Can bioactive lipids arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids prevent autism and reduce its severity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 29-38
Author(s):  
Undurti N. Das
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

scholarly journals Lipid storm within the lungs of severe COVID-19 patients: Extensive levels of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase-derived inflammatory metabolites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Archambault ◽  
Younes Zaid ◽  
Volatiana Rakotoarivelo ◽  
Étienne Doré ◽  
Isabelle Dubuc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Ventilation ◽  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Agent ◽  
Tandem Mass ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the infectious agent responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While SARS-CoV-2 infections are often benign, there are also severe COVID-19 cases, characterized by severe bilobar pneumonia that can decompensate to an acute respiratory distress syndrome, notably characterized by increased inflammation and a cytokine storm. While there is no cure against severe COVID-19 cases, some treatments significantly decrease the severity of the disease, notably aspirin and dexamethasone, which both directly or indirectly target the biosynthesis (and effects) of numerous bioactive lipids.OBJECTIVEOur working hypothesis was that severe COVID-19 cases necessitating mechanical ventilation were characterized by increased bioactive lipid levels modulating lung inflammation. We thus quantitated several lung bioactive lipids using liquid chromatography combined to tandem mass spectrometry.RESULTSWe performed an exhaustive assessment of the lipid content of bronchoalveolar lavages from 25 healthy controls and 33 COVID-19 patients necessitating mechanical ventilation. Severe COVID-19 patients were characterized by increased fatty acid levels as well as an accompanying inflammatory lipid storm. As such, most quantified bioactive lipids were heavily increased. There was a predominance of cyclooxygenase metabolites, notably TXB2 >> PGE2 ∼ 12-HHTrE > PGD2. Leukotrienes were also increased, notably LTB4, 20-COOH-LTB4, LTE4, and eoxin E4. 15-lipoxygenase metabolites derived from linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were also increased. Finally, yet importantly, specialized pro-resolving mediators, notably lipoxin A4 and the D-series resolvins, were also found at important levels, underscoring that the lipid storm occurring in severe SARS-CoV-2 infections involves pro- and anti-inflammatory lipids.CONCLUSIONSOur data unmask the important lipid storm occurring in the lungs of patients afflicted with severe COVID-19. We discuss which clinically available drugs could be helpful at modulating the lipidome we observed in the hope of minimizing the deleterious effects of pro-inflammatory lipids and enhancing the effects of anti-inflammatory and/or pro-resolving lipids.

In Vitro Incorporation and Metabolism of Icosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Human Platelets - Effect on Aggregation

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (01) ◽  
pp. 057-062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Croset ◽  
M Lagarde
Keyword(s):  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Fatty Acid Distribution ◽  
Thromboxane A2 ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Aggregation Response ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids ◽  
Membrane Level

SummaryWashed human platelets were pre-loaded with icosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or EPA + DHA and tested for their aggregation response in comparison with control platelets. In fatty acid-rich platelets, an inhibition of the aggregation could be observed when induced by thrombin, collagen or U-46619. The strongest inhibition was observed with DHA-rich platelets and it was reduced when DHA was incorporated in the presence of EPA.Study of fatty acid distribution in cell lipids after loading showed that around 90% of EPA or DHA taken up was acylated into phospholipids and a very small amount (less than 2%) remained in their free and hydroxylated forms. DHA was more efficiently acylated into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) than into phosphatidylinositol (PI) in contrast to what observed with EPA, and both acids were preferentially incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC). EPA inhibited total incorporation of DHA and increased its relative acylation into PE at the expense of PC. In contrast, DHA did not affect the acylation of EPA. Upon stimulation with, thrombin, EPA was liberated from phospholipids and oxygenated (as judged by the formation of its monohydroxy derivative) whereas DHA was much less metabolized, although consistently transferred into PE.It is concluded that EPA and DHA might affect platelet aggregation via different mechanisms when pre-loaded in phospholipids. Whereas EPA is known to alter thromboxane A2 metabolism from endogenous arachidonic acid, by competing with it, DHA might act directly at the membrane level for inhibiting aggregation.

Resolution-Associated Molecular Patterns (RAMPs) as Endogenous Regulators of Glia Functions in Neuroinflammatory Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 483-494
Author(s):  
Tyler J. Wenzel ◽  
Evan Kwong ◽  
Ekta Bajwa ◽  
Andis Klegeris
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Prothymosin Α ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
Cellular Debris ◽  
Αb Crystallin ◽  
Endogenous Regulators ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Patterns

: Glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes, facilitate the survival and health of all cells within the Central Nervous System (CNS) by secreting a range of growth factors and contributing to tissue and synaptic remodeling. Microglia and astrocytes can also secrete cytotoxins in response to specific stimuli, such as exogenous Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), or endogenous Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs). Excessive cytotoxic secretions can induce the death of neurons and contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The transition between various activation states of glia, which include beneficial and detrimental modes, is regulated by endogenous molecules that include DAMPs, cytokines, neurotransmitters, and bioactive lipids, as well as a diverse group of mediators sometimes collectively referred to as Resolution-Associated Molecular Patterns (RAMPs). RAMPs are released by damaged or dying CNS cells into the extracellular space where they can induce signals in autocrine and paracrine fashions by interacting with glial cell receptors. While the complete range of their effects on glia has not been described yet, it is believed that their overall function is to inhibit adverse CNS inflammatory responses, facilitate tissue remodeling and cellular debris removal. This article summarizes the available evidence implicating the following RAMPs in CNS physiological processes and neurodegenerative diseases: cardiolipin (CL), prothymosin α (ProTα), binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), heat shock protein (HSP) 10, HSP 27, and αB-crystallin. Studies on the molecular mechanisms engaged by RAMPs could identify novel glial targets for development of therapeutic agents that effectively slow down neuroinflammatory disorders including AD.

