Risk of HIV infection in recipients of untested blood from donors now anti-HIV-positive

Harmful cultural practices have psychosocial implications on stigmatization and vulnerability to HIV infection among HIV positive living in North Central Nigeria. To understand this, we conducted qualitative interviews with purposively selected 20 diagnosed HIV positive to explore how culture influences stigmatization and HIV transmission. Data was collected using audio-recorder, transcribed, and analyzed through thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti8 software to code and analyze interview transcripts. The coded data were presented using thematic network analysis to visualize the theme, sub-themes, and quotations in a model. The findings reveal that lack of education was a significant determinant for the continual practice of harmful cultural rites, thereby increasing the risk of HIV infection and stigmatization. Hence, six cultural facilitators have been identified to include female genital mutilation, lack of education, tribal marks and scarification, postpartum sexual abstinence during breastfeeding, sexual intercourse during menstruation, and gender inequality, polygamy, and inheritance law. We conclude that educational teachings and advocacy campaigns be organized in rural schools and public places on the implications of harmful cultural practice to health and psychological well-being. We recommend that the social workers and behavioral scientists should collaborate with other agencies to employ a behavioral-based intervention in eliminating cultural practices and HIV stigma.

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Clinical outcomes of syphilis in HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM: occurrence of repeat syphilis episodes and non-treponemal serology responses

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

10.1136/sextrans-2020-054887 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. sextrans-2020-054887

Author(s):

Silvia Achia Nieuwenburg ◽

Ricardo Jamie Sprenger ◽

Maarten Franciscus Schim van der Loeff ◽

Henry John Christiaan de Vries

Keyword(s):

Hiv Infection ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Response To Treatment ◽

Disease Stage ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Sexual Risk Behaviour ◽

Serological Response ◽

History Of ◽

Hiv Negative

ObjectivesHIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) may be at a higher risk of repeat syphilis, have different clinical manifestations and have a different serological response to treatment compared with HIV-negative MSM. The objective of this study was to assess whether HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM with infectious syphilis (primary, secondary or early latent) differed in history of previous syphilis episodes, disease stage and non-treponemal titre of initial and repeat episodes, and the titre response 6 and 12 months after treatment. Furthermore, determinants associated with an inadequate titre response after treatment were explored.MethodsThis retrospective analysis used data of five longitudinal studies (four cohorts; one randomised controlled trial) conducted at the STI clinic in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Participants were tested for syphilis and completed questionnaires on sexual risk behaviour every 3–6 months. We included data of participants with ≥1 syphilis diagnosis in 2014–2019. Pearson’s χ² test was used to compare HIV-negative and HIV-positive MSM in occurrence of previous syphilis episodes, disease stage of initial and repeat syphilis episode and non-treponemal titre treatment responses.ResultsWe included 355 participants with total 459 syphilis episodes. HIV-positive MSM were more likely to have a history of previous syphilis episodes compared with HIV-negative MSM (68/90 (75.6%) vs 96/265 (36.2%); p<0.001). Moreover, HIV-positive MSM with repeat syphilis were less often diagnosed with primary syphilis (7/73 (9.6%) vs 36/126 (28.6%)) and more often diagnosed with secondary syphilis (16/73 (21.9%) vs 17/126 (13.5%)) and early latent syphilis (50/73 (68.5%) vs 73/126 (57.9%)) (p=0.005). While not significantly different at 12 months, HIV-negative MSM were more likely to have an adequate titre response after 6 months compared with HIV-positive MSM (138/143 (96.5%) vs 66/74 (89.2%); p=0.032).ConclusionsIn repeat syphilis, HIV infection is associated with advanced syphilis stages and with higher non-treponemal titres. HIV infection affects the serological outcome after treatment, as an adequate titre response was observed earlier in HIV-negative MSM.

