The role of IgG hypersensitivity and changes in gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapy of depressive disorders

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (S1) ◽  
pp. S24-S25 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Karakula-Juchnowicz ◽  
P. Szachta ◽  
D. Juchnowicz ◽  
S. Grochowski ◽  
M. Gałęcka
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
The Brain

Depression is a complex, heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with multifactorial aetiology. Substantial evidence indicates that depressive episodes are associated not only with changes in neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS), but also may lead to structural changes in the brain through neuroendocrine, inflammatory, and immunological mechanisms. Among the factors deserving special attention connected with developing systematic inflammation are altered intestinal permeability, IgG food intolerance, and changes in gut microbiota.We present a possible scenario of the development of depression, linking elevated zonulin production, loosening of the tight junction barrier, an increase in permeability of the gut wall, and the passage of macromolecules, normally staying the gut, into the bloodstream, with the immuno-inflammatory cascade and induction of IgG-dependent food sensitivity. Alterations in bidirectional signaling between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain, so called “microbiota–gut–brain axis”, may be normalized by dietary immunomodulating factors, including prebiotics and probiotics. In the case of increased IgG concentrations, the implementation of an elimination–rotation diet may prove to be an effective method of reducing inflammation and, in this way, alleviating depressive symptoms.Given complexity and variety of mood disorders, it is necessary to develop improved integration models. Preliminary study results raise hope that the new methods mentioned above, i.e. psychobiotics, prebiotics, an elimination-rotation diet, may be an important addition to the psychiatrist's armamentarium as therapeutic agents improving the efficacy of the treatment for affective disorders [1–3].Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics on Mitigation of Depression Symptoms: Modulation of the Brain–Gut–Microbiome Axis

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Agata Chudzik ◽  
Anna Orzyłowska ◽  
Radosław Rola ◽  
Greg J. Stanisz
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Communication Pathway ◽  
The Brain

The brain–gut–microbiome axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut microbiota and the central nervous system. The growing interest in the gut microbiota and mechanisms of its interaction with the brain has contributed to the considerable attention given to the potential use of probiotics, prebiotics and postbiotics in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. This review discusses the up-to-date findings in preclinical and clinical trials regarding the use of pro-, pre- and postbiotics in depressive disorders. Studies in rodent models of depression show that some of them inhibit inflammation, decrease corticosterone level and change the level of neurometabolites, which consequently lead to mitigation of the symptoms of depression. Moreover, certain clinical studies have indicated improvement in mood as well as changes in biochemical parameters in patients suffering from depressive disorders.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of home-based cognitive training program on a cognitive level, the activity of daily living among elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment in selected community settings of Puducherry

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5301-5309
Author(s):  
Govindakumari R ◽  
Vijayalakshmi ◽  
Sai Sailesh Kumar Goothy ◽  
Vijay Raghvan
Keyword(s):  
Training Program ◽  
Cognitive Training ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Persons ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Daily Life Activities ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Brain

Aging is a physiological process that leads to both biological and psychological changes. The brain undergoes structural changes as a part of aging. According to the investigator's best knowledge and based on the extensive review, no structured study was conducted in India to test the effectiveness of cognitive training program. Hence, the present study was conducted to test the effectiveness of a home-based training program on select outcomes. A total of 314 elderly participants were recruited for the study after obtaining the written informed consent. After recruiting, the participants were randomly grouped into two groups, that is control and intervention groups, with 157 participants in each group. The intervention was administered to the experimental group. The present study results suggest that the home-based cognitive training program is effective in improving cognitive functions and daily life activities. The study recommends further detailed and multi-centered studies in this area to recommend the implementation of the program in the management of the cognitive impairments of the elderly.

The Pathology of Milkiness, Thickening, and Opacity of the Pia-arachnoid in the Insane

1895 ◽  
Vol 41 (175) ◽  
pp. 622-635
Author(s):  
W. F. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Brain

There is at the present time great need of more complete and definite knowledge as to the pathology of the very marked structural changes that so commonly affect the pia-arachnoid in the insane. The subject is one of much importance to all of us as medical psychologists, for not only is the condition in question one of the most conspicuous lesions associated with mental disease, but it implicates a structure of primary importance in the economy of the central nervous system. It is by way of vessels that course through this membrane that nutriment is conveyed to the brain cortex, and the waste products resulting from metabolism in the cerebral tissues are mainly conveyed away in the fluid that circulates in its lymph spaces. Therefore it is evident that these morbid changes may very seriously interfere with the functions both of nutrition and excretion in the brain.

