Medical Illustration in China: The Golden Mirror, an 18th Century Imperial Court Medical Text

Author(s):  
Jessica S. Yang
2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 78-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
carolyn báánfalvi

Unicum is a national institution in Hungary, and has a long history that in some ways mirrors the history of modern Hungary itself. The story of Unicum is the story of the Zwack family, who has owned the company since the end of the 18th century (except for the 40 year period when it was nationalized by the Communists). Dr. Zwack, a physician for the Imperial Court of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, is credited with creating the drink to alleviate the royal family's digestion problems. But it didn't take long for the drink to take hold on the rest of the country. The Zwack family--headed by Peter Zwack--runs the company today--which also produces high-end palinka, wine, and other types of liquor. So, what is Unicum? It's a thick, black, goopy concoction, made from more than 40 herbs and spices. The exact composition is a carefully guarded family secret which was stored in a safe deposit box in New York during the Communist era. Part of the mixture is macerated for thirty days in water, while the other part is distilled. Then, in a process that has remained almost unchanged for more than 200 years, both are blended and aged in oak casks for six months.


2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 364-380
Author(s):  
Elena B. Smilianskaia

The case of Petr Saltykov, which stretched on between 1758 and 1765, with a surprising coda in 1796, is noteworthy in many respects. The material collected in connection with Saltykov’s crime is useful for an investigation into magic belief as such, offering parallels and supplementary information to the dozens of “magic trials” of the 18th century. However, what makes the Saltykov case unique is how the chancellor’s “superstition” managed so compellingly to bring together two cultures – traditional folk culture and the “Europeanized” culture of the imperial court. The case of Saltykov’s “sorcery” brought the diametrically opposed cultures of the court elite and the masses into confrontation. But even opposites can come together. As it turned out, the magic beliefs of the masses and medical practices of archaic traditional culture continued to attract adherents at court, getting along just fine in a high-culture, “Europeanized” environment. The chasm that lay between the culture of the aristocratic court elite and popular culture in the 18th century was not unbridgeable, although possible intersections of these two cultures sometimes took on rather strange configurations.


Waxing Moon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tenzin Yewong Dongchung

Although patronage of Tibetan Buddhism by the imperial courts in China has a precedence before the Qing dynasty, the scale and scope of Qing emperors’ investment was unprecedented. Scholars have produced multiple interpretations on the nature of their rule, among which, the most pertinent argument has centered on analyzing the intentions of the emperors. The centrality of this debate has occured at the elision of other historical factors, one of which is infrastructures and institutions that facilitated this patronage. While Qing patronage took multiple forms, such as construction of monasteries or conference of titles to religious hierarchs, this paper focuses on printing activities in specific and illustrates the textual network that began to take shape during Kangxi’s reign (r.1661-1722).  The Kangxi Emperor reorganized and significantly expanded the Imperial household department, Neiwufu, which was responsible for manufacture of goods for palace’s use. He also established imperial workshops such as Yangxindian and Wuyingdian that recruited artisans from all over the country and were involved in printing scholarly works. Through the collaborative work of the Imperial household department and the bureaucracy, enormous material and human resources were amassed to implement these printing projects. While the imperial court was involved in printing monumental texts, I have also highlighted the role of monasteries and temples outside of Beijing that were involved in printing smaller texts. I have shown that while the inner Asian printing network was undoubtedly supported by the Qing emperors and spurred by their financial contribution, they were also spaces and layers where smaller local powers could engage in printing activities independently outside the realm of imperial authority. 


Artifex Novus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 44-67
Author(s):  
Jan K. Ostrowski

Artykuł przedstawia wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące ukazania polskiego stroju narodowego na portretach z w. XVII–XX. Portrety stanowią cenny materiał dla poznania tego zjawiska od strony kostiumologicznej, symbolicznej, a nawet politycznej, szczególnie w zestawieniu ze źródłami z epoki. W do ok. 1750 męski strój narodowy, pochodzenia węgiersko-orientalnego, miał wśród Polaków zdecydowaną przewagę i był uważany za znak rycerskiej tradycji szlachty. W 2. połowie w. XVIII wybór stroju polskiego w opozycji do zachodnioeuropejskiego był wyznacznikiem poglądów zachowawczych na poziomie kulturowym i politycznym, ale w okresie Sejmu Czteroletniego stał się wyrazem postawy patriotycznej. W XIX w. początkowo trwał peryferyjnie (niekiedy, spotykamy go na portretach zawierających indywidualne przesłania ikonograficzne), a na szeroką skalę powrócił w 2. poł. stulecia w Galicji. Był powszechnie noszony przez tamtejszą elitę arystokratyczną i polityczną oraz zyskał oficjalny status na dworze cesarskim w Wiedniu. Sporadycznie pojawiał się jeszcze w okresie międzywojennym, przede wszystkim w czasie arystokratycznych uroczystości rodzinnych, był też jedną z wersji stroju, do którego można było nosić odznaczenia państwowe. Większość powyższych zjawisk można egzemplifikować na podstawie odpowiednio dobranych portretów, a źródła (przede wszystkim pamiętniki) stanowią ikonograficzny klucz wyjaśniający motywacje osób portretowanych i artystów. Summary: The paper presents selected problems concerning the representation of the Polish national costume in portraits of the 17th-20th centuries. Portrait make a valuable material allowing to investigate this phenomenon from the costumological, symbolic and even political point of view, especially when juxtaposed with historical sources. Until around 1750, the male national costume of Hungarian-oriental origin had a definite advantage among Poles and was considered a sign of the knightly tradition of the nobility. In the second half of the 18th century, the choice of the Polish attire in opposition to the Western European one was a sign of a conservative attitude on the cultural and political level, but in the period of the Four Years’ Sejm (1788–1791) it became an expression of a patriotic attitude. In the 19th century, initially it was used rather peripheraly (sometimes, we find it in portraits containing individual iconographic messages), and returned on a large scale in the second half of the century in Galicia (i.e. the part of Poland occupied by Austria). It was commonly worn by the local aristocratic and political elite and gained official status at the imperial court in Vienna. It appeared sporadically in the period between 1st and 2nd World War, especially during aristocratic family celebrations. It was also one of the versions of the outfit that could be worn with state decorations. Most of the above phenomena can be exemplified on the basis of appropriately selected portraits, and the sources (mainly diaries) offer the iconographic key explaining the motivations of the portrayed people and artists.


