Improving phenotyping in winter barley cultivars towards waterlogging tolerance by combining field trials under natural conditions with controlled growth condition experiments

2022 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 126432
Author(s):  
Tomas Byrne ◽  
James Grant ◽  
Petra Kock-Appelgren ◽  
Lena Förster ◽  
Thibauld Michel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Condition ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Controlled Growth ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Waterlogging Tolerance ◽  
Barley Cultivars

Response of winter barley cultivars to nitrogen and a plant growth regulator in relation to lodging

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Growth Regulator ◽  
Plant Growth Regulator ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Damage Susceptibility

SUMMARYApplications of nitrogen and a plant growth regulator (mepiquat chloride and ethephon) were used to manipulate stem structure and induce differing degrees of damage due to leaning and lodging in six cultivars of winter barley grown in Belfast, UK, in 1986/87. Weighted incidences of leaning and lodging were combined to give an index indicating damage susceptibility of the cultivars. The index was very high (70) in Pipkin and ranged between 1 and 18 in the other cultivars. Differences between cultivars in number of internodes, plant height and stem weight did not explain their differences in resistance to damage. However, dry weight per unit length ranged from 2·35 and 2·34 mg/mm in the strongest cultivars, Panda and Jennifer, respectively, to 1·75 mg/mm in the weakest cultivar, Pipkin.Nitrogen application increased plant height but did not affect dry weight/main stem, so that dry weight/unit length of stem decreased. The growth regulator treatments reduced plant height and although dry weight/stem did not decrease significantly, dry weight/unit length of stem was similar in treated and untreated plots.Dry weight/unit length has potential as an objective indicator of straw strength in winter barley cultivars and could be used in cultivar evaluation in the absence of damage in field trials.

Reaction of Australian cultivars of oats and barley to infection by Fusarium graminearum Group 1

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 655 ◽  
Author(s):  
KE Nelson ◽  
LW Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Crown Rot ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum Group 1 ◽  
Group 1

The incidence of infection by Fusarium graminearum Group 1 and the incidence of crown rot were compared for various cultivars of oats, wheat and barley in glasshouse and field experiments. In glasshouse studies, the incidence of infected plants was lower in oats than in wheat or barley at 6 weeks after sowing. Crown rot symptoms were not observed in oats of any cultivar. The incidence and severity of crown rot in barley was similar to that in wheat cv. Banks. Between 17 and 29 genotypes of oats, wheat and barley were assessed in field trials over 3 years. Stem browning, a symptom of crown rot, was common in wheat and barley but was not observed in any cultivar of oats. Among plants of wheat and barley, the effect of cultivar on incidence of crown rot was significant (P = 0.05) in 3 of 4 trials. Results suggest that oats are a symptomless host. This should be considered when growing oats in rotation to reduce crown rot inoculum. The barley cultivars assessed all developed moderate-severe crown rot symptoms and thus may incur yield limitations where crown rot is prevalent.

Chemical control of loose smut (Ustilago segetum var. tritici) of barley and the effects of cultivar and environment on disease incidence

1991 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 373
Author(s):  
R Loughman ◽  
EJ Speijers ◽  
GJ Thomas ◽  
DJ Ballinger
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Loose Smut ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Control Disease ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Very High

The reasons for an increase in barley loose smut in high rainfall areas of Western Australia were investigated in field trials from 1986 to 1988 by examining the effects of environment, cultivar and adequacy of chemical control. Disease was 4-18 times greater in 2 seed lines produced in very high rainfall areas (>750 mm/year) compared with that produced in high (450-750 mm/year) or low (<325 mm/year) rainfall areas. The effectiveness of 5 fungicide seed treatments was assessed. No fungicide seed treatment controlled disease completely. Triadimenol at 225 mg a.i./kg and carboxin at 940 mg a.i./kg were most effective, providing 93-96% disease control. Treatments were significantly (P<0.01) less effective in high rainfall areas of Western Australia. Barley cultivars released recently in Western Australia were found to be susceptible to loose smut; we suggest that the replacement of the moderately resistant Dampier with these cultivars has contributed to an increased incidence of disease.

