Coliform bacterial counts in the Nile water at Khartoum

Gut microbiota plays a major role in the process of food absorption and low grade inflammation, two key steps in obesity and diabetes mellitus occurrence. Gut microbiota metabolites, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFA), have an important impact over the metabolic pathways like insulin signalling, incretin production and inflammation. [1-3] We aimed to study the microbiota patterns in obese and T2D patients from Black Sea Coast region, considering the ethnic mixture, environmental and geographical particularities, involving diet or various habits in this area. 100 patients and 100 controls matched by age, gender and ethnicity were studied regarding feaces predominance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. We compared the results of microbiota patterns from patients to those obtained in a similar control group of healthy subjects. The standard pour plate 0.05% L-cystine enriched method was used to obtain the bacterial cultures and anaerobic conditions. Morphological and biochemical tests were used to identify the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. Fecal organic acid concentrations were explored in frozen samples. The association between bacterial counts/organic acid concentrations and independent variables, including age, diet, ethnicity and other risk factors were calculated using multivariable linear regression analysis. Pearson�s correlation coefficients were calculated to detect associations between fecal bacteria counts/organic acid concentrations and laboratory variables (serum biomarkers, body mass index, age, and severity of obesity/T2D according to international scales). Junk and sweet diets, lack of physical activity and familial aggregation of hypercholesterolemia and diabetes were significantly more often present in our T2D/obese patients than in controls. The bacterial counts of the L. acidophilus, L plantarum and L. reuteri subgroups of Lactobacillus sp were significantly lower among patients with T2D and obesity than in controls. The counting of Bifidobacterium spp revealed a higher presence of B. bifidum in controls than in obese or T2D patients. Diet type (junk food and sweets), BMI (]25) and personal history of metabolic disorders were associated with decreased counts of L acidophilus and increased counts of L. fermentum and B. adolescentis in T2D patients. Ethnicity, metabolic disorders history and junk and sweet diet were associated with low counts of L. acidophilus and L. reuteri and low counts of B. longum. Junk and sweet diet was associated with low counts of B. bifidum. Romanian ethnicity and metabolic disorders were associated with low counts of B. choerinum at obese patients, independent of age or previous antidiabetic treatments. The concentrations of acetic and butyric acids were significantly lower in all patients groups, while the concentrations of valeric acid were significantly higher in patients with untreated T2D and obese patients compared to the controls. Low counts of L. acidophilus and L. reuteri were positively correlated with the increased levels of HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, TG and inflammatory markers such as CRP, ESR and IL-6, no matter of diet, age, ethnicity or metabolic disorders history. Also, low counts of B. bifidum and B. infantis were positively correlated with high levels of CRP, IL-6 and TG. In obese patients, statistic analysis results showed that low counts of L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. johnsonii and L. reuteri were positively associated with increased levels of CPR, IL-6 and TG, while low counts of B. bifidum, B infantis and B. breve were positively correlated with higher counts of CPR, LDL cholesterol and TG. Low counts of B. bifidum and B choerinum were positively correlated with low counts of HDL cholesterol in Romanian ethnicity patients and in those with previous metabolic disorders. Low bacterial counts of some particular strains of Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp were positively correlated with diet type, BMI, Romanian ethnicity and personal history of metabolic disorders obese and T2D patients from Romanian Black Sea Coast Region.

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UV ability to inactivate microorganisms combined with factors affecting radiation

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0718 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 35 (11-12) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. M. Shaban ◽

G. E. El-Taweel ◽

G. H. Ali

Keyword(s):

Microbial Communities ◽

Uv Radiation ◽

Contact Time ◽

Tap Water ◽

Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

The Other ◽

Bacterial Cells ◽

Dark Repair ◽

Nile Water

In the present study, the effect of UV radiation on the inactivation of a range of microorganisms was studied. Each organism was seeded into sterile tap water and exposed to UV in batch experiments with changing turbidities. In addition, the effect of UV on microbial communities in river Nile water was examined. It was found that 1min contact time (0.5L/min flow rate) was effective against vegetative cells levels almost reaching zero (except with Staphylococcus aureus). On the other hand, spore-forming bacteria, Candida albicans and coliphage were more resistant to UV. This contact time caused coenobia cells in single form with Scenedesmus obliquus while for Microcystis aeruginosa colonies broke into smaller groups. Exposure of Nile water microbial communities to UV showed that yeasts and Aeromonas survived better than the other organisms while in the phytoplankton partial fragmentation occurred in some algal groups. The protective effect of turbidity differed between organisms, with increased contact time under conditions of stable turbidity having no effect on the organisms. At 20 NTU the UV radiation had no effect on the morphological characters of algal cells. In reactivation experiments, it is clear that photoreactivation, and not dark repair, takes place with bacterial cells. Only coliphage had no photoreactivation and dark repair responses although with coliphage and host, both reactivation processes worked well. Moreover, the irradiated algae regained their normal shape after 3 days in suitable media and enough light.

