Brain imaging findings in children and adolescents with mental disorders: A cross-sectional review

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mana ◽  
M.-L. Paillère Martinot ◽  
J.-L. Martinot
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBackgroundWhile brain imaging studies of juvenile patients has expanded in recent years to investigate the cerebral neurophysiologic correlates of psychiatric disorders, this research field remains scarce. The aim of the present review was to cluster the main mental disorders according to the differential brain location of the imaging findings recently reported in children and adolescents reports. A second objective was to describe the worldwide distribution and the main directions of the recent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron tomography (PET) studies in these patients.MethodsA survey of 423 MRI and PET articles published between 2005 and 2008 was performed. A principal component analysis (PCA), then an activation likelihood estimate (ALE) meta-analysis, were applied on brain regional information retrieved from articles in order to cluster the various disorders with respect to the cerebral structures where alterations were reported. Furthermore, descriptive analysis characterized the literature production.ResultsTwo hundred and seventy-four articles involving children and adolescent patients were analyzed. Both the PCA and ALE methods clustered, three groups of diagnosed psychiatric disorders, according to the brain structural and functional locations: one group of affective disorders characterized by abnormalities of the frontal-limbic regions; a group of mental disorders with “cognition deficits” mainly related to cortex abnormalities; and one psychomotor condition associated with abnormalities in the basal ganglia. The descriptive analysis indicates a focus on attention deficit hyperactivity disorders and autism spectrum disorders, a general steady rise in the number of annual reports, and lead of US research.ConclusionThis cross-sectional review of child and adolescent mental disorders based on neuroimaging findings suggests overlaps of brain locations that allow to cluster the diagnosed disorders into three sets with respectively marked affective, cognitive, and psychomotor phenomenology. Furthermore, the brain imaging research effort was unequally distributed across disorders, and did not reflect their prevalence.

scholarly journals Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

Biomedicines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Paola Bozzatello ◽  
Cecilia Blua ◽  
Paola Rocca ◽  
Silvio Bellino
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing awareness of the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for optimal brain development and function. In recent decades, researchers have confirmed the central role of PUFAs in a variety of patho-physiological processes. These agents modulate the mechanisms of brain cell signalling including the dopaminergic and serotonergic pathways. Therefore, nutritional insufficiencies of PUFAs may have adverse effects on brain development and developmental outcomes. The role of n-3 PUFAs has been studied in several psychiatric disorders in adulthood: schizophrenia, major depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders, eating disorders, substance use disorder, and borderline personality disorder. In contrast to the great number of studies conducted in adults, there are only limited data on the effects of n-3 PUFA supplementation in children and adolescents who suffer from mental disorders or show a high risk of developing psychiatric disorders. The aim of this review is to provide a complete and updated account of the available evidence of the impact of polyunsaturated fatty acids on developmental psychopathology in children and adolescents and the effect of fatty acid supplementation during developmental milestones, particularly in high-risk populations of children with minimal but detectable signs or symptoms of mental disorders.

scholarly journals Risks of Major Mental Disorders and Irritable Bowel Syndrome among the Offspring of Parents with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Nationwide Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4679
Author(s):  
Ta-Chuan Yeh ◽  
Ya-Mei Bai ◽  
Shih-Jen Tsai ◽  
Tzeng-Ji Chen ◽  
Chih-Sung Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Early Implementation ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Irritable Bowel

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional bowel disorder that is highly comorbid with mental disorders. However, few studies have examined the risk of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), and schizophrenia in the offspring of parents with IBS. We used nationally representative cross-sectional survey data to analyze cross-generational transmission patterns of both IBS and major mental disorders. Odds ratio (OR) was calculated by using logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounding factors. Offspring of parents with IBS were more likely to develop IBS themselves (OR = 2.41, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.09–2.78), ADHD (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.08–1.62), and MDD (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 1.04–1.68) than the controls. Data stratification by parental sex revealed that paternal IBS increased risk of ADHD (OR = 1.34, 95% CI, 1.01–1.77) in the offspring, while maternal IBS increased the risk of MDD (OR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.11–2.06). This is the first study to reveal parental IBS is associated with IBS, ADHD, and MDD among offspring, suggesting the necessity for early implementation of prevention strategies for at-risk children.

