scholarly journals The production of valuable products and fuel from plastic waste in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Opoku Amankwa ◽  
E. Kweinor Tetteh ◽  
G. Thabang Mohale ◽  
G. Dagba ◽  
P. Opoku
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Waste Generation ◽  
Sustainable Environment ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Shipping Containers

AbstractGlobal plastic waste generation is about 300 million metric tons annually and poses crucial health and environmental problems. Africa is the second most polluted continent in the world, with over 500 shipping containers of waste being imported every month. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report suggests that about 75% of this plastic waste ends up in landfills. However, landfills management is associated with high environmental costs and loss of energy. In addition, landfill leachates end up in water bodies, are very detrimental to human health, and poison marine ecosystems. Therefore, it is imperative to explore eco-friendly techniques to transform plastic waste into valuable products in a sustainable environment. The trade-offs of using plastic waste for road construction and as a component in cementitious composites are discussed. The challenges and benefits of producing liquid fuels from plastic waste are also addressed. The recycling of plastic waste to liquid end-products was found to be a sustainable way of helping the environment with beneficial economic impact.

scholarly journals Potential Chemicals from Plastic Wastes

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3175
Author(s):  
Ravindra Prajapati ◽  
Kirtika Kohli ◽  
Samir K. Maity ◽  
Brajendra K. Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Medical Apparatus ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Future System ◽  
Plastic Wastes ◽  
The U.S

Plastic is referred to as a “material of every application”. From the packaging and automotive industries to the medical apparatus and computer electronics sectors, plastic materials are fulfilling demands efficiently. These plastics usually end up in landfills and incinerators, creating plastic waste pollution. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in 2015, 9.1% of the plastic materials generated in the U.S. municipal solid waste stream was recycled, 15.5% was combusted for energy, and 75.4% was sent to landfills. If we can produce high-value chemicals from plastic wastes, a range of various product portfolios can be created. This will help to transform chemical industries, especially the petrochemical and plastic sectors. In turn, we can manage plastic waste pollution, reduce the consumption of virgin petroleum, and protect human health and the environment. This review provides a description of chemicals that can be produced from different plastic wastes and the research challenges involved in plastic waste to chemical production. This review also provides a brief overview of the state-of-the-art processes to help future system designers in the plastic waste to chemicals area.

scholarly journals Tax plan debates in the US presidential election: A dynamic CGE analysis of growth and redistribution trade-offs

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 529-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshab Bhattarai ◽  
Paul Bachman ◽  
Frank Conte ◽  
Jonathan Haughton ◽  
Michael Head ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Presidential Election ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
Dynamic Cge

scholarly journals Administrative Traditions – and the Problem of the “Trilemma”

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Noralv Veggeland
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Policy Formation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Integration Policy ◽  
European Welfare State ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
The Us ◽  
Modern Welfare State ◽  
Political Economic

The purpose of this paper is to show that the administration of a modern welfare state is a complex thing. The statemeets the challenge of the “trilemma”. Social policy formation does fundamentally relay on the outcome of the debateabout the future of the European welfare state. From the perspective of the political-economic approach, social policyformation is a dependent variable to both European integration policy and national administrative traditions. However,the national state does not act in a sovereign manner neither in relation to the European Union (EU) nor to domesticmember actors. All of them confronted with a so-called “trilemma” aspect, a term first introduced by the US socialscientist Torben Iversen (2005). In this paper, I follow up his analysis and shows the difficult choices that confrontspolicy-makers on the different administrative levels because of this trilemma and its trade-offs. New PublicManagement ideas are dominant and for the time being confront the other ruling administrative social traditions ofWestern Europe. In this paper, I conclude that a European agreement on a social choice, related to the overcome oftrilemma, must be accomplished to save the welfare state model as we know it. The traditional Nordic welfare statemodel gives an example.

scholarly journals PM2.5 and Ozone Air Pollution Levels Have Not Dropped Consistently Across the US Following Societal Covid Response

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bujin Bekbulat ◽  
Joshua S. Apte ◽  
Dylan B Millet ◽  
Allen Robinson ◽  
Kelley C. Wells ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Secondary Pollutants ◽  
The Us ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
Primary Pollutant ◽  
Ozone Levels ◽  
At Home

