Concepts and potential applications of gene editing in aquaculture

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-270
Author(s):  
Amit Pande ◽  
Raja Aadil Hussain Bhat ◽  
Ankur Saxena ◽  
Mudit Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Gene Editing ◽  
Potential Applications

scholarly journals Application of the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing technique in basic research, diagnosis, and therapy of cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Huimin Zhang ◽  
Chunhong Qin ◽  
Changming An ◽  
Xiwang Zheng ◽  
Shuxin Wen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Research ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Genomic Locus ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Diagnosis And Therapy ◽  
Oncology Research ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
A Site

AbstractThe 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for the development of the Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease9 (CRISPR/Cas9) gene editing technology that provided new tools for precise gene editing. It is possible to target any genomic locus virtually using only a complex nuclease protein with short RNA as a site-specific endonuclease. Since cancer is caused by genomic changes in tumor cells, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used in the field of cancer research to edit genomes for exploration of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and development. In recent years, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been increasingly used in cancer research and treatment and remarkable results have been achieved. In this review, we introduced the mechanism and development of the CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing system. Furthermore, we summarized current applications of this technique for basic research, diagnosis and therapy of cancer. Moreover, the potential applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in new emerging hotspots of oncology research were discussed, and the challenges and future directions were highlighted.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing using targeted lipid nanoparticles for cancer therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (47) ◽  
pp. eabc9450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Rosenblum ◽  
Anna Gutkin ◽  
Ranit Kedmi ◽  
Srinivas Ramishetti ◽  
Nuphar Veiga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Lipid A ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Intracerebral Injection ◽  
Tumor Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Targeted Gene Editing

Harnessing CRISPR-Cas9 technology for cancer therapeutics has been hampered by low editing efficiency in tumors and potential toxicity of existing delivery systems. Here, we describe a safe and efficient lipid nanoparticle (LNP) for the delivery of Cas9 mRNA and sgRNAs that use a novel amino-ionizable lipid. A single intracerebral injection of CRISPR-LNPs against PLK1 (sgPLK1-cLNPs) into aggressive orthotopic glioblastoma enabled up to ~70% gene editing in vivo, which caused tumor cell apoptosis, inhibited tumor growth by 50%, and improved survival by 30%. To reach disseminated tumors, cLNPs were also engineered for antibody-targeted delivery. Intraperitoneal injections of EGFR-targeted sgPLK1-cLNPs caused their selective uptake into disseminated ovarian tumors, enabled up to ~80% gene editing in vivo, inhibited tumor growth, and increased survival by 80%. The ability to disrupt gene expression in vivo in tumors opens new avenues for cancer treatment and research and potential applications for targeted gene editing of noncancerous tissues.

scholarly journals Disabling Cas9 by an anti-CRISPR DNA mimic

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyung Shing ◽  
Fuguo Jiang ◽  
Jun-Jie Liu ◽  
Nicholas L. Bray ◽  
Benjamin J. Rauch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Binding Mode ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Guide Rna ◽  
Protospacer Adjacent Motif ◽  
Cas9 Protein ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Natural Inhibitors

CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology is derived from a microbial adaptive immune system, where bacteriophages are often the intended target. Natural inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas9 enable phages to evade immunity and show promise in controlling Cas9-mediated gene editing in human cells. However, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9 inhibition is not known and the potential applications for Cas9 inhibitor proteins in mammalian cells has not fully been established. We show here that the anti-CRISPR protein AcrIIA4 binds only to assembled Cas9-single guide RNA (sgRNA) complexes and not to Cas9 protein alone. A 3.9 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of the Cas9-sgRNA-AcrIIA4 complex revealed that the surface of AcrIIA4 is highly acidic and binds with 1:1 stoichiometry to a region of Cas9 that normally engages the DNA protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Consistent with this binding mode, order-of-addition experiments showed that AcrIIA4 interferes with DNA recognition but has no effect on pre-formed Cas9-sgRNA-DNA complexes. Timed delivery of AcrIIA4 into human cells as either protein or expression plasmid allows on-target Cas9-mediated gene editing while reducing off-target edits. These results provide a mechanistic understanding of AcrIIA4 function and demonstrate that inhibitors can modulate the extent and outcomes of Cas9-mediated gene editing.

