and Pb concentration exceeded the permissible limit recommended by WHO/FAO. Health risks associated with the intake of these metals were evaluated in terms of estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). EDI value of Cu and Zn were found to be below the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The HQ of all the metals were >1, suggesting health hazards risk for the population. Moreover, HQ of Cd and Pb were greatly higher through consumption of cucumber, cabbage, lettuce and red pepper indicating significant health risks. HI was found to be higher >1 (3.32 mg/kg and 3.91 mg/kg) in adult and children respectively for consumption of spinach; however, it was much higher >1 (10.49 mg/kg and 12.4 mg/kg) in adult and children respectively for consumption of cabbage, suggesting more adverse health effects from cabbage consumption than spinach. The findings of this study shows the health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metals through the intake of some the selected vegetables within Katsina Metropolis, therefore, there is need for biomonitoring of these heavy metals in the vegetable because these are some of the main sources of food for humans in many parts of the world. Keywords: Heavy metal, Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Quotient, Hazard Index, Consumption

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Anthropogenic nitrate in groundwater and its health risks in the view of background concentration in a semi arid area of Rajasthan, India

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88600-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Abdur Rahman ◽

N. C. Mondal ◽

K. K. Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Probabilistic Approach ◽

Hazard Index ◽

Arid Area ◽

Oral Exposure ◽

Background Concentration ◽

Semi Arid

AbstractAn increased nitrate (NO3−) concentration in groundwater has been a rising issue on a global scale in recent years. Different consumption mechanisms clearly illustrate the adverse effects on human health. The goal of this present study is to assess the natural and anthropogenic NO3− concentrations in groundwater in a semi arid area of Rajasthan and its related risks to human health in the different groups of ages such as children, males, and females. We have found that most of the samples (n = 90) were influenced by anthropogenic activities. The background level of NO3− had been estimated as 7.2 mg/L using a probabilistic approach. About 93% of nitrate samples exceeded the background limit, while 28% of the samples were beyond the permissible limit of 45 mg/L as per the BIS limits. The results show that the oral exposure of nitrate was very high as compare to dermal contact. With regard to the non-carcinogenic health risk, the total Hazard Index (HITotal) values of groundwater nitrate were an average of 0.895 for males, 1.058 for females, and 1.214 for children. The nitrate health risk assessment shows that about 38%, 46%, and 49% of the samples constitute the non-carcinogenic health risk to males, females, and children, respectively. Children were found to be more prone to health risks due to the potential exposure to groundwater nitrate.

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The individualized, accompanied transition program “TraiN” for adolescent kidney patients – a local initiative

Journal of Transition Medicine ◽

10.1515/jtm-2021-0002 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Paula Collette ◽

Luisa C. Klein ◽

Lisa M. Körner ◽

Gundula Ernst ◽

Sandra Brengmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Disease Management ◽

Health Risks ◽

Pediatric Nephrology ◽

Young Patients ◽

Transition Program ◽

University Hospital ◽

Adult Care ◽

Local Initiative

Abstract Since the transition from pediatric and adolescent to adult care often proceeds unaccompanied and unplanned, young patients with chronic kidney disease may experience health risks and non-adherence after the transfer. The psychosocial team at the Department of Pediatric Nephrology at the University Hospital of Cologne has therefore developed its local transition program “TraiN” for patients with chronic kidney disease aged 13 years and older. It combines structure and flexibility through predefined content modules that can be individually adapted to the patients, offering continuity and sustainability through a transition contact person. In addition, the family members are offered regular psychological consultations. The timing of the transfer is chosen individually depending on the level of psychosocial and medical transition readiness. The aim of “TraiN” is to strengthen the patients’ transition competence and the responsibility for their disease management and to provide them and their families the best possible support during the transition in order to prevent possible health risks. In the near future, a scientific evaluation will be conducted aiming to determine whether “TraiN” can support young people in their independence and self-reliant disease management.

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Environmental Heavy Metal Exposure and Chronic Kidney Disease in the General Population

Journal of Korean Medical Science ◽

10.3346/jkms.2015.30.3.272 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 272 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Nam Hee Kim ◽

Young Youl Hyun ◽

Kyu-Beck Lee ◽

Yoosoo Chang ◽

Seungho Rhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Heavy Metal ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

General Population ◽

Metal Exposure ◽

Heavy Metal Exposure

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Mycotoxin Detection in Urine Samples from Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease of Uncertain Etiology in Sri Lanka

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ◽

10.1007/s00128-011-0301-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 87 (1) ◽

pp. 6-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Biruck Desalegn ◽

Shanika Nanayakkara ◽

Kouji H. Harada ◽

Toshiaki Hitomi ◽

Rohana Chandrajith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Sri Lanka ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Uncertain Etiology

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Human Health Risk Distribution and Safety Threshold of Cadmium in Soil of Coal Chemical Industry Area

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11070678 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 678

Author(s):

Kai Zhang ◽

XiaoNan Li ◽

ZhenYu Song ◽

JiaYu Yan ◽

MengYue Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metal ◽

Health Risk ◽

Human Health ◽

Health Risks ◽

Chemical Industry ◽

Human Health Risk ◽

Oral Intake ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Kriging Interpolation Method ◽

Industry Area

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly carcinogenic metal that plays an important role in the risk management of soil pollution. In this study, 153 soil samples were collected from a coal chemical plant in northwest China, and the human health risks associated with Cd were assessed through multiple exposure pathways. Meanwhile, by the Kriging interpolation method, the spatial distribution and health risks of Cd were explored. The results showed that the average concentration of Cd in the soil was 0.540 mg/kg, which was 4.821 and 5.567 times that of the soil background value in Ningxia and China, respectively. In comparison, the concentration of Cd in the soil was below the national soil environmental quality three-level standard (1.0 mg/kg). In addition, health risk assessment results showed that the total carcinogenic risk of Cd was 1.269 × 10−6–2.189 × 10−6, both above the acceptable criteria (1 × 10−6), while the hazard quotient was within the acceptable level. Oral intake and ingestion of soil particles were the main routes of exposure, and the carcinogenic risk control value of oral intake was the lowest (0.392 mg/kg), which could be selected as the strict reference of the safety threshold for Cd in the coal chemical soil. From Kriging, a prediction map can be centrally predicted on heavy metal pollution in the area surrounding the coal entrance corridor and pedestrian entrance. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the determination of the heavy metal safety threshold of the coal chemical industry in China.

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