A bi-phasic modelling approach for interlaminar and intralaminar damage in the matrix of composite laminates

The paper discusses the crushing behavior of glass fibre reinforced epoxy (GRE) pipes under hydrothermal ageing condition. This study determines the behavior of the GRE pipes when subjected to different ageing periods and temperatures. Hydrothermal ageing has been found to cause degradation between resin and fibre interface thus causing the reduction in the strength of composite laminates. The pipes were subjected to hydrothermal condition to simulate and precipitate ageing by immersing the pipe samples in water at 80°C for 250, 500, and 1000 hours. Compression tests were carried out using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) for virgin condition and aged samples in accordance with ASTM D695 standard. The maximum force at the initial failure region is observed for each of the conditioned pipes. The results show that the strength of the matrix systems was considerably degraded due to the plasticization of the matrix system.

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Damage Control in Composite Laminates

10.1115/imece2001/amd-25421 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander P. Suvorov ◽

George J. Dvorak

Keyword(s):

Composite Laminates ◽

Composite Laminate ◽

Damage Control ◽

Thermomechanical Loading ◽

Interlaminar Stresses ◽

Damage Resistance ◽

Viscoelastic Composite ◽

Mechanical Loads ◽

Composite Damage ◽

The Matrix

Abstract Several effects that fiber prestress may have on stress redistribution in the plies of composite laminates and in the phases of individual plies are illustrated. These include improvement of composite damage resistance under tensile mechanical loads, reduction/cancelation of interlaminar stresses at free edges of composite laminate subjected to thermomechanical loading, and stress relaxation in the matrix phase of viscoelastic composite laminates. Specific results are found for quasi-isotropic and cross-ply symmetric S-glass/epoxy and carbon/epoxy AS4/EPON 828 laminates.

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Improvement of the Impact Properties of Composite Laminates by Means of Nano-Modification of the Matrix—A Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app8122406 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 2406 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Hamed Saghafi ◽

Mohamad Fotouhi ◽

Giangiacomo Minak

Keyword(s):

Composite Laminates ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Careful Consideration ◽

Impact Performance ◽

Compression After Impact ◽

The Matrix ◽

The Right ◽

2D And 3D ◽

The Impact ◽

Selection Of

This paper reviews recent works on the application of nanofibers and nanoparticle reinforcements to enhance the interlaminar fracture toughness, to reduce the impact induced damage and to improve the compression after impact performance of fiber reinforced composites with brittle thermosetting resins. The nanofibers have been mainly used as mats embedded between plies of laminated composites, whereas the nanoparticles have been used in 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D dimensional patterns to reinforce the matrix and consequently the composite. The reinforcement mechanisms are presented, and a comparison is done between the different papers in the literature. This review shows that in order to have an efficient reinforcement effect, careful consideration is required in the manufacturing, materials selection and reinforcement content and percentage. The selection of the right parameters can provide a tough and impact resistant composite with cost effective reinforcements.

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Interply Behavior Exhibited in Compliant Filamentary Composite Laminates

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3535915 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 55 (4) ◽

pp. 1078-1094 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

J. L. Turner ◽

J. L. Ford

Keyword(s):

Shear Strain ◽

Composite Laminates ◽

Matrix Material ◽

Matrix Composites ◽

Efficient Manner ◽

Strain Behavior ◽

The Matrix ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

Extensional Strain ◽

Interlaminar Shear

Abstract Cord-rubber composite systems allow a visualization of interply shear strain effects because of the compliant nature of the matrix material. A technique termed the pin test was developed to aid this visualization of interply shear strain. The pin test performed on both flat pads and radial tires shows that interlaminar shear strain behavior in both types of specimens is similar, most of the shear strain being confined to a region approximately 10 interly rubber thicknesses from the edge. The observed shear strain is approximately an order of magnitude greater than the applied extensional strain. A simplified mathematical model, called the Kelsey strip, for describing such behavior for a two-ply (±θ) cord-rubber strip has been formulated and demonstrated to be qualitatively correct. Furthermore, this model is capable of predicting trends in both compliant and rigid matrix composites and allows for simplified idealizations. A finite-element code for dealing with such interply effects in a simple but efficient manner predicts qualitatively correct results.

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Loading Rate Effect on Translaminar Fracture Toughness of Hybrid Composite Laminate

10.1115/imece2000-1960 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Moy ◽

Jerome Tzeng

Keyword(s):

Fracture Toughness ◽

Composite Laminates ◽

Glass Matrix ◽

Small Volume ◽

Loading Rate ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Rate Effect ◽

The Matrix ◽

Small Volume Fraction ◽

Matrix Property

Abstract Fracture toughness properties of composite laminates were evaluated at a loading rate commonly observed in ordinance applications. The laminates are composed of IM7 graphite and a small volume fraction of S2 glass plies to form a cross-ply laminate. Fracture toughness appears to be very rate sensitive if the crack growth perpendicular to the plane dominated by glass/matrix property. Experimental data shows a 30–40% increase of fracture toughness for various layup as the loading rate was increase by 1000 times. The specimens examined under microscopic indicates the strengthening might due to different failure mechanism in the matrix. In addition, there is no visible rate effect if the crack propagation is perpendicular to the graphite dominant plane.