<p>Analysis of a large national dataset of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone air pollution from the US Environmental Protection Agency indicate opposing differences in average concentrations during the covid response period, relative to expected levels. These are the two most important pollutants in terms of public health impacts and regulatory non-attainment in the US. Post-covid response, average PM2.5 levels are slightly higher (~5%) than expected; average ozone levels are slightly lower (~5%). The size of post-response ozone anomaly has decreased with time and by week 6 after the first stay-at-home order was enacted (April 29- May 5, 2020), ozone levels were higher than expected. In addition, no individual US state had lower-than-expected PM2.5 and ozone for all weeks post- covid response. Two non-covid factors, meteorology and regional transport, do not fully explain observed trends. These findings are unexpected given the large reduction in many household’s activities associated with “stay at home” and other covid responses. We hypothesize that this result partly arises from the fact that ozone and the majority of PM2.5 are secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere from emissions from many sources (i.e., not just traffic). Preliminary analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data in a few cities reveals substantially lower-than-expected (~30%) concentrations post-covid. NO2 is a primary pollutant and is much more strongly associated with traffic than PM2.5 or ozone. </p><p><br></p>

scholarly journals Simulation of a biogas cleaning process using different amines

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (47) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Sepúlveda ◽  
Luis Eduardo Jaimes ◽  
Leonardo Pacheco ◽  
Carlos Alirio Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Cleaning Process ◽  
Fuel Gas ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Epa ◽  
Combustible Gases ◽  
Combustion Processes ◽  
Landfill Gas Emissions

The use of biogas generated in landfills has gained importance in developing countries like Colombia. Taking into account that this biogas presents poor combustion properties that make interchangeability with other combustible gases difficult, the elimination of gases and vapors, such as CO2 and H2O, through a cleaning process, in which the biogas is converted to biomethane, improves the biogas properties as a fuel gas for general use. In this work, we simulated the generation of biogas at El Carrasco sanitary landfill in Bucaramanga, using the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) landfill gas emissions model. Additionally, we simulated the biogas cleaning process to extract the remaining moisture using the ProMax software; for this, we used three different amines (MDEA, MEA, and DEA), followed by a glycol dehydration process. The results showed that the amine MEA produced the largest increase in the concentration of CH4 (90.37 %) for the biogas generated in the landfill. Furthermore, dehydration with glycol was an efficient process to obtain a gas with a high percentage of methane (91.47 %) and low water presence (1.27 %); this would allow the use of biomethane in conventional industrial combustion processes and power generation.

scholarly journals PENYULUHAN DAN PERCONTOHAN PENGGUNAAN LIMBAH PLASTIK UNTUK MATERIAL BAHAN BANGUNAN DI LINGKUNGAN RPTRA, JAKARTA BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Kurniawati ◽  
Lisa Oksri Nelfia ◽  
Ade Okvianti Irlan ◽  
Indrawati Sumeru
Keyword(s):  
Building Materials ◽  
Construction Material ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Plastic Waste ◽  
Waste Processing ◽  
Public Road ◽  
House Construction ◽  
The People ◽  
Natural Aggregates

Construction is growing rapidly nowadays. Buildings, housing, industry/business centers and highways will require natural aggregates which are natural resources that cannot be renewed. Therefore, we need replacement materials able to replace these natural aggregate. The large amount of plastic waste in fields, based on existing data, causes environmental pollution through it can be reused and useful for building and road construction. Most of communities don’t even know the plastic waste processing technology that allow their use in the construction of house construction such as floors, walls, roofs, and hinges and also road construction with not heavy road loads. The purpose of this activity is to provide the knowledge to the people of RPTRA related to technology for the use of plastic waste for building materials and also road construction in the area in the RPTRA environment considering it is not a public road and hence, with not heavy vehicle. The method used is firstly observation and interview of several houses visited. Then activities about using different types of plastic waste as construction materials. Finally, evaluation of the progress of the project by conducting a survey to people who had met the criteria of being a member of the plastic waste program. The success of this program will be the people’s understanding and a significate growing of any highvalue plastic use as construction material. The benefit of this community service is to increase the knowledge and insight of the people of RPTRA, South Meruya, and West Jakarta City, related to environmentally friendly technologies such as plastic waste processing.

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