Estimation of time to key phenological stages to guide management of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in New Zealand

2022 ◽  
Vol 134 ◽  
pp. 126451
Author(s):  
Jing Guo ◽  
Carmen. S.P. Teixeira ◽  
James Barringer ◽  
John G. Hampton ◽  
Derrick J. Moot
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Phenological Stages ◽  
Estimation Of Time

Varietal reaction and genetic resistance of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) to subterranean clover stunt virus infection

1960 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
NW Grylls ◽  
JW Peak
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Virus Infection ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Subterranean Clover Stunt Virus ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Mediterranean

Resistance to subterranean clover stunt virus was explored in 390 strains and named varieties of subterranean clover from the Mediterranean regions, England, France, the Iberian peninsula, New Zealand, and Australia. High levels of genetic resistance were shown in the Australian varieties Tallarook, Hill's Small, and Bass B. Resistance of a selected group of F2's was found to be midway between that of the parents. In selected groups of F4 generation hybrids, and in selected second and third generation backcrosses, resistance equal to that of Tallarook was shown. The apparent recovery of some plants during tests in the glass-house was shown to be a form of temporary tolerance to the virus.

The effects of frosts on seed production in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum)

1971 ◽  
Vol 11 (49) ◽  
pp. 202 ◽  
Author(s):  
WR Scott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Past ◽  
Seed Yields

Six cultivars of subterranean clover, Geraldton, Yarloop, Woogenellup, Clare, Mount Barker, and Tallarook, were grown as ungrazed swards at 1,700 feet a.s.1. in the Mackenzie Country of South Canterbury, New Zealand. In this very frosty environment seed yields tended to increase with increasing lateness of flowering although Clare and perhaps Tallarook appeared to be more frost susceptible than the other cultivars. It is suggested that the deleterious effects of frosts in reducing the seed yields of subterranean clover may have been overemphasized in the past and that the trend for seed yields to increase with increasing lateness of flowering can be partially explained by differences in runner production.

scholarly journals Suitability of new subterranean clovers in the Canterbury region

2000 ◽  
pp. 161-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Widdup ◽  
C. Pennell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Seed Set ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Summer Drought ◽  
Seedling Regeneration ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Herbage Yield ◽  
Late Maturity

The annual legume, subterranean clover, is adapted to permanent pastures in the summer drought-prone areas of eastern New Zealand. Dry summers over the last decade in Canterbury have renewed the interest from farmers in the use of sub clover. As the previously used cultivars Mt Barker and Tallarook are no longer available, a trial was established at AgResearch Templeton to evaluate a new series of cultivars and breeding lines from Australia together with recent New Zealand selections. The lines were sown in rows in May 1993 and assessed for seed set, autumn seedling regeneration and spring growth under sheep grazing for 4 years. The new Australian cultivars had improved seed set and consistently better seedling regeneration and herbage yield compared with older cultivars. The late-flowering, small-leaved and densely branched types were best adapted to the Canterbury environment. The late-maturity cultivars Denmark and Leura, selected from Sardinian germplasm, re-established 50% more seedlings and produced 25% greater late winter/ spring growth than Mt Barker and Tallarook in the third year. The New Zealand selection Ak 948 had similar performance to Denmark and Leura but the remaining selections were mediocre by the fourth year. The Sardinian ecotype breeding material appeared well-adapted to Canterbury conditions and future cultivars based on this material may be most suitable. Further trials are required in harsher sites to confirm these cultivar recommendations. Keywords: Australian cultivars, dry regions, herbage yield, seedling regeneration, subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum

scholarly journals Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum): its history and current and future research in New Zealand

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
M.L. Smetham
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
History Of ◽  
Future Research Directions

