Temperature gradients in ice as a charge generation process in thunderstorms

1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 247-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.R. Jayaratne
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
A Charge

scholarly journals Axion quark nuggets. Dark matter and matter–antimatter asymmetry: Theory, observations and future experiments

2021 ◽  
pp. 2130017
Author(s):  
Ariel Zhitnitsky
Keyword(s):  
Baryon Number ◽  
Fundamental Parameter ◽  
Nuclear Density ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Telescope Array ◽  
Axion Field ◽  
A Charge ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Natural Way

We review a testable, the axion quark nugget (AQN) model outside of the standard WIMP paradigm. The model was originally invented to explain the observed similarity between the dark and the visible components, [Formula: see text], in a natural way as both types of matter are formed during the same QCD transition and proportional to the same dimensional fundamental parameter of the system, [Formula: see text]. In this framework, the baryogenesis is actually a charge segregation (rather than charge generation) process which is operational due to the [Formula: see text]-odd axion field, while the global baryon number of the Universe remains zero. The nuggets and anti-nuggets are strongly interacting but macroscopically large objects with approximately nuclear density. We overview several specific recent applications of this framework. First, we discuss the “solar corona mystery” when the so-called nanoflares are identified with the AQN annihilation events in corona. Secondly, we review a proposal that the recently observed by the Telescope Array puzzling events is a result of the annihilation events of the AQNs under thunderstorm. Finally, we overview a broadband strategy which could lead to the discovery the AQN-induced axions representing the heart of the construction.

scholarly journals Mechano-Triboelectric Analysis of Surface Charge Generation on Replica-Molded Elastomeric Nanodomes

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1460
Author(s):  
Myung Gi Ji ◽  
Mohammed Bazroun ◽  
In Ho Cho ◽  
W. Dennis Slafer ◽  
Rana Biswas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Charge Density ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Electrostatic Force ◽  
High Surface ◽  
Interfacial Friction ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Replica Molding ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Triboelectric Charging

Replica molding-based triboelectrification has emerged as a new and facile technique to generate nanopatterned tribocharge on elastomer surfaces. The “mechano-triboelectric charging model” has been developed to explain the mechanism of the charge formation and patterning process. However, this model has not been validated to cover the full variety of nanotexture shapes. Moreover, the experimental estimation of the tribocharge’s surface density is still challenging due to the thick and insulating nature of the elastomeric substrate. In this work, we perform experiments in combination with numerical analysis to complete the mechano-triboelectrification charging model. By utilizing Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and finite element analysis, we reveal that the mechano-triboelectric charging model works for replica molding of both recessed and protruding nanotextures. In addition, by combining KPFM with numerical electrostatic modeling, we improve the accuracy of the surface charge density estimation and cross-calibrate the result against that of electrostatic force microscopy. Overall, the regions which underwent strong interfacial friction during the replica molding exhibited high surface potential and charge density, while those suffering from weak interfacial friction exhibited low values on both. These multi-physical approaches provide useful and important tools for comprehensive analysis of triboelectrification and generation of nanopatterned tribocharge. The results will widen our fundamental understanding of nanoscale triboelectricity and advance the nanopatterned charge generation process for future applications.

Efficiency Enhancement of Tandem Organic Light-Emitting Devices Fabricated Utilizing an 1,4,5,8,9,11-Hexaazatriphenylene-Hexacarbonitrile Charge-Generation Layer

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 7717-7721
Author(s):  
Young Pyo Jeon ◽  
Tae Whan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Current Density ◽  
Efficiency Enhancement ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Organic Light ◽  
Maximum Current ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Devices ◽  
Generation Mechanisms ◽  
A Charge

The electrical and the optical properties of tandem organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) with stacked electroluminescence units were investigated to clarify the charge-generation mechanisms due to the existence of a charge-generation layer (CGL). The current density of the current limited devices with an 1,4,5,8,9,11-hexaazatriphenylene-hexacarbonitrile (HAT-CN) CGL was 35% higher than that of devices with a tungsten-oxide (WO3) CGL. The maximum current density of the current limited devices with a HAT-CN CGL was as high as 259 mA/cm2. The brightness of the tandem OLEDs with a HAT-CN CGL was 15% higher than that of the tandem OLEDs with a WO3 CGL due to an increase in the current density. The charge-generation mechanisms of tandem OLEDs with a CGL were described on the basis of the experimental results.

Impact Ionization in 4H-SiC Nuclear Radiation Detectors

2010 ◽  
Vol 645-648 ◽  
pp. 1077-1080
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Ivanov ◽  
Marina G. Mynbaeva ◽  
Anton V. Sadokhin ◽  
Nikita B. Strokan ◽  
Alexander A. Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Impact Ionization ◽  
Amplitude Spectrum ◽  
Radiation Detectors ◽  
Nuclear Radiation ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Nuclear Radiation Detectors ◽  
Near Future

Nonequilibrium-charge transport has been studied in a structure with a Schottky barrier fabricated on a CVD-grown n-4H-SiC film. The charge introduced by single α-particles was recorded by nuclear spectrometric techniques. The maximum electric field strength in the structure was 1.1 MV/cm. The recorded charge as a function of the reverse bias applied to the structure shows a superlinear rise. Simultaneously, the width of the amplitude spectrum increased superlinearly, too. The observed effect is attributed to the initial stage of impact ionization. The manifestation of the process at unusually low fields (~1.0 MV/cm) is accounted for by specific features of the charge generation process. The carriers generated by a α-particle are found to be originally "heated". The results obtained allow prognostication of the appearance of SiC detectors of the "proportional counter" type in the near future. This is enabled by the advances made in the field of high-voltage electronics in obtaining in practice the required electric field strengths.