scholarly journals Informing Citizen Engagement Activities about Human Genomics in Europe

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clarissa Jazmin Rios Rojas ◽  
Jose Carlos Pereira ◽  
Paulo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Public Discourse ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Human Gene ◽  
Public Debate ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Citizen Engagement ◽  
Human Genomics ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Media Discourses

This article aims at informing forthcoming citizen engagement initiatives about human genomics and gene editing in particular in Europe. In order to initiate such a debate, it is necessary to uncover what has been guiding public discourse and in particular public debate about human genomics and gene editing. Moreover, it is also necessary to understand the grounds upon which human genomics is being currently governed. The authors present an assessment of citizen engagement on debates about human genomics, identifying common problematics found in different studies. The lack of citizen engagement activities about human genomics thus far suggest that there is a need to create opportunities for debate about this technology and its potential applications. This will constitute a necessary next step on the research about social and ethical implications of human genomics. In light of this, the authors set forth seven thematic narratives enshrined in policy and media discourses, as well as human genomics practices. These narratives come from different actors and are telling about on-going promises, assumptions, claims, interests, expectations and concerns across the human genomics field. The narratives can function, firstly, as a means to introduce or trigger the conversation in the desired topics through the exploration of the plausibility and desirability of such narratives from the point of view of the relevant actors, and secondly, to gather insights of the imaginaries and expectations of citizens related to the discourses on human gene editing.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Peptides: Recent Insights on Biotechnological Interventions and Future Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajeshwari Sinha ◽  
Pratyoosh Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Viable Solution ◽  
New Antibiotics ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Critical Public Health

With the unprecedented rise of drug-resistant pathogens, particularly antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and no new antibiotics in the pipeline over the last three decades, the issue of antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a critical public health threat. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMP) have garnered interest as a viable solution to this grave issue and are being explored for their potential antimicrobial applications. Given their low bioavailability in nature, tailoring new AMPs or strategizing approaches for increasing the yield of AMPs, therefore, becomes pertinent. </P><P> The present review focuses on biotechnological interventions directed towards enhanced AMP synthesis and revisits existing genetic engineering and synthetic biology strategies for production of AMPs. This review further underscores the importance and potential applications of advanced gene editing technologies for the synthesis of novel AMPs in future.

An in situ and ex situ TEM study of the formation of thin cobalt silicide films by molecular beam epitaxy on the silicon (100) surface

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 884-885
Author(s):  
D. Loretto ◽  
J. M. Gibson ◽  
S. M. Yalisove ◽  
R. T. Tung
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Beam Epitaxy ◽  
Molecular Beam ◽  
Defect Density ◽  
High Vacuum ◽  
Ultra High Vacuum ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Metal Base ◽  
In Situ Experiments ◽  
Potential Applications

The cobalt disilicide/silicon system has potential applications as a metal-base and as a permeable-base transistor. Although thin, low defect density, films of CoSi2 on Si(111) have been successfully grown, there are reasons to believe that Si(100)/CoSi2 may be better suited to the transmission of electrons at the silicon/silicide interface than Si(111)/CoSi2. A TEM study of the formation of CoSi2 on Si(100) is therefore being conducted. We have previously reported TEM observations on Si(111)/CoSi2 grown both in situ, in an ultra high vacuum (UHV) TEM and ex situ, in a conventional Molecular Beam Epitaxy system.The procedures used for the MBE growth have been described elsewhere. In situ experiments were performed in a JEOL 200CX electron microscope, extensively modified to give a vacuum of better than 10-9 T in the specimen region and the capacity to do in situ sample heating and deposition. Cobalt was deposited onto clean Si(100) samples by thermal evaporation from cobalt-coated Ta filaments.