Developing a census method based on sight counts to estimate rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) numbers

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dylan W. Poole ◽  
Dave P. Cowan ◽  
Graham C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Population Size ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Population Estimates ◽  
Economic Costs ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Autumn And Winter

A rabbit-census method, based on systematic counts conducted at night or at dawn and dusk, was developed and validated in terms of estimating the total number of rabbits present in a given area. Initially, models were developed under semi-natural conditions to describe the relationships between the numbers of rabbits counted and population size. Confidence limits were also calculated. The models were developed by comparing rabbit counts with the actual number of rabbits present, from a known population of animals. Only spotlight counts at night were considered reliable enough to estimate rabbit population size. During the autumn and winter months these represented ~60% of the population present. The model was subsequently validated, in two different exercises, following a series of field trials conducted under a variety of conditions on commercial farms. Initially, population estimates derived from the model were compared with those calculated using an alternative census technique. Population estimates, using the two techniques, were very similar at nine of the ten study sites. A second validation exercise was also conducted whereby the number of rabbits removed at each of the sites was compared with the difference between the mean pre- and post-removal spotlight counts. The results further supported the proposition that spotlight counts represent ~60% of the population present, with the difference between the two mean spotlight counts representing 61.2% (± 11.0, s.d.) of the number of rabbits removed. The census method therefore shows considerable promise as a means to estimate rabbit numbers under a range of agricultural conditions and therefore has the potential to predict accurately the economic costs of rabbit damage and also to gauge the effectiveness of various methods of rabbit control.

scholarly journals Severity of powdery mildew on winter barley in the Czech Republic in 1976–2005

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 77-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dreiseitl
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
High Infection ◽  
High Disease Severity ◽  
Important Disease

Results of scoring the reaction to powdery mildew of 240 winter barley varieties that were gradually included in 392 Czech Official Trials conducted at 21 locations were analysed. The reaction of the varieties was determined on the basis of the level of infection by the disease. Therefore, the data can also be used to assess the disease severity in years and at locations. Several characteristics indicative of disease severity were considered, including the disease severity coefficient (= average infection of susceptible varieties in trials with a high disease severity/the proportion of such trials). The value of the coefficient is inversely proportional to disease severity. The highest powdery mildew severity was found in 1976, and the years 1988, 1990 and 2003 were characterised by high infection of the examined varieties. In contrast, the disease was practically absent in 1979 and 1982, and its severity was also low in 1978, 1981, 1985, 1991 and 1998. Very low disease severity was found for the period 1977–1982 when insufficient disease severity was found on average in 78% of the trials and high disease severity in only 6% of the trials. The highest disease severity was found at locations Trutnov, Horažďovice and Chrastava. The analysis of data from a large number of field trials conducted at various locations for a period of 30 years confirmed that powdery mildew is an important disease of winter barley in the Czech Republic. Known genetic sources of resistance and current methods, such as marker assisted selection, enable breeders to solve this problem.

scholarly journals The Potential of Common Cereals to form Retrograded Resistant Starch

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Mikulíková ◽  
M. Benková ◽  
J. Kraic
Keyword(s):  
Food Processing ◽  
Resistant Starch ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Minimal Level ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Cultivar Screening ◽  
High Amylose

Resistant starch (RS) has been recognised as a functional fibre with many health-promoting effects. RS exists in four forms &ndash; RS<sub>1</sub>, RS<sub>2</sub>, RS<sub>3</sub>, and RS<sub>4</sub>. The RS<sub>3 </sub>type is generated by amylose retrogradation typically resulting from food processing procedures. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the potential ability of six agriculturally important cereals to generate type RS<sub>3 </sub>resistant starch after retrogradation of their amylose. In comparison with all tested cereals, the statistically significant highest level of RS<sub>3</sub> (5.28% &plusmn; 0.68) was detected in triticale, mainly in the Pinokio, Presto, Tricolor, and Kendo cultivars. Significant highly content was also found in rye (4.93% &plusmn; 0.73), especially in Selgo, Esprit, Dankowskie Nowe, and Apart cultivars, in comparison with wheat, spring and winter barley, tritordeum and oat. There were unsignificant differences between triticale and rye in RS<sub>3</sub> levels. Wheat contained less RS<sub>3</sub> (3.87% &plusmn; 0.55) in comparison to triticale and rye. The best wheats with this trait were the Athlet, Boka, Trane, Versailles, and Torysa cultivars. The content of RS<sub>3</sub> in barley was not high (2.35% &plusmn; 0.45 in winter barley, 2.51% &plusmn; 0.25 in spring barley), similar to tritordeum (2.26% &plusmn; 0.36). The RS<sub>3</sub> content in high amylose barley mutant Glacier was two-fold higher than in other tested barley cultivars (P&nbsp;&lt;&nbsp;0.01). Only minimal level of RS<sub>3</sub> can be generated from oat seed starch (0.41% &plusmn; 0.09). These results indicate that plant species as well as crop cultivar screening are important for the identification of suitable natural sources of resistant starch. Concerning the production of functional foods, it is important to recognize that valuable bread cereals such as wheat and rye are superior sources of this type of dietary fibre and are highly beneficial to the human health. However, it is advisable to continue for other years in these annual results and localities too. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Virulence frequencies to powdery mildew resistance genes of winter barley cultivars