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A New Approach to Developing Long-Acting Injectable Formulations of Anti-HIV Drugs: Poly(Ethylene Phosphoric Acid) Block Copolymers Increase the Efficiency of Tenofovir against HIV-1 in MT-4 Cells

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22010340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Ilya Nifant’ev ◽

Andrei Siniavin ◽

Eduard Karamov ◽

Maxim Kosarev ◽

Sergey Kovalchuk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Controlled Release ◽

Block Copolymers ◽

Phosphoric Acid ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Targeted Delivery ◽

Release Formulation ◽

Poly Ethylene ◽

Long Acting ◽

Hiv Drugs ◽

Anti Hiv

Despite the world’s combined efforts, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, remains one of the world’s most serious public health challenges. High genetic variability of HIV complicates the development of anti-HIV vaccine, and there is an actual clinical need for increasing the efficiency of anti-HIV drugs in terms of targeted delivery and controlled release. Tenofovir (TFV), a nucleotide-analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has gained wide acceptance as a drug for pre-exposure prophylaxis or treatment of HIV infection. In our study, we explored the potential of tenofovir disoproxil (TFD) adducts with block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether and poly(ethylene phosphoric acid) (mPEG-b-PEPA) as candidates for developing a long-acting/controlled-release formulation of TFV. Two types of mPEG-b-PEPA with numbers of ethylene phosphoric acid (EPA) fragments of 13 and 49 were synthesized by catalytic ring-opening polymerization, and used for preparing four types of adducts with TFD. Antiviral activity of [mPEG-b-PEPA]TFD or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) was evaluated using the model of experimental HIV infection in vitro (MT-4/HIV-1IIIB). Judging by the values of the selectivity index (SI), TFD exhibited an up to 14-fold higher anti-HIV activity in the form of mPEG-b-PEPA adducts, thus demonstrating significant promise for further development of long-acting/controlled-release injectable TFV formulations.

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Detection of natural autoantibodies in the serum of anti-HIV-positive individuals

Annales de l Institut Pasteur Immunologie ◽

10.1016/s0769-2625(87)80073-9 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 138 (2) ◽

pp. 223-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

P. Matsiota ◽

S. Chamaret ◽

L. Montagnier ◽

S. Avrameas

Keyword(s):

Hiv Positive ◽

Natural Autoantibodies ◽

Anti Hiv

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Constitutional Challenges to the Compulsory HIV Testing of Prisoners and the Mandatory Segregation of HIV-Positive Prisoners

The Prison Journal ◽

10.1177/0032855593073003011 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 391-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

KENNETH C. HAAS

Keyword(s):

Risk Factor ◽

Drug Use ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Supreme Court ◽

Hiv Testing ◽

Intravenous Drug ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Intravenous Drug Use ◽

Homosexual Activity ◽

Mandatory Testing

Intravenous drug use is both a common aspect of the pre-imprisonment lifestyles of many American prisoners and a leading risk factor for contracting HIV—the virus that causes AIDS. Moreover, incarcerated inmates frequently engage in behavior that can spread the disease, particularly homosexual activity and intravenous drug use. Correctional officials face increasing pressure to protect inmates and staff from HIV infection, and some have responded by implementing policies requiring all inmates to undergo HIV testing and by housing HIV-positive inmates in separate units. Screening and segregation policies, however, have been challenged on constitutional grounds by HIV-positive prisoners. This article examines the leading constitutional developments in this emerging area of law and finds that most courts so far have been inclined to reject constitutional challenges to mandatory testing and segregation policies. There are enough unsettled issues, however, to warrant expanded appellate review and eventual U.S. Supreme Court resolution of the key constitutional questions.

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Lack of Medical Support in HIV Infection and Unstable Mood States

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1997.81.2.635 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 81 (2) ◽

pp. 635-639

Author(s):

Motoko Hayashi ◽

Isao Fukunishi

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Major Depression ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Mood Disorders ◽

Early Stage ◽

Mood States ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Medical Support ◽

Hiv Patients

This study examined what kinds of social support are related to mood states in a sample of 50 HIV-positive patients without AIDS (46 men and 4 women; M age 36.5 yr., SD = 9.8). In the early stage of HIV infection, HIV patients without AIDS may be prone to depressive symptoms although none of these HIV-positive patients' symptoms fulfilled the DSM-III-R Mood Disorders including Major Depression. The depressive symptoms were not significantly related to lack of ordinary social support such as friends and family but were significantly associated with dissatisfaction with HIV/AIDS-related medical support