Interplay of Gut Microbiota, Body Mass Index and Depression Scores in Anorexia Nervosa: Preliminary Data

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S92-S92
Author(s):  
S. Mörkl ◽  
S. Lackner ◽  
G. Gorkiewicz ◽  
K. Kashofer ◽  
C. Blesl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Alpha Diversity ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Competing Interest

IntroductionAnorexia nervosa (AN) is a lethal psychiatric disease with only narrow treatment possibilities. Recent study results point out, that gut microbiota might be a contributing factor in the development and persistence of AN through effects on the gut-brain-axis.MethodsWe used 16SRNA sequencing to characterize the composition and diversity of the gut microbiota of 18 AN patients, 19 normal weight controls and 19 athletes matched by age using stool samples. The QIIME-pipeline was used to assess the sequencing result. All participants completed an activity-questionnaire (IPAQ) and inventories to measure depression (BDI, HAMD).ResultsKruskal-Wallis test identified significant differences in alpha-diversity (Chao-1-estimator [P = 0.013], number of observed species [P = 0.027]) between groups. Spearman-Correlation revealed a significant correlation of number of observed species (r = 0.366, P = 0.006) Chao-1-estimator (r = 0.352, P = 0.008) and BMI (Fig. 1). Furthermore, a higher BMI was related to lower depression scores (r = 0.351, P < 0.001). Although there was a tendency of a negative correlation of BDI-scores and alpha-diversity (r = –0.180, P = 0.059), correlations with depression scores and IPAQ-scores did not reach significance level (Fig. 1).ConclusionsOur preliminary data demonstrate correlations of alpha-diversity and BMI. Further studies are needed to provide further insights in AN gut microbiota and its influence factors.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Microbiome—The Missing Link in the Gut-Brain Axis: Focus on Its Role in Gastrointestinal and Mental Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka ◽  
Wojciech Marlicz ◽  
Agata Misera ◽  
Anastasios Koulaouzidis ◽  
Igor Łoniewski
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Cell Trafficking ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Immunological Mechanisms

The central nervous system (CNS) and the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract communicate through the gut-brain axis (GBA). Such communication is bi-directional and involves neuronal, endocrine, and immunological mechanisms. There is mounting data that gut microbiota is the source of a number of neuroactive and immunocompetent substances, which shape the structure and function of brain regions involved in the control of emotions, cognition, and physical activity. Most GI diseases are associated with altered transmission within the GBA that are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Current treatment protocols for GI and non-GI disorders may positively or adversely affect the composition of intestinal microbiota with a diverse impact on therapeutic outcome(s). Alterations of gut microbiota have been associated with mood and depressive disorders. Moreover, mental health is frequently affected in GI and non-GI diseases. Deregulation of the GBA may constitute a grip point for the development of diagnostic tools and personalized microbiota-based therapy. For example, next generation sequencing (NGS) offers detailed analysis of microbiome footprints in patients with mental and GI disorders. Elucidating the role of stem cell–host microbiome cross talks in tissues in GBA disorders might lead to the development of next generation diagnostics and therapeutics. Psychobiotics are a new class of beneficial bacteria with documented efficacy for the treatment of GBA disorders. Novel therapies interfering with small molecules involved in adult stem cell trafficking are on the horizon.

The Aging Brain

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Rashi Rajput ◽  
Ramneek Kaur ◽  
Rishika Chadha ◽  
Shalini Mani ◽  
Rachana R. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Healthy Aging ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neuronal Loss ◽  
Aging Brain ◽  
Protein Oligomerization ◽  
Pathological Characteristic ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Neurodegeneration is the progressive and gradual dysfunction and loss of axons in the central nervous system. It is the main pathological characteristic of chronic and acute neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS). The usual aspects of pathogenesis of disease can be abridged with regards to the downstream implications of uncontrollable protein oligomerization and aggregation from postmitotic cells. The brain structure constantly changes in normal aging without any dysfunction accompanying the structural changes in brain. The decline in cognitive capabilities, for example, processing speed, memory, and functions related to decision making are the sign of healthy aging. The reduction in brain volume in healthy aging is possibly related to neuronal loss at some marginal extent. The following chapter discusses the structural and functional alterations in the brain in ageing and neurodegeneration.

scholarly journals MicroRNAs, Multiple Sclerosis and Depression

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7802
Author(s):  
Hsiuying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Mirna Regulation ◽  
Oxidative And Nitrosative Stress ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Patients Experience ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system that affects the brain and spinal cord. There are several disease courses in MS including relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), primary progressive MS (PPMS), and secondary progressive MS (SPMS). Up to 50% of MS patients experience depressive disorders. Major depression (MD) is a serious comorbidity of MS. Many dysfunctions including neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, gut dysbiosis, chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress, and neuroendocrine and mitochondrial abnormalities may contribute to the comorbidity between MS and MD. In addition to these actions, medical treatment and microRNA (miRNA) regulation may also be involved in the mechanisms of the comorbidity between MS and MD. In the study, I review many common miRNA biomarkers for both diseases. These common miRNA biomarkers may help further explore the association between MS and MD.

scholarly journals The Microbiota/Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: How Much Do They Matter in Psychiatry?