scholarly journals Minor psychiatric disorders and their associations in family caregivers of people with mental disorders

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 3567-3578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto dos Santos Treichel ◽  
Vanda Maria da Rosa Jardim ◽  
Luciane Prado Kantorski ◽  
Aline dos Santos Neutzling ◽  
Michele Mandagará de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Trend Test ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Statistic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Self Reporting Questionnaire ◽  
Minor Psychiatric Disorders

Abstract This study aims to analyze the occurrence of minor psychiatric disorder and their associations in relatives of people with mental disorders. This is a cross-sectional study of 1164 relatives. For the tracking of minor psychiatric disorders the Self-Reporting Questionnaire Scale (SRQ20) was used, adopting 6/8 as cut-off point. Bivariate analyzes were conducted using Chi-squared test. Trends among strata of independent variables were investigated in relation to the outcome using nonparametric linear trend test. Statistic significance was defined as p-value < 0.05. Crude and adjusted binary logistic regressions were conducted using as a basis the hierarchical model developed through a systematic literature review. It was observed in the population a prevalence of 46.9% for minor psychiatric disorders. Higher prevalence of minor psychiatric disorders were strongly associated with the female gender, older age, first degree family ties, not having a paid work, lower education level, lower income, health problems, lower quality of life and feeling of burden. Many factors are related to the emotional and mental illness of family caregivers, demanding health services to be prepared to recognize and intervene in these situations.

Underdiagnosis of psychiatric disorders in people with intellectual disabilities: Differences between psychiatric disorders and challenging behaviour

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Peña-Salazar ◽  
Francesc Arrufat ◽  
Josep Manel Santos ◽  
Abel Fontanet ◽  
Gretel González-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Challenging Behaviour ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intelligence Scale ◽  
Severely Handicapped ◽  
People With Intellectual Disabilities

Background and purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the level of mental disorders and challenging behaviour in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) supported by specialized services, but without a prior psychiatric diagnosis, and to compare the levels of different disorders depending on the severity of ID. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study ( N = 142) of population with ID. Inclusion criteria were the following: adult patients with ID and with no previous psychiatric diagnosis prior to this survey. The Wechsler Adults Intelligence Scale-II, the Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for Adults with Developmental Disability checklist and clinical interview, the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped scale and the Inventory for Client and Agency Planning were the assessment tools. Results: A previously undiagnosed mental disorder was found in 29.6% of the sample. The most prevalent mental disorders were major depressive and anxiety disorders. An association between psychiatric comorbidity and challenging behaviour was found only for mild/moderate ID, especially for affective disorders. Conclusions: The presence of a psychiatric as well as a medical comorbidity is associated with severe ID, unlike challenging behaviour. Clinical limitations of the study have been discussed.

Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among patients with Multiple Sclerosis: a cross-sectional study.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Błachut ◽  
Anna Rebeka Szczegielniak ◽  
Krzysztof Świerzy ◽  
Magdalena Zając- Tarska ◽  
Katarzyna Kubicka-Bączyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Psychiatric Evaluation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview ◽  
Sociodemographic Data ◽  
Number Of Patients