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Past and future trends of Egypt’s water consumption and its sources

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-24747-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Catherine A. Nikiel ◽

Elfatih A. B. Eltahir

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Virtual Water ◽

Comprehensive Analysis ◽

Future Trends ◽

Nile Water ◽

The Gift ◽

Per Capita ◽

The 1960S

AbstractFor millennia the Nile supplied Egypt with more water than needed. As the population grew and the economy expanded, demand on water increased accordingly. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis to reconstruct how total demand on water outstripped supply of the Nile water in the late 1970s, starting from a surplus of about 20 km3 per year in the 1960s leading to a deficit of about 40 km3 per year by the late 2010s. The gap is satisfied by import of virtual water. The role of economic growth in driving per capita demand on water is quantified based on detailed analysis of water use by agriculture and other sectors. We develop and test an empirical model of water demand in Egypt that relates demand on water to growth rates in the economy and population. Looking forward, we project that within this decade of the 2020 s, under nominal scenarios of population and economic growth, Egypt is likely to import more virtual water than the water supplied by the Nile, bringing into question the historical characterization of Egypt as “the gift of the Nile”.

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Treatment of dental plaque biofilms using photodynamic therapy: a randomised controlled study

European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry ◽

10.1007/s40368-021-00637-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

A. Alsaif ◽

J. F. Tahmassebi ◽

S. R. Wood

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

Incubation Time ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

Continuous Light ◽

Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Randomised Controlled Study ◽

Randomised Controlled

Abstract Introduction Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a treatment modality involving a dye that is activated by exposure to light of a specific wavelength in the presence of oxygen to form oxygen species causing localised damage to microorganisms. Aim To determine the most effective bactericidal incubation and irradiation times of erythrosine-based PDT on in vivo-formed dental plaque biofilms. Methods A randomised controlled study; 18-healthy adult participants wearing intraoral appliances with human enamel slabs to collect dental plaque samples in two separate periods of two weeks each for use in arm-1 and arm-2. These accumulated dental plaque samples were treated with PDT under different experimental conditions. Incubation times with photosensitiser (erythrosine) of 15 min and 2 min were used in arm-1 and arm-2, respectively, followed by light irradiation for either 15 min (continuous) or as a fractionated dose (5 × 30 sec). Following treatment, percentage reductions of total bacterial counts were compared between the different groups. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ Bacterial Viability Kit were used to visualise the effect of PDT on in vivo-formed biofilms. Results Significant reductions in the percentage of total bacterial counts (~93–95%) of in vivo-formed biofilms were found when using either 2 min or 15min incubation times and applying 15 min continuous light. Although when applying fractionated light, there was more cell death when 15 min incubation time was used (~ 91%) compared with the 2 min incubation time (~ 64%). CLSM results supported these findings. Conclusion Improving the clinical usefulness of PDT by reducing its overall treatment time seems to be promising and effective in killing in vivo-formed dental plaque biofilms.

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Extensive Countrywide Field Investigation of Somatic Cell Counts and Total Bacterial Counts in Bulk-Tank Raw Milk in Sheep Flocks in Greece

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10020268 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 268

Author(s):

Daphne T. Lianou ◽

Charalambia K. Michael ◽

Natalia G. C. Vasileiou ◽

Efthymia Petinaki ◽

Peter J. Cripps ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Somatic Cell ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Cell Counting ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Mechanical Ventilators ◽

Bulk Tank Milk ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Somatic Cell Counts ◽

Cell Counts ◽

Bulk Tank

Objectives were to investigate somatic cell counts (SCC) and total bacterial counts (TBC) in the raw bulk-tank milk of sheep flocks in Greece, to study factors potentially influencing increased SCC and TBC in the bulk-tank milk of sheep and to evaluate possible associations of SCC and TBC with milk content. Throughout Greece, 325 dairy sheep flocks were visited for collection of milk sampling for somatic cell counting, microbiological examination and composition measurement. Geometric mean SCC were 0.488 × 106 cells mL−1; geometric mean TBC were 398 × 103 cfu mL−1; 228 staphylococcal isolates were recovered form 206 flocks (63.4%). Multivariable analyses revealed annual incidence risk of clinical mastitis, age of the farmer and month into lactation period (among 53 variables) to be significant for SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1 and month into lactation period at sampling and availability of mechanical ventilators (among 58 variables) to be significant for TBC > 1500 × 103 cfu mL−1. Negative correlation of SCC with fat, total protein and lactose and positive correlation of SCC with added water were found. With SCC > 1.0 × 106 cells mL−1, significant reduction of protein content (2%) was observed, whilst in flocks with SCC > 1.5 × 106 cells mL−1, significantly lower annual milk production per ewe (42.9%) was recorded.