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Dreiseitl
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Powdery Mildew ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Powdery Mildew Resistance ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Mildew Resistance ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Random Samples

The virulence frequencies to powdery mildew resistance genes possessed by winter barley cultivars registered and newly tested in the Czech Republic were studied in 2000, 2002 and 2004. Random samples of the populations originating from winter and spring barley fields were obtained from the air by a mobile version of a jet spore sampler mounted on a car roof. Conidia were sampled by driving across the Czech Republic. Fourteen differentials, carrying 18 out of 20 currently identified resistance genes present in winter barley cultivars, were used. High virulence frequencies (85&ndash;100%) to most resistance genes were found. Lower virulence frequencies (14.1&ndash;40.1%) were found to only three resistance genes that have not been described yet; their preliminary designations are Ml(Va), Ml(Dt) and Ml(Ca). The importance of resistance of winter barley cultivars is discussed with respect to limiting the speed with which the pathogen adapts to genetic resistances possessed by commercial cultivars of both winter and spring barley, and to the necessity of lowering the costs for powdery mildew control in barley.

scholarly journals Managing Fusarium Head Blight in Winter Barley With Cultivar Resistance and Fungicide

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (8) ◽  
pp. 1858-1864 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Cowger ◽  
Consuelo Arellano ◽  
David Marshall ◽  
Joshua Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Fusarium Head Blight ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Winter Barley ◽  
Optimal Timing ◽  
Cultivar Resistance ◽  
Head Blight ◽  
Fungicide Application ◽  
Barley Cultivars ◽  
Moderate Resistance

Although there has been research on managing Fusarium head blight (FHB) in spring barley, little has been published on cultivar resistance and optimal fungicide timing for FHB management in winter barley. A 3-year (2015 to 2017) field experiment was conducted to measure FHB resistance of winter barley varieties, gauge the potential benefit from a fungicide, and help determine the optimal timing for fungicide application. The split-plot experiment took place in a misted, inoculated nursery in Raleigh, North Carolina using main plots of four winter barley cultivars (Atlantic, Endeavor, Nomini, and Thoroughbred). Three fungicide treatments were applied to subplots: prothioconazole + tebuconazole at full spike emergence, the same fungicide 6 days later, or no fungicide. The late applications significantly reduced FHB index in each of 3 years and significantly reduced deoxynivalenol (DON) in harvested grain in 2 of the 3 years. Applications at full spike emergence also yielded significant benefit in 1 of the 3 years for each parameter. Neither disease symptoms nor DON gave reason to prefer one of the fungicide timings over the other. Across the 3 years, DON ranked the cultivars Endeavor < Nomini = Thoroughbred < Atlantic. Combining the moderate resistance of Endeavor with a fungicide application and averaging the two timings resulted in a 75% DON reduction compared with unsprayed Atlantic. Taken together, our results indicate that barley growers concerned about minimizing DON should both plant moderately resistant varieties and apply fungicide if there is scab risk. During the same period, 16 commercial winter barley cultivars were tested in from three to seven Virginia and North Carolina environments each, and the DON results were compared after standardization across environments. The winter two-row malting barley cultivars Endeavor and Calypso displayed superior and robust DON resistance across environments.

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