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Beatrice Buccianelli ◽  
Stefania Palermo ◽  
Elisabetta Parra ◽  
Alessandro Arone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) is the result of the constant integration of bidirectional messages between the brain and peripheral organs, together with their connections with the environment. Despite the anatomical separation, gut microbiota, i.e., the microorganisms colonising the gastrointestinal tract, is highly related to the CNS through the so-called “gut–brain axis”. The aim of this paper was to review and comment on the current literature on the role of the intestinal microbiota and the gut–brain axis in some common neuropsychiatric conditions. The recent literature indicates that the gut microbiota may affect brain functions through endocrine and metabolic pathways, antibody production and the enteric network while supporting its possible role in the onset and maintenance of several neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative disorders. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition were observed in mood disorders and autism spectrum disorders and, apparently to a lesser extent, even in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions, as well as in schizophrenia. Therefore, gut microbiota might represent an interesting field of research for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of common neuropsychiatric disorders and possibly as a target for the development of innovative treatments that some authors have already labelled “psychobiotics”.

scholarly journals Alterations of Gut Microbiota and the Brain-Immune-Intestine Axis in Patients With Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis After Treatment With Oral Cladribine: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeske van Pamelen ◽  
Lynn van Olst ◽  
Andries E Budding ◽  
Helga E de Vries ◽  
Leo H Visser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Relapsing Remitting Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
The Brain

BACKGROUND Immunological factors are the key to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Conjointly, environmental factors are known to affect MS disease onset and progression. Several studies have found that the intestinal microbiota in MS patients differs from that of control subjects. One study found a trend toward lower species richness in patients with active disease versus in patients in remission. The microbiota plays an important role in shaping the immune system. Recent studies suggest the presence of an association between the gut microbiota and inflammatory pathways in the central nervous system. However, the function of this brain-immune-intestine axis and its possible value for predicting treatment effect in MS patients is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE Our goal is to examine if the changes in gut and oral microbiota and simultaneous changes in the immune response are a predictor for the treatment response in subjects with active relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) who are being treated with oral cladribine. METHODS This is a prospective, observational, multicenter study. Eligible subjects are patients with RRMS, between the ages of 18 and 55 years, who will start treatment with oral cladribine. Patients who used probiotics 1 month prior to the start of oral cladribine will be excluded. At baseline (ie, before start) and after 3, 12, and 24 months, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score will be assessed and fecal, oral, and blood samples will be collected. Also, subjects will be asked to register their food intake for 7 consecutive days following the visits. After 24 months, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment of the brain will be performed. Responders are defined as subjects without relapses, without progression on the EDSS, and without radiological progression on MRI. RESULTS Inclusion started in January 2019. A total of 30 patients are included at the moment. The aim is to include 80 patients from 10 participating centers during a period of approximately 24 months. Final results are expected in 2024. CONCLUSIONS The results of the BIA Study will contribute to precision medicine in patients with RRMS and will contribute to a better understanding of the brain-immune-intestine axis. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT DERR1-10.2196/16162

scholarly journals Gut microbiota regulate astrocytic functions in the brain: possible therapeutic consequences

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya-Fei Zhao ◽  
Da-Neng Wei ◽  
Yong Tang
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Psychiatric Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Consequences ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies ◽  
The Brain

: Astrocytes are essential for maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytic dysfunction has been implicated in the progression of several neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases; however, a multitude of factors and signals influencing astrocytic activity have not been entirely elucidated. Astrocytes respond to local signals from the brain, but are also indirectly modulated by gut microbiota. Previous studies revealed that most of the CNS diseases triggered by astrocytic dysfunction are closely associated with the dysbiosis of gut microbiome. Emerging data from preclinical and clinical studies suggest that maturation and functioning of astrocytes rely on gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in the decrease of astrocytic activation and may alleviate symptoms of brain diseases. Herein, we discuss the most recent advances concerning the complex connections between astrocytes and gut microbiota, which are involved in the immune, neurotransmission and neuroendocrine pathways. Deciphering these pathways will facilitate a better understanding of how perturbed gut microbiota contributes to the dysfunction of astrocytes and open therapeutic opportunities for the treatment of brain diseases.

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