scholarly journals Microalgae as Sustainable Bio-Factories of Healthy Lipids: Evaluating Fatty Acid Content and Antioxidant Activity

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 357
Author(s):  
Tiago A. Conde ◽  
Bruna F. Neves ◽  
Daniela Couto ◽  
Tânia Melo ◽  
Bruno Neves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Scenedesmus Obliquus ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oceanica ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Food Ingredients

The demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly food sources and food ingredients is increasing, and microalgae are promoted as a sustainable source of essential and bioactive lipids, with high levels of omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA), comparable to those of fish. However, most FA screening studies on algae are scattered or use different methodologies, preventing a true comparison of its content between microalgae. In this work, we used gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) to characterize the FA profile of seven different commercial microalgae with biotechnological applications (Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum amblystomatis, Scenedesmus obliquus, Tetraselmis chui, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina sp., and Nannochloropsis oceanica). Screening for antioxidant activity was also performed to understand the relationship between FA profile and bioactivity. Microalgae exhibited specific FA profiles with a different composition, namely in the ω-3 FA profile, but with species of the same phylum showing similar tendencies. The different lipid extracts showed similar antioxidant activities, but with a low activity of the extracts of Nannochloropsis oceanica. Overall, this study provides a direct comparison of FA profiles between microalgae species, supporting the role of these species as alternative, sustainable, and healthy sources of essential lipids.

scholarly journals Cellular Senescence and Mammalian Healthspan

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 742-742
Author(s):  
Judith Campisi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cellular Senescence ◽  
Complex Cell ◽  
Transgenic Mouse Models ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Secretory Phenotype ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Cellular senescence is a complex cell fate, often induced by stress or damage, that can be beneficial or deleterious, depending on the physiological context and age of the organism. A prominent feature of senescent cells is a multi-faceted senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which includes growth factors, cytokine and chemokines, growth factors, proteases, bioactive lipids and metabolites. Senescent cells increase with age in most, if not all, mammalian tissues. Through the use of transgenic mouse models, senescent cells are now known to causally drive numerous age-related pathologies, largely through the SASP. Eliminating senescent cells, genetically or through the use of senolytic/senomorphic agents, can improve the health span, at least in mice, and hold promise for extension to humans in the near future.

scholarly journals Association of the Omega-3 Index with Incident Prostate Cancer with Updated Meta-Analysis: The Cooper Center Longitudinal Study

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 384
Author(s):  
Stephen W. Farrell ◽  
Laura F. DeFina ◽  
Nathan L. Tintle ◽  
David Leonard ◽  
Kenneth H. Cooper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Continuous Variable ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Time To Diagnosis ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acids ◽  
Long Chain

Background: The association between long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) and prostate cancer (PC) remains unclear. Methods: We compared incident PC rates as a function of the Omega-3 Index [O3I, erythrocyte eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids (EPA + DHA)] in 5607 men (40–80 years of age) seen at the Cooper Clinic who were free of PC at baseline. The average follow-up was 5.1 ± 2.8 years until censoring or reporting a new PC diagnosis. Proportional hazards regression was used to model the linear association between baseline O3I and the age-adjusted time to diagnosis. A meta-analysis of n-3 PUFA biomarker-based studies and incident PC was updated with the present findings. Results: A total of 116 cases of incident PC were identified. When O3I was examined as a continuous variable, the age-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) was 0.98 (0.89, 1.07; p = 0.25) for each 1% increment in the O3I. The updated meta-analysis with 10 biomarker-based studies found no significant relationship between EPA or DHA levels and risk for PC. Conclusions: We find no evidence in this study nor in a meta-analysis of similar studies that consuming n-3 PUFA-rich fish or using fish oil supplements affects the risk of PC.

scholarly journals Sulfated and Sulfur-Containing Steroids and Their Pharmacological Profile

Marine Drugs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 240
Author(s):  
Tatyana A. Pounina ◽  
Tatyana A. Gloriozova ◽  
Nick Savidov ◽  
Valery M. Dembitsky
Keyword(s):  
Antitumor Activity ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Marine Sponges ◽  
Bioactive Lipids ◽  
Pharmacological Profile ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Sulfated Steroids ◽  
Strong Antitumor Activity ◽  
Sulfur Containing

The review focuses on sulfated steroids that have been isolated from seaweeds, marine sponges, soft corals, ascidians, starfish, and other marine invertebrates. Sulfur-containing steroids and triterpenoids are sourced from sedentary marine coelenterates, plants, marine sediments, crude oil, and other geological deposits. The review presents the pharmacological profile of sulfated steroids, sulfur-containing steroids, and triterpenoids, which is based on data obtained using the PASS program. In addition, several semi-synthetic and synthetic epithio steroids, which represent a rare group of bioactive lipids that have not yet been found in nature, but possess a high level of antitumor activity, were included in this review for the comparative pharmacological characterization of this class of compounds. About 140 steroids and triterpenoids are presented in this review, which demonstrate a wide range of biological activities. Therefore, out of 71 sulfated steroids, thirteen show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 90%, out of 50 sulfur-containing steroids, only four show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of more than 93%, and out of eighteen epithio steroids, thirteen steroids show strong antitumor activity with a confidence level of 91% to 97.4%.

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