Abstract Background: Multiple Sclerosis is one of the leading autoimmune disorders causing disability among young adults. Various types of mood, affect, and behaviour disorders along with cognitive impairment can be manifested in a course of MS, with affective and anxiety disorders being the most prevalent. Mental health challenges, in addition to the neurological burden of MS, significantly affect quality of life and the course of the underlying disease. Objective: The aim of this work was to determine the prevalence of mental disorders in a sample of MS patients during outpatient treatment in Zabrze, Poland, with a focus on those with mood and anxiety disorders, and to compare the results obtained in these groups with clinical and sociodemographic data. Method: The study was conducted between 2017 and 2018 on 103 MS patients of the Neurological Outpatient Clinic of the Medical University of Silesia Hospital No.1 in Zabrze, Poland. During the study, sociodemographic data were collected, as well as the type and course of the underlying disease, comorbidities, and medicines used. The MINI-international neuropsychiatric interview and a psychiatric examination were utilized to assess the occurrence of mental disorders. Result: 68% of all patients received a psychiatric diagnosis at some point in their life with only 4% having been hospitalized before; 49.5% met the diagnostic criteria for various psychiatric disorders. Measured by the MINI International Neuropsychiatric Interview, 33% of patients reported a past episode of major depression while 8.7% met the criteria for a current episode. The same number of patients admitted ongoing treatment due to recurrent depressive disorder. In regards to anxiety disorders, the most common was generalized anxiety disorder (10.7%), followed by agoraphobia (8.7%), panic disorder (7.8%), and social phobia (4.9%). Most of the patients (94.2%) at the time of the psychiatric evaluation presented a low level of suicide risk, while 1.9% of the patients presented a medium risk, and 3.9% - a high risk. Conclusion(s): The study confirmed a significantly higher prevalence of mental disorders among MS patients; thus, the psychiatric state of patients in this group should be investigated systematically, simultaneously with the assessment of their neurological state. Trial registration: N/A Key words: Multiple Sclerosis, psychiatric disorders, comorbidity, psychiatric care, clinical characteristics.

scholarly journals The co-occurrence of mental disorders among Dutch adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loes de Veld ◽  
Joris J. van Hoof ◽  
Inge M. Wolberink ◽  
Nicolaas van der Lely
Keyword(s):  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Blood Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Alcohol Concentration ◽  
Acute Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Adolescents with substance use disorders are often diagnosed with co-occurring mental disorders. However, it is unknown if adolescent hospital admission for acute alcohol intoxication is also associated with co-occurring mental disorders. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of co-occurring mental disorders among Dutch adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication. Secondly, this study aims to explore the cross-sectional relationship between the co-occurrence of mental disorders and patient characteristics, such as sex, age and blood alcohol concentration at admittance. Data were retrospectively collected from 726 adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication. Overall, 245 (34%) of the 726 adolescents treated for acute alcohol intoxication were diagnosed with a co-occurring mental health disorder, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (13%) or autism spectrum disorder (2.1%). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in particular seems to be more prevalent in the study population than in the general Dutch adolescent population. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that among adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication, the prevalence of co-occurring mental disorders is a common and a relevant issue for treatment and prevention strategies. What is Known:• Alcohol consumption among adolescents has been associated with negative psychosocial effect.• Among adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication, risk factors for psychological dysfunction appear to be inadequately assessed, documented and followed up. What is New:• The current study reports on the prevalence of co-occurring mental disorders among a substantial sample of adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication.• Understanding the prevalence of co-occurring mental disorders is clinically relevant for the outpatient follow-up of adolescents admitted for acute alcohol intoxication.

A cross-sectional descriptive analysis of portrayal of autism spectrum disorders in YouTube videos: A short report

Autism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica L Bellon-Harn ◽  
Vinaya Manchaiah ◽  
Lekeitha R Morris
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Short Report ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Youtube Videos

Professionals have expressed concerns about the quality of autism-related information available from Internet-based sources. The purpose of this study was to examine the source, content, usability, and actionability of autism spectrum disorder–related information contained in 100 different videos directed to families of children with autism spectrum disorder uploaded to YouTube. Upload sources were identified, and video content was coded. Understandability and actionability of the videos were examined using Patient Education Materials Assessment Tool for Audiovisual Materials. The collective number of views of the videos was almost 100 million. The length of videos was 691.17 min (i.e. 11.5 h) with the shortest video being 30 s and the longest video being 37.36 min. The YouTube videos related to autism spectrum disorder covered a range of issues, although much of the content was focused on signs and symptoms. No difference in content reporting was noted based on sources for most categories, although differences were noted in some categories (e.g. professionals mentioned diagnosis and resources more frequently). Poor understandability and actionability scores (i.e. below 70%) were reported for all videos regardless of video source. However, the videos generated by the professionals were superior in terms of understandability. Study implications and recommendations for further research are discussed.

Destination of Mental Disorders Through Biochemical and Neuropathological Analysis?