Microstructure of laser-irradiated, conducting Kapton polyimide

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 502-503
Author(s):  
D. L. Callahan ◽  
Z. Ball ◽  
H. M. Phillips ◽  
R. Sauerbrey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Transition ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Film Surface ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
General Utility ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Potential Applications

Ultraviolet laser-irradiation can be used to induce an insulator-to-conductor phase transition on the surface of Kapton polyimide. Such structures have potential applications as resistors or conductors for VLSI applications as well as general utility electrodes. Although the percolative nature of the phase transformation has been well-established, there has been little definitive work on the mechanism or extent of transformation. In particular, there has been considerable debate about whether or not the transition is primarily photothermal in nature, as we propose, or photochemical. In this study, cross-sectional optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy are utilized to characterize the nature of microstructural changes associated with the laser-induced pyrolysis of polyimide.Laser-modified polyimide samples initially 12 μm thick were prepared in cross-section by standard ultramicrotomy. Resulting contraction in parallel to the film surface has led to distortions in apparent magnification. The scale bars shown are calibrated for the direction normal to the film surface only.

Fabrication and characterization - by High Resolution Electron Microscopy and atom probe microanalysis - of Co-based metallic multilayer films

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 772-773
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Petford-Long ◽  
A. Cerezo ◽  
M.G. Hetherington
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscopy ◽  
Atom Probe ◽  
Multilayer Films ◽  
Interface Roughness ◽  
Probe Field ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Field Ion Microscope

The fabrication of multilayer films (MLF) with layer thicknesses down to one monolayer has led to the development of materials with unique properties not found in bulk materials. The properties of interest depend critically on the structure and composition of the films, with the interfacial regions between the layers being of particular importance. There are a number of magnetic MLF systems based on Co, several of which have potential applications as perpendicular magnetic (e.g Co/Cr) or magneto-optic (e.g. Co/Pt) recording media. Of particular concern are the effects of parameters such as crystallographic texture and interface roughness, which are determined by the fabrication conditions, on magnetic properties and structure.In this study we have fabricated Co-based MLF by UHV thermal evaporation in the prechamber of an atom probe field-ion microscope (AP). The multilayers were deposited simultaneously onto cobalt field-ion specimens (for AP and position-sensitive atom probe (POSAP) microanalysis without exposure to atmosphere) and onto the flat (001) surface of oxidised silicon wafers (for subsequent study in cross-section using high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) in a JEOL 4000EX. Deposi-tion was from W filaments loaded with material in the form of wire (Co, Fe, Ni, Pt and Au) or flakes (Cr). The base pressure in the chamber was around 8×10−8 torr during deposition with a typical deposition rate of 0.05 - 0.2nm/s.

Progress and perspectives on halide lithium conductors for all-solid-state lithium batteries

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1429-1461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaona Li ◽  
Jianwen Liang ◽  
Xiaofei Yang ◽  
Keegan R. Adair ◽  
Changhong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Storage ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Lithium Batteries ◽  
Electrochemical Stability ◽  
Superionic Conductors ◽  
Fundamental Understanding ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Synthesis Routes

This review focuses on fundamental understanding, various synthesis routes, chemical/electrochemical stability of halide-based lithium superionic conductors, and their potential applications in energy storage as well as related challenges.

Porphyrin-functionalized coordination star polymers and their potential applications in photodynamic therapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 6116-6121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tan Ji ◽  
Lei Xia ◽  
Wei Zheng ◽  
Guang-Qiang Yin ◽  
Tao Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photodynamic Therapy ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Star Polymers ◽  
New Family ◽  
Potential Applications

We present a new family of porphyrin-functionalized coordination star polymers prepared through combination of coordination-driven self-assembly and post-assembly polymerization. Their self-assembly behaviour in water and potential for photodynamic therapy were demonstrated.

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