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Reliability Analysis of Ceramic Matrix Composite Laminates

Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power ◽

10.1115/1.2906665 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 117-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

D. J. Thomas ◽

R. C. Wetherhold

Keyword(s):

Composite Laminates ◽

Ceramic Matrix Composite ◽

Random Variable ◽

Ceramic Matrix ◽

Matrix Cracking ◽

Bundle Theory ◽

Fiber Direction ◽

The Matrix ◽

Failure Models ◽

Subsequent Failure

At a macroscopic level, a composite lamina may be considered as a homogeneous orthotropic solid whose directional strengths are random variables. Incorporation of these random variable strengths into failure models, either interactive or noninteractive, allows for the evaluation of the lamina reliability under a given stress state. Using a noninteractive criterion for demonstration purposes, laminate reliabilities are calculated assuming previously established load sharing rules for the redistribution of load as the failure of laminae occurs. The matrix cracking predicted by ACK theory is modeled to allow a loss of stiffness in the fiber direction. The subsequent failure in the fiber direction is controlled by a modified bundle theory. Results using this modified bundle model are compared with previous models, which did not permit separate consideration of matrix cracking, as well as to results obtained from experimental data.

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A Methodology for Synthesizing High-Performance Robots Fabricated With Optimally Tailored Composite Laminates

Journal of Mechanisms Transmissions and Automation in Design ◽

10.1115/1.3258789 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 109 (1) ◽

pp. 74-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

C. K. Sung ◽

B. S. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Composite Laminates ◽

High Performance ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

High Strength ◽

Fiber Volume ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Fiber Properties ◽

Robot Arms ◽

The Matrix

An essential ingredient of the next generation of robotic manipulators will be high-strength lightweight arms which promise high-performance characteristics. Currently, a design methodology for optimally synthesizing these essential robotic components does not exist. Herein, an approach is developed for addressing this void in the technology-base by integrating state-of-the-art techniques in both the science of composite materials and also the science of flexible robotic systems. This approach is based on the proposition that optimal performance can be achieved by fabricating robot arms with optimal cross-sectional geometries fabricated with optimally tailored composite laminates. A methodology is developed herein which synthesizes the manufacturing specification for laminates which are specifically tailored for robotic applications in which both high-strength, high-stiffness robot arms are required which also possess high material damping. The parameters in the manufacturing specification include the fiber-volume fraction, the matrix properties, the fiber properties, the ply layups, the stacking sequence and the ply thicknesses. This capability is then integrated within a finite-element methodology for analyzing the dynamic response of flexible robots. An illustrative example demonstrates the approach by simulating the three-dimensional elastodynamic response of a robot subjected to a prescribed spatial maneuver.

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Mechanical properties of all-cellulose composites from end-of-life textiles

Journal of Polymer Research ◽

10.1007/s10965-020-02214-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (9) ◽

Author(s):

Behnaz Baghaei ◽

Sam Compiet ◽

Mikael Skrifvars

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

End Of Life ◽

Composite Laminates ◽

Matrix Phase ◽

Cellulose Solution ◽

Matrix Component ◽

Tensile Impact ◽

Cotton Fibres ◽

Cellulose Composites ◽

The Matrix

Abstract This paper reports the recycling of end-of-life cellulose containing textiles by fabrication of all-cellulose composites (ACCs). Discharged denim fabrics were used as the reinforcement while dissolved cellulose from two different cellulose resources was used as the matrix phase. Virgin cotton fibres and recovered cotton from polyester/cotton (polycotton) waste fabrics were used to form the matrix phase. The process comprises preparing a 6 wt% cellulose solution by dissolving cellulose solution in a ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium acetate ([BMIM][Ac]), this solution acted as a precursor for the matrix component. The denim fabrics were first embedded in the cellulose/IL solution followed by removal of the IL by washing to form the composite. The effect of reuse of the recovered IL by distillation was also investigated. The mechanical properties of the obtained ACCs were determined regarding tensile, impact and flexural properties. Fabricated ACC composite laminates were further characterised regarding structure by scanning electron microscopy.

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Fatigue of Cord—Rubber Composites: II. Strain-Based Failure Criteria

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3538515 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 71 (5) ◽

pp. 866-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. L. Lee ◽

B. H. Ku ◽

D. S. Liu ◽

P. K. Hippo

Keyword(s):

Fatigue Life ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Composite Laminates ◽

Stress Amplitude ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Cyclic Strain ◽

Rubber Composites ◽

Dynamic Creep ◽

Rubber Composite ◽

The Matrix

Abstract Fatigue failure mechanisms under low-frequency loading and their dependence on the strain properties were assessed for the rubber matrix composite of bias aircraft tire carcass reinforced by nylon cords as well as two model rubber composites reinforced by steel wire cables. Under cyclic tension at constant stress amplitude, these angle-plied, cord—rubber composite laminates exhibited localized damage in the form of cord—matrix debonding, matrix cracking, and delamination. The process of fatigue damage accumulation in the cord—rubber composite laminate was accompanied by a steady increase of cyclic strain (dynamic creep) and moderate temperature changes. The fatigue life was found to be linearly proportional to the inverse of the dynamic creep rate, i.e., the time required to increase cyclic strain by a unit amount. Regardless of the associated level of stress amplitude or fatigue life, the gross failure under low-frequency loading occurred when the total strain accumulation, i.e., cumulative creep strain, reached the static failure strain. The use of higher stress amplitude resulted in a decrease of fatigue life by simply shortening the time to reach the critical level of strain for gross failure. This observation indicates that the damage initiation and eventual structural failure of angle-plied, cord—rubber composite laminates are “ strain-controlled” processes. These critical strain properties appear to be controlled by the process of interfacial failure between the cord and matrix. Under static tension, the strain levels for cord—matrix debonding and gross failure of composite laminates showed no significant dependence on the level of carbon black loading of the matrix compound, despite the fact that carbon black loading strongly affected the modulus, strength and strain properties of the matrix. Also the number of debonding sites around the cut ends of cords increased at almost the same rate as the static strain increased regardless of the variation of matrix properties.

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