Optimization of Electrical Output in Response to Mechanical Input in Piezoceramic Laminated Shells

Aerospace ◽  
2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita D. Danak ◽  
Hwan-Sik Yoon ◽  
Gregory N. Washington
Keyword(s):  
Lead Zirconate Titanate ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Piezoelectric Ceramic ◽  
Mechanical Strain ◽  
Lead Zirconate ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Laminated Shells ◽  
Parametric Studies ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Deformation Relationship

The piezoelectric ceramic, Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT), is capable of producing large voltages in response to an applied mechanical stress when employed in a laminate manufactured using the THUNDER process. This study addresses the issue of optimizing mechanical parameters in a PZT unimorph to maximize charge generated due to mechanical strain. The PZT unimorph structure is initially curved and generates a surface charge when vertically loaded. In the analysis, the principles of shallow shell and linear piezoelectric laminate theories are employed to obtain an expression for charge in terms of geometry, material properties and loading. Analytical relationships are then derived that can be used to optimize the charge produced from these generators. Numerical parametric studies are then conducted to maximize the charge generation by manipulating dimensions of the components. Experimental results show a “convergence” to a theoretically predicted ‘applied force vs. deformation’ relationship when the PZT unimorph is subjected to a pressure load. Finally, a charge collecting circuitry for harvesting the charge produced is designed and presented.

Generation of electric charge associated with the formation of soft hail in thunderclouds

1961 ◽  
Vol 260 (1303) ◽  
pp. 537-549 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Impact Velocity ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Temperature Difference ◽  
Temperature Drop ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Drop Diameter ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Typical Experiment ◽  
A Charge ◽  
Negative Sense

The electrical charging which results from collisions between ice crystals and a simulated hailstone is measured as a function of their temperature difference, and of the size and impact velocity of the crystals. It is found that the sign of the charging is governed by that of the temperature difference, the hailstone becoming negatively charged if it is warmer than the rebounding crystals. The magnitude of the charging is proportional to the temperature differ­ence but rather insensitive to the size and impact velocity of the crystals. With a temperature difference of 5°C, a rebounding crystal of diameter about 50 μ produces, on average, a charge of 5 x 10 -9 e. s. u. The electrification of an artificial pellet of soft hail growing by the accretion of supercooled water droplets (riming) is also investigated. Freezing of the droplets on the hailstone is accompanied by the ejection of positively charged ice splinters, the hailstone acquiring a negative charge. The manner in which the rates of charging and splinter produc­tion vary with the air temperature, drop diameter and impact velocity has been established. In a typical experiment, with the air temperature at -15°C, droplets of diameter 80 μ impacting at 10 m s -1 freeze to produce, on average, 12 splinters and a charge of 4 x 10 -6 e. s. u. per drop. Droplets of diameter less than 30 μ produce few splinters and little charging. The results of both sets of experiments are interpreted in terms of the authors’ theory of charge separation in ice under the influence of a temperature gradient, and are used to calculate probable rates of charge generation in thunderstorms. It appears that the electrification which accompanies the growth of pellets of soft hail through the freezing and splintering of supercooled droplets is capable of generating and separating charge at the required rate of about 1 C km -3 min -1 but, while rebounding ice crystals will usually charge the hailstones in the same (negative) sense, this mechanism will contribute only slightly to thunderstorm electrification.

Systematic Process Development for Optimization of Manufacturable Organic Solar Cells

2012 ◽  
Vol 1390 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Weiss ◽  
L. Zhu ◽  
P. N. Kariuki ◽  
B. Arfaei ◽  
W. E. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Organic Solar Cells ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Commercial Viability ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Photoluminescence Lifetime ◽  
Analytical Tools

ABSTRACTThe commercial viability of solar power will depend on a careful balance of reliability, efficiency, and overall cost. A systematic approach to the optimization of the latter two for the case of organic solar cells is outlined. This relies among other on the development of a detailed understanding of the charge generation process and the systematic application of analytical tools such as UV-vis, photoluminescence, lifetime measurements, and current-voltage (I-V) curves.

Two stacked tandem white organic light-emitting diodes employing WO3 as a charge generation layer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong-Kwan Bin ◽  
Na Yeon Lee ◽  
SeungJae Lee ◽  
Bomin Seo ◽  
JoongHwan Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Organic Light Emitting Diodes ◽  
Charge Generation ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Organic Light ◽  
A Charge
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