This review covers the history of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) and its present occurrence in New Zealand; a review of research and conclusions to be drawn from this; and examines past and future research directions. Subterranean clover has been important in terms of area of use in New Zealand since the late 1930's. Today it makes a significant contribution to pasture production on steep, north-facing North Island hill country where effective rainfall is low, and in other areas where soil moisture drops below wilting point for between 2 weeks and 5 months of the year. Research has identified the superiority of cultivars possessing a compact, ground-hugging habit of growth, and flowering late, in late October - early November, for use in North Island hill country. In drier areas, more research is needed to identify superior cultivars, although there is evidence that lines in the mid-season or early mid-season flowering groups may be appropriate. A major problem for the use of subterranean clovers in New Zealand is the slow breakdown of hardseededness. About 7 M ha of land in New Zealand is mapped as being subject to slight to severe moisture deficit (an area which could with advantage support subterranean clover), but further research is needed to identify appropriate cultivars for 4.8 M ha or more of this area. Key words: history, New Zealand, research, Trifolium subterraneum

PERFORMANCE OF SUBTERRANEAN AND WHITE CLOVER VARIETIES IN DRY HILL COUNTRY

1986 ◽  
pp. 53-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.F. Chapman ◽  
G.W. Sheath ◽  
M.J. Macfarlane ◽  
P.J. Rumball ◽  
B.M.Cooper G. Crouchley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Hill Country ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Country Selection ◽  
Firm Selection

Nine subterranean clover cultivars and 10 white clover varieties, differing in characters such as morphology and flowering date (sub clover), or growth habit and seeding ability (white clover), where evaluated for persistence and production at 8 summer-dry hill country sites. Results for the first 3-4 years suggest the sub clovers on the New Zealand Acceptable Herbage Cultivars List (Mt Barker, Tallarook, Woogenellup, Glare) should be revised. Regeneration of Woogenellup and Glare was consistently poor, while Tallarook performed well at most sites. The current unavailability of Tallarook seed means Mt Barker is the only effechve option for grasslands in most of New Zealand. Cultivars of the sub clover subspecies yanmnicum (Larisa, Trikkala) showed promise for winter~wet, summer dry environments, as did Nangeela in winter-cold environments. A late-flowering, prostrate, low oestrogenic sub clover similar to Tallarook would be well suited to large areas of summer-dry hill country. There is a clear need for a white clover cultivar adapted to summer-dry hill country as none of the varieties tested survived severe moisture stress at 2 sites (Hawke's Bay, North Canterbury), and none performed consistently well at the other sites. New Zealand vaneties (Hula, Pitau, G18 and a hill country selection) showed best persistence and production. The overseas cultivars Haifa, Tamar, Louisiana and Clarence Valley, which are all adapted to dry conditions in their country of origin, were consistently poor. Firm selection criteria for dry hill country were not identified, though stolen density and seeding ability should be incorporated and the strong influence of management and soil fertility on genotype performance must be recognised. Keywords: subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), hill country, dryland, cultivars, persistence, genotype-environmental interaction.

Competition among seedlings of perennial grasses, subterranean clover, white clover, and annual ryegrass in replacement series mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Lodge
Keyword(s):  
White Clover ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Successful Establishment

Seedlings of 3 perennial grasses, Danthonia linkii Kunthcv. Bunderra, D. richardsonii Cashmore cv. Taranna(wallaby grasses), and Phalaris aquatica L. cv. Sirosa,were each grown in replacement series mixtures with seedlings ofTrifolium repens L. (white clover),Trifolium subterraneum L. var. brachycalycinum (Katzn.et Morley) Zorahy & Heller cv. Clare (subterraneanclover), and Lolium rigidum L. (annual ryegrass). Plantswere sown 5 cm apart in boxes (45 by 29 by 20 cm) at a density of 307plants/m2. Maximum likelihood estimates were usedto derive parameters of a non-linear competition model using the dry matterweights of perennial grasses and competitors at 3 harvests, approximately 168,216, and 271 days after sowing. Intra-plant competition was examined inmonocultures of each species, grown at plant spacings of 2, 5, and 8 cm apartwith plants harvested at the above times.Competition occurred in all perennial grass–competitor mixtures, exceptin those of each perennial grass with white clover and thephalaris–subterranean clover mixture (Harvest 1) and those withD. richardsonii and phalaris grown with white clover(Harvest 2). For D. richardsonii (Harvests 1 and 2) andD. linkii (Harvest 1 only) grown with white clover andthe phalaris–subterranean clover (Harvest 1), the two species in themixture were not competing. In the phalaris–white clover mixture, eachspecies was equally competitive (Harvests 1 and 2). These differences incompetition and aggressiveness reflected differences in individual plantweights in monocultures where there was an effect (P < 0.05) of species ondry matter weight per box, but no significant effect of plant spacing.These data indicated that for successful establishment,D. richardsonii and D. linkiishould not be sown in swards with either subterranean clover or white clover,or where populations of annual ryegrass seedlings are likely to be high.Phalaris was more compatible with both white clover and subterranean clover,but aggressively competed with by annual ryegrass.