2020 ◽  
pp. 178-193
Author(s):  
L. V. Yagenich

The article is devoted to the problem of studying a written scientific English text in medicine. Attention is paid to the features of its formation as a result of long historical development. The question of the patterns of presentation of prescriptive information in the medical text of the XVIII century, which is considered the final stage of the nationalization of the language of science, is revealed. The author determines that a medical text possessing signs of expressing prescriptiveness functions as informing, regulating and influencing the addressee with the aim of expressing the meanings of duty, recommendation, permission and prohibition. The article contains a definition of prescription in relation to a medical text. The description of the ways of expressing prescriptions by means of linguistic units is presented: verbs used in the passive voice, nouns, adjectives and participles. It is shown that such texts are intended to induce the recipient to accurately follow the instructions of the doctor and to prevent the possibility of double interpretation. The main prescriptions of the medical written English-language scientific text of the XVIII century, used by doctors in relation to the recipients, are identified as having a character that is not compulsory, but politely recommended.


Author(s):  
Michael H. Fisher

Founded in 1526, the Mughal Empire expanded during the late 16th and 17th centuries across almost the entire Indian subcontinent (except for the southern peninsular tip). At its peak, the empire contained roughly 1.24 million square miles and about 150 million people (half of western Europe in size but double its population). The imperial dynasty was originally Turco-Mongol. But, especially under Emperor Akbar (r. 1556–1605), the dynasty established the Mughal Empire by incorporating Hindu and other Indian cultures and mobilizing India’s human and natural resources more effectively than any previous state there. Nonetheless, emperors almost constantly faced rebellions and revolts by rival members of the dynasty, imperial administrators, army commanders, regional rulers, and popular movements. By the early 18th century, the empire fragmented into successor states, but the dynasty remained on the throne until 1858 when the British Empire finally displaced it. Throughout, the imperial court patronized extensive histories and literature (in Persian and a range of Indian languages) and works of architecture and representational arts. The imperial administration compiled detailed records, including about the court, army, and the lands it ruled. Historians, from the time of the empire onward, have used these diverse source materials in their own analyses.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Haiawi

The present study deals with interconfessional exchange of oratorios in German-speaking countries during the 18th century. In doing so, it pursues the goal of focusing on the question of the denominational or non-denominational nature of the sacred music genre, a question that has so far been insufficiently discussed in musicological and literary research. It analyses selected oratorios between 1715 and 1781 which were written at important contemporary musical locations and were received interdenominationally (Hamburg, Leipzig, Brunswick, Catholic imperial court of Vienna, Catholic Saxon court at Dresden). The study comes to the conclusion that the oratorio of the 18th century was not defined solely by its denominational orientation, but influenced by a number of other factors reflecting the intellectual-historical upheavals of the Age of Enlightenment: contemporary musical aesthetics, socio-cultural developments (middle-class concert business), and fundamental religious-historical dynamics that led to a distancing from dogma and to a change in piety practice.


1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (04) ◽  
pp. 275-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Pietrzyk

Abstract:Much information about patients is stored in free text. Hence, the computerized processing of medical language data has been a well-known goal of medical informatics resulting in different paradigms. In Gottingen, a Medical Text Analysis System for German (abbr. MediTAS) has been under development for some time, trying to combine and to extend these paradigms. This article concentrates on the automated syntax analysis of German medical utterances. The investigated text material consists of 8,790 distinct utterances extracted from the summary sections of about 18,400 cytopathological findings reports. The parsing is based upon a new approach called Left-Associative Grammar (LAG) developed by Hausser. By extending considerably the LAG approach, most of the grammatical constructions occurring in the text material could be covered.


2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Sh M Khapizov ◽  
M G Shekhmagomedov

The article is devoted to the study of inscriptions on the gravestones of Haji Ibrahim al-Uradi, his father, brothers and other relatives. The information revealed during the translation of these inscriptions allows one to date important events from the history of Highland Dagestan. Also we can reconsider the look at some important events from the past of Hidatl. Epitaphs are interesting in and of themselves, as historical and cultural monuments that needed to be studied and attributed. Research of epigraphy data monuments clarifies periodization medieval epitaphs mountain Dagestan using record templates and features of the Arabic script. We see the study of medieval epigraphy as one of the important tasks of contemporary Caucasian studies facing Dagestani researchers. Given the relatively weak illumination of the picture of events of that period in historical sources, comprehensive work in this direction can fill gaps in our knowledge of the medieval history of Dagestan. In addition, these epigraphs are of great importance for researchers of onomastics, linguistics, the history of culture and religion of Dagestan. The authors managed to clarify the date of death of Ibrahim-Haji al-Uradi, as well as his two sons. These data, the attraction of written sources and legends allowed the reconstruction of the events of the second half of the 18th century. For example, because of the epidemic of plague and the death of most of the population of Hidatl, this society noticeably weakened and could no longer maintain its influence on Akhvakh. The attraction of memorable records allowed us to specify the dates of the Ibrahim-Haji pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, as well as the route through which he traveled to these cities.


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