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Herpes zoster and HIV infection in Tanzania

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1258/0956462001915804 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 254-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

A E Naburi ◽

Barbara Leppard

Keyword(s):

Herpes Zoster ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Medical Centre ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Age Group ◽

Very Elderly ◽

Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre ◽

Disseminated Disease

Two hundred consecutive patients with herpes zoster attending the skin clinic at the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC) were examined and checked for HIV infection. They ranged in age from 10 months to 86 years with the majority in their 20s and 30s. The dermatomes involved were thoracic (97), trigeminal (50), cervical (37), lumbar (19) and sacral (3). Six (3%) had more than one dermatome involved and 2 (1%) had disseminated disease. Only 2 (1%) had severe ulceration of the skin and all healed in less than 4 weeks. In children under the age of 10 years and in adults between the ages of 20 and 49 years virtually 100% were HIV positive; even in the age group 50-59 more than three-quarters were HIV positive. We conclude that the presence of herpes zoster at any site is a good indication that the patient is HIV positive except in the teens and the very elderly.

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HIV/AIDS and Children

International Journal of Nursing Education and Research ◽

10.52711/2454-2660.2021.00088 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 376-380

Author(s):

Chandrashekhara Chandrashekhara ◽

Sandeepkumar O

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Vertical Transmission ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Mother To Child Transmission ◽

Child Transmission ◽

Mother To Child ◽

Hiv Aids

Children are innocent victims of HIV infection through vertical transmission. Children who are HIV positive, either through mother-to-child transmission or following sexual abuse, are often not told what could happen to them, and they will certainly be frightened when they experience symptoms.

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Evaluation of platelet parameters in cerebral stroke in patients with HIV infection

Medical alphabet ◽

10.33667/2078-5631-2021-22-48-51 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 48-51

Author(s):

D. O. Tarasov ◽

I. A. Lebedev ◽

S. N. Suplotov ◽

O. A. Nesterova ◽

G. O. Tersenov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Infarction ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Complete Blood Count ◽

Blood Platelets ◽

High Volume ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Control Group ◽

Cerebral Stroke ◽

Giant Platelets ◽

Distribution Width

The article reﬂects the results of studying platelet parameters in HIV-positive patients with different types of stroke.Aim. To identify changes in laboratory parameters of a complete blood count which characterize the morphofunctional features of platelets in stroke among HIV-positive patients.Materials and methods. 110 HIV-positive patients who received treatment for stroke in hospitals of the Tyumen region were examined. The study of blood parameters was carried out at the analyzer Sysmex XE2100 (Japan). Blood sampling was carried out on the day of patients admission.The number of platelets and platelet indices were analyzed: MPV – mean platelet volume, PDW – platelet distribution width, PCT – plateletcrit and P-LCR – platelet large cell ratio. The control group consisted of 117 patients. The signifcance of the differences was determined at the twotailed signifcance level of p < 0.05.Results. There was a signifcant decrease in the number of platelets (p < 0.05), in average, on 34.3% among patients with hemorrhages and HIV infection. Among patients with ischemic stroke this decrease was less pronounced (p = 0.05). A signifcant decrease in plateletcrit was established among patients with intracranial hemorrhages, while it did not change signifcantly among patients with cerebral infarction. During evaluation of other platelet parameters, no signifcant differences were found between patients in experimental and control groups. The coeffcient of giant platelets prevailed by one and a half times in patients with hemorrhages associated with HIV infection, which turned out to be beyond the statistical signifcance.Conclusion. The presence of HIV infection leads to a more pronounced, reliable decrease in the number of platelets and plateletcrit among patients that have acute phase of the development of hemorrhagic stroke than in patients with cerebral infarction. The development of intracranial hemorrhage among HIV-positive patients is characterized by an increase of blood platelets with a high volume, the level of which increased by one and a half times being beyond the statistical signifcance and having as a leading mechanism the intensifcation of platelet formation in the bone marrow.

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