Naturalised subterranean clover in New Zealand

1983 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.E.T. Suckling ◽  
M.B. Forde ◽  
W.M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Subterranean Clover

scholarly journals Host plant recognition by the root feeding clover weevil, Sitona lepidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Johnson ◽  
P.J. Gregory ◽  
P.J. Murray ◽  
X Zhang ◽  
I.M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Plant Roots ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Movement Rates ◽  
Sitona Lepidus ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Invasive Techniques ◽  
Root Feeding

AbstractThis study investigated the ability of neonatal larvae of the root-feeding weevil, Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal, to locate white clover Trifolium repens L. (Fabaceae) roots growing in soil and to distinguish them from the roots of other species of clover and a co-occurring grass species. Choice experiments used a combination of invasive techniques and the novel technique of high resolution X-ray microtomography to non-invasively track larval movement in the soil towards plant roots. Burrowing distances towards roots of different plant species were also examined. Newly hatched S. lepidus recognized T. repens roots and moved preferentially towards them when given a choice of roots of subterranean clover, Trifolium subterraneum L. (Fabaceae), strawberry clover Trifolium fragiferum L. (Fabaceae), or perennial ryegrass Lolium perenneL. (Poaceae). Larvae recognized T. repens roots, whether released in groups of five or singly, when released 25 mm (meso-scale recognition) or 60 mm (macro-scale recognition) away from plant roots. There was no statistically significant difference in movement rates of larvae.

The influence of seed size and depth of sowing on pre-emergence and early vegetative growth of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.)

1956 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
JN Black
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Total Leaf Area ◽  
Pot Culture

Changes in the pre-emergence distribution of dry matter in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) variety Bacchus Marsh were followed at 21°C, using three sizes of seed and three depths of sowing, ½, 1¼, and 2 in. Decreasing seed size and increasing depth of sowing both reduce the weight of the cotyledons a t emergence. Seed of the three sizes were sown a t three depths in pot culture a t staggered intervals so that emergence was simultaneous. Dry weight in the early vegetative stage was proportional to seed size, and total leaf area and leaf numbers showed similar trends. Plants of each seed size grew at the same relative rate. No effect of depth of sowing could be detected, and this was shown to be due to the cotyledon area a t emergence being constant for any given seed size, regardless of varying depth of sowing and hence of cotyledon weight. It was concluded that seed size in a plant having epigeal germination and without endosperm is of importance: firstly, in limiting the maximum hypocotyl elongation and hence depth of sowing, and secondly, in determining cotyledon area. Cotyledon area in turn influences seedling growth, which is not affected by cotyledon weight. Once emergence has taken place, cotyledonary reserves are of no further significance in the growth of the plants.

CANTERBURY EXPERIENCE WITH SUBTERRANEAN CLOVER (Trifolium subterraneum)

1935 ◽  
pp. 64-68
Author(s):  
H. Neave ◽  
C.H. Hewlett
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum

The information contained in this paper is principally first-hand knowledge extending over a period of six years gained from personal experience from our own "Oakleigh" farm.

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