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
P. Falkai
Keyword(s):  
Positron Emission Tomography ◽  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Imaging Findings ◽  
Severe Mental Disorders ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Dopamine Hypothesis

In the first half of the last century researchers believed that severe mental disorders like schizophrenia have a neuropathological basis. Up to now it has been difficult to prove any consistent core finding for this disorder. Reason for this might be that it is a network disorder and therefore regional specific findings will unlikely be found. Parallel to that describing the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia and the catechol amine deficit hypothesis of depression were very helpful for understanding the mechanisms of antipsychotics and antidepressants working in these disorders. Especially the introduction of the positron emission tomography has helped to link symptoms with the transmitter systems. However, none of these findings are specific for schizophrenia or depression. During the talk it will be discussed when the combination of core clinical symptoms, imaging findings and genetic variables are helpful for a future classification of psychiatric disorders.

Hyperuricemia and Metabolic Adverse Effect in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder Treated with Risperidone

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s305-s306
Author(s):  
C. Sukasem
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Long Term Treatment ◽  
Adolescents With Asd

BackgroundAtypical anti-psychotics have been found to be associated with hyperuricemia. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of hyperuricemia and metabolic adverse events in children and adolescents with ASD treated with risperidone.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we recruited 127 Thai ASD children and adolescents aged 3–20 years receiving risperidone for more than 4 weeks. The clinical data and laboratory data were obtained and analyzed. Hyperuricemia was defined as serum uric acid > 5.5 mg/dL.ResultsHyperuricemia was present in 57.48% of total ASD patients treated with risperidone. Uric acid levels were significantly higher in adolescents as compared to children. Uric acid levels correlated with risperidone dose (P = 0.01), duration of treatment (P < 0.0001), BMI (P < 0.0001), waist circumference (P = 0.003), triglyceride (TG; P < 0.0001), triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C; P < 0.0001), insulin (P = 0.04), homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA-IR; P = 0.03), high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP; P < 0.0001), and leptin levels (P < 0.0001). HDL-C and adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with uric acid levels (P < 0.0001). In multiple regressions analysis, age, BMI, TG/HDL-C, and adiponectin level remained significantly associated with uric acid levels (P < 0.0001).ConclusionHyperuricemia may play a role in metabolic adverse effects in children and adolescents with ASD receiving high dose and/or long-term treatment with risperidone.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals The global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in children and adolescents

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Erskine ◽  
A. J. Baxter ◽  
G. Patton ◽  
T. E. Moffitt ◽  
V. Patel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Target Population ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Global Coverage ◽  
Disease Study

Aims.Children and adolescents make up almost a quarter of the world's population with 85% living in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Globally, mental (and substance use) disorders are the leading cause of disability in young people; however, the representativeness or ‘coverage’ of the prevalence data is unknown. Coverage refers to the proportion of the target population (ages 5–17 years) represented by the available data.Methods.Prevalence data for conduct disorder (CD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), eating disorders (EDs), depression, and anxiety disorders were sourced from systematic reviews conducted for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) and 2013 (GBD 2013). For each study, the location proportion was multiplied by the age proportion to give study coverage. Location proportion was calculated by dividing the total study location population by the total country population. Age proportion was calculated by dividing the population of the country aged within the age range of the study sample by the country population aged 5–17 years. If a study only sampled one sex, study coverage was halved. Coverage across studies was then summed for each country to give coverage by country. This method was repeated at the region and global level, and separately for GBD 2013 and GBD 2010.Results.Mean global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in ages 5–17 years was 6.7% (CD: 5.0%, ADHD: 5.5%, ASDs: 16.1%, EDs: 4.4%, depression: 6.2%, anxiety: 3.2%). Of 187 countries, 124 had no data for any disorder. Many LMICs were poorly represented in the available prevalence data, for example, no region in sub-Saharan Africa had more than 2% coverage for any disorder. While coverage increased between GBD 2010 and GBD 2013, this differed greatly between disorders and few new countries provided data.Conclusions.The global coverage of prevalence data for mental disorders in children and adolescents is limited. Practical methodology must be developed and epidemiological surveys funded to provide representative prevalence estimates so as to inform appropriate resource allocation and support policies that address mental health needs of children and adolescents.

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