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Relationship between Oral Bacterial Count and Postoperative Complications among Patients with Cardiovascular Disease Treated by Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare9070850 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 850

Author(s):

Rie Osako ◽

Yuhei Matsuda ◽

Chieko Itohara ◽

Yuka Sukegawa-Takahashi ◽

Shintaro Sukegawa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Postoperative Complications ◽

Operation Time ◽

Bacterial Count ◽

Cardiovascular Complications ◽

Pericardial Fluid ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Lung Torsion ◽

Propensity Score Adjustment ◽

The Relationship

In this retrospective observational study, we evaluated the relationship between perioperative oral bacterial counts and postoperative complications in cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients. From April 2012 to December 2018, all patients scheduled for surgery received perioperative oral management (POM) by oral specialists at a single center. Tongue dorsum bacterial counts were measured on the pre-hospitalization day, preoperatively, and postoperatively. Background data were collected retrospectively. Among the 470 consecutive patients, the postoperative complication incidence rate was 10.4% (pericardial fluid storage, n = 21; postoperative pneumonia, n = 13; surgical site infection, n = 9; mediastinitis, n = 2; and seroma, postoperative infective endocarditis, lung torsion, and pericardial effusion, n = 1 each). Oral bacterial counts were significantly higher in the pre-hospitalization than in the pre- and postoperative samples (p < 0.05). Sex, cerebrovascular disease, and operation time differed significantly between complications and no-complications groups (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis with propensity score adjustment showed a significant association between postoperative oral bacterial count and postoperative complications (odds ratio 1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–1.60; p = 0.05). Since the development of cardiovascular complications is a multifactorial process, the present study cannot show that POM reduces complications but indicates POM may prevent complications in CVD patients.

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Influence of Enzyme Activity of Bacteria and Leucocytes in Raw Milk on Age Gelation after UHT Processing

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-47.2.105 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 47 (2) ◽

pp. 105-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

BARBARA P. KEOGH ◽

G. PETTINGILL

Keyword(s):

Enzyme Activity ◽

High Temperature ◽

Inhibitory Action ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

High Temperature Processing ◽

The Relationship ◽

Ultra High Temperature

An investigation was undertaken into the relationship between the enzyme activity of cells harvested from raw milk and time taken for age gelation (TAG) to occur in the milk after ultra-high-temperature processing. It was shown that there was no relationship between the TAG and the bacterial counts on milk agar at 30°C or 7°C nor was there a relationship between the counts and the level of enzyme activity of the harvested cells. There was, however, a significant correlation between the level of enzyme activity of the harvested cells and the TAG. When extra bovine leucocytes were added to raw milk before processing, the TAG was increased. This suggested that there was an inhibitory action of leucocytes in development of age gelation.

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The effect of nail characteristics on surface bacterial counts of surgical personnel before and after scrubbing

Veterinary Surgery ◽

10.1111/vsu.12685 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (7) ◽

pp. 952-961 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Jade M. Hardy ◽

Tina J. Owen ◽

Steven A. Martinez ◽

Lisa P. Jones ◽

Margaret A. Davis

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Counts ◽

Before And After

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Keeping Quality of Pacific Coast Dogfish

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f59-058 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. 791-794 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. H. Moyer ◽

B. A. Southcott ◽

E. G. Baker ◽

H. L. A. Tarr

Keyword(s):

Pacific Coast ◽

Sea Water ◽

Total Volatile ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

Ph Values ◽

Appreciable Increase ◽

Muscle Ph ◽

Keeping Quality ◽

Viable Bacteria

Pacific coast dogfish (Squalus suckleyi) were held 21 days in ice and in refrigerated sea water with and without added chlortetracycline, viable bacterial counts and volatile bases being determined periodically. Viable bacteria increased sharply after about 14 days but the muscle pH values showed little or no increase. No appreciable increase in the total volatile base or trimethylamine content of the muscle was noted until the fish were stored for more than 2 weeks, and then the increases observed were comparatively small.

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