scholarly journals Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in drinking water: Current state of the science

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xavier Dauchy
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Current State ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
State Of The Science

scholarly journals Assessing Exposure and Health Consequences of Chemicals in Drinking Water: Current State of Knowledge and Research Needs

2014 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina M. Villanueva ◽  
Manolis Kogevinas ◽  
Sylvaine Cordier ◽  
Michael R. Templeton ◽  
Roel Vermeulen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Health Consequences ◽  
Current State

Microbial health-based targets for drinking water: current state and Australian case study

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Christopher EL Owens ◽  
Paul M Byleveld ◽  
Nicholas J Osborne
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Current ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Current State ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Australian Case ◽  
Safety Of Drinking Water

Through the avoidance of a substantial health burden globally, access to safe drinking water is an important foundation of public health1. An emerging development in this regard is the use of public health metrics, such as disability-adjusted life years, to inform water safety planning2. This paper examines the hypothesis that confidence in the protection of public health, on the part of water suppliers, health regulators, and ultimately consumers is strengthened through the implementation of a health outcome target for the microbial safety of drinking water. A case study demonstrating the implementation of the target is presented.

scholarly journals Assessing clarity of message communication for mandated USEPA drinking water quality reports

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine Phetxumphou ◽  
Siddhartha Roy ◽  
Brenda M. Davy ◽  
Paul A. Estabrooks ◽  
Wen You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water System ◽  
System Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Evaluation Tool ◽  
Index Index ◽  
State Of The Science

The United States Environmental Protection Agency mandates that community water systems (CWSs), or drinking water utilities, provide annual consumer confidence reports (CCRs) reporting on water quality, compliance with regulations, source water, and consumer education. While certain report formats are prescribed, there are no criteria ensuring that consumers understand messages in these reports. To assess clarity of message, trained raters evaluated a national sample of 30 CCRs using the Centers for Disease Control Clear Communication Index (Index) indices: (1) Main Message/Call to Action; (2) Language; (3) Information Design; (4) State of the Science; (5) Behavioral Recommendations; (6) Numbers; and (7) Risk. Communication materials are considered qualifying if they achieve a 90% Index score. Overall mean score across CCRs was 50 ± 14% and none scored 90% or higher. CCRs did not differ significantly by water system size. State of the Science (3 ± 15%) and Behavioral Recommendations (77 ± 36%) indices were the lowest and highest, respectively. Only 63% of CCRs explicitly stated if the water was safe to drink according to federal and state standards and regulations. None of the CCRs had passing Index scores, signaling that CWSs are not effectively communicating with their consumers; thus, the Index can serve as an evaluation tool for CCR effectiveness and a guide to improve water quality communications.

scholarly journals Immunotoxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Insights into Short-Chain PFAS Exposure

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Tracey Woodlief ◽  
Samuel Vance ◽  
Qing Hu ◽  
Jamie DeWitt
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances ◽  
Compound Exposure ◽  
Control Terminal

Novel per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) were recently identified in drinking water sources throughout North Carolina. These include the perfluoroether acids (PFEAs) perfluoro-2-methoxyacetic acid (PFMOAA), perfluoro-2-methoxypropanoic acid (PFMOPrA), and perfluoro-4-methoxybutanioc acid (PFMOBA). Little toxicological data exist for these PFEAs. Therefore, the present study described signs of toxicity and immunotoxicity following oral exposure. Adult male and female C57BL/6 mice were exposed once/day for 30 days to PFMOAA (0, 0.00025, 0.025, or 2.5 mg/kg), PFMOPrA, or PFMOBA (0, 0.5, 5, or 50 mg/kg). A dose of 7.5 mg/kg of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was used as a positive control. Terminal body weights, and absolute liver, spleen, or thymus weights did not differ by dose for any compound; exposure to 50 mg/kg of PFMOBA increased relative liver weights in males. Changes in splenic cellularity were observed in males exposed to PFMOPrA and decreased numbers of B and natural killer (NK) cells were observed in males and females exposed to PFMOBA. Exposure did not alter NK cell cytotoxicity or T cell-dependent antibody responses at doses administered. Our results indicate that these “understudied” PFAS have toxicological potential but require additional investigation across endpoints and species, including humans, to understand health effects via drinking water exposure.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of point‐of‐use/point‐of‐entry systems to remove per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances from drinking water

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. e1131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig Patterson ◽  
Jonathan Burkhardt ◽  
Donald Schupp ◽  
E. Radha Krishnan ◽  
Stephen Dyment ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Polyfluoroalkyl Substances

What’s So Special about the Developing Immune System?

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh Ann Burns-Naas ◽  
Kenneth L. Hastings ◽  
Gregory S. Ladics ◽  
Susan L. Makris ◽  
George A. Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Immune Development ◽  
Immune Parameters ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of The Science ◽  
Developmental Immunotoxicity ◽  
Nonhuman Species

The evolution of the subdiscipline of developmental immunotoxicology (DIT) as it exists today has been shaped by significant regulatory pressures as well as key scientific advances. This review considers the role played by legislation to protect children’s health, and on the emergence of immunotoxcity and developmental immunotoxicity guidelines, as well as providing some context to the need for special attention on DIT by considering the evidence that the developing immune system may have unique susceptibilities when compared to the adult immune system. Understanding the full extent of this potential has been complicated by a paucity of data detailing the development of the immune system during critical life stages as well as by the complexities of comparisons across species. Notably, there are differences between humans and nonhuman species used in toxicity testing that include specific differences relative to the timing of the development of the immune system as well as more general anatomic differences, and these differences must be factored into the interpretation of DIT studies. Likewise, understanding how the timing of the immune development impacts on various immune parameters is critical to the design of DIT studies, parameters most extensively characterized to date in young adult animals. Other factors important to DIT, which are considered in this review, are the recognition that effects other than suppression (e.g., allergy and autoimmunity) are important; the need to improve our understanding of how to assess the potential for DIT in humans; and the role that pathology has played in DIT studies in test animals. The latter point receives special emphasis in this review because pathology evaluations have been a major component of standard nonclinical toxicology studies, and could serve an important role in studies to evaluate DIT. This possibility is very consistent with recommendations to incorporate a DIT evaluation into standard developmental and reproductive toxicology (DART) protocols. The overall objective of this review is to provide a ‘snapshot’ of the current state-of-the-science of DIT. Despite significant progress, DIT is still evolving and it is our hope that this review will advance the science.

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