Comparative analysis of human milk and infant formula derived peptides following in vitro digestion

The calcium, zinc, and iron bioavailabilities of human milk with commercial and noncommercial human milk fortifiers (HMFs) were evaluated under a variety of conditions: peptic digestion at pH 2 and pH 4, supplementation of ascorbic acid, and addition of three calcium salts. The noncommercial HMFs consisted of casein phosphopeptides (CPPs), alpha-lactalbumin, colostrum, and hydrolyzed whey protein concentrate (WPC). They were mixed with human milk (HM) and calcium, zinc, and iron were added. Ascorbic acid (AA) was added in certain studies. The commercial HMFs were Nestlé FM-85, Similac HMF (SHMF), and Enfamil HMF (EHMF). All HMFs were compared to S-26/SMA HMF. Results showed that the peptic pH (2 vs. 4) had no effect on mineral bioavailability. Addition of different calcium salts had no effect on calcium cell uptake and cell ferritin levels (an indicator of iron uptake), however, the addition of calcium glycerophosphate/gluconate increased zinc uptake by Caco-2 cells. Addition of AA significantly increased ferritin levels, with no effect on calcium or zinc uptake. Among the commercial HMFs, FM-85 was significantly lower in zinc uptake than S-26/SMA, and HM+EHMF was significantly higher than HM+S-26/SMA. Cell ferritin levels were significantly higher for HM+S-26/SMA than for all other commercial fortifiers. None of the commercial HMFs were different from HM+S-26/SMA in calcium uptake.

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In Vitro Digestion of Proteins in Human Milk Fortifiers and in Preterm Formula

Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition ◽

10.1097/00005176-199807000-00006 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 30-36 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Tor Lindberg ◽

Staffan Engberg ◽

Lars Börje Sjöberg ◽

Bo Lönnerdal

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Preterm Formula

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In vitro digestion of citric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides (CITREM) and CITREM-containing infant formula/emulsions

Food & Function ◽

10.1039/c4fo00045e ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 1409-1421 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Sawsan Amara ◽

Amaury Patin ◽

Francesca Giuffrida ◽

Tim J. Wooster ◽

Sagar K. Thakkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Citric Acid ◽

Infant Formula ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

First Time ◽

Digestive Lipases ◽

Acid Esters

The GI lipolysis of CITREM is investigated for the first time using various digestive lipases and a two-stepin vitrodigestion model.

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Comparative Analysis of Triglycerides From Different Regions and Mature Lactation Periods in Chinese Human Milk Project (CHMP) Study

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2021.798821 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Huiquan Zhu ◽

Aimei Liang ◽

Xiaodan Wang ◽

Wenyuan Zhang ◽

Yumeng Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

Double Bond ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Carbon Number ◽

Acyl Carbon Number ◽

Mature Milk ◽

Chinese Cities ◽

Acyl Carbon ◽

Milk Samples

The kinds and proportions of triglycerides of human mature milk play an independent role in the growth of infants. In this study, the human milk samples obtained from eight different Chinese cities (Chengdu, Weihai, Lanzhou, Jinhua, Beijing, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Harbin) and six sequential mature lactation times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) were detected for the triglycerides. The result demonstrated that total 66 triglycerides were detected in mature human milk, with acyl carbon number (ACN) numbers were locating in the range of 34–54 and double bond (DB) numbers were locating in the range of 0–6. In addition, the percentage of OPO, OPL, and OOO was relatively higher than others, accounted for more than 4% of total triglycerides in all the lactation areas and times, and the percentage of U2S and LLL triglycerides was also richest in mature milk. Furthermore, it was obvious that lactation regions had more significant effect on the triglycerides compared with lactation time and the triacylglycerols (TAGs) of human milk in Guangzhou were clearly different from that in other regions. Therefore, the results of this study will provide data reference for the design of infant formula suitable for Chinese babies.

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Survival of vaccine-induced human milk SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA immunoglobulins across simulated human infant gastrointestinal digestion

10.1101/2021.06.17.21259021 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Myrtani Pieri ◽

Vicky Nicolaidou ◽

Irene Paphiti ◽

Spyros Pipis ◽

Kyriacos Felekkis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Enzymatic Degradation ◽

Natural Infection ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Human Infant ◽

European Medicines Agency ◽

Igg Antibodies ◽

Gi Tract ◽

Lactating Mothers

Four vaccines have been approved to date by the European Medicines Agency for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, with all four being targeted to adults over 18 years of age. One way to protect the younger population such as infants or younger children until pediatric vaccines are licensed is through passive immunity via breastfeeding. Recent evidence points to the fact that human milk contains immunoglobulins (Ig) against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, both after natural infection or vaccination, but it is not known whether these antibodies can resist enzymatic degradation during digestion in the infant gastrointestinal (GI) tract or indeed protect the consumers. Here, we describe our preliminary experiments where we validated commercially available ELISA kits to detect IgA and IgG antibodies in human milk from two lactating mothers vaccinated with either the Pfizer/BioNTech or the Astra Zeneca vaccine, and the effect of a static in vitro digestion protocol on the IgA and IgG concentrations. Our data, even preliminary, provide an indication that the IgA antibodies produced after vaccination with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine resist the gastric phase but are degraded during the intestinal phase of infant digestion, whereas the IgGs are more prone to degradation in both phases of digestion. We are in the process of recruiting more individuals to further evaluate the vaccine-induced immunoglobulin profile of breastmilk, and the extent to which these antibodies can resist digestion in the infant GI tract.

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Focusing on fatty acid profile in milk from different species after in vitro digestion

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029918000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 257-262 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Antonella Santillo ◽

Lucia Figliola ◽

Maria G Ciliberti ◽

Mariangela Caroprese ◽

Rosaria Marino ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acids ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Fatty Acid Profile ◽

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Milk Formula ◽

Formula Milk ◽

Caprine Milk ◽

Chain Fatty Acids

We report the fatty acid profile of raw milk and of the corresponding digested milk from different sources (human milk, formula milk and donkey, bovine, ovine and caprine milk) to gain information on the nutritional quality of different milk sources in infant nutrition.Short chain fatty acids (SC-FA) were higher in bovine and caprine milk, intermediate in ovine and donkey and lower in human and formula milk. Medium chain fatty acids (MC-FA) showed the highest values for bovine and caprine milk and the lowest for donkey and formula milk, whereas long chain fatty acids (LC-FA) were the highest in donkey and formula milk and intermediate in human milk.The percentage distribution of fatty acids liberated after in vitro digestion did not reflect the patterns found in the corresponding milk sources. In particular, MC free fatty acids (MC-FFA) showed the highest and the lowest values in donkey and in formula milk, LC-FFA showed the highest value in human milk. The total FFA was highest in human milk, lowest in formula milk and intermediate in donkey, bovine, ovine, and caprine milk.

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Comparison of the Bifidogenic Effects of Goat and Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas to Human Breast Milk in an in vitro Gut Model for 3-Month-Old Infants

Frontiers in Nutrition ◽

10.3389/fnut.2020.608495 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Sophie Gallier ◽

Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽

Colin Prosser

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Goat Milk ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Common Source ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Infant Gut Microbiome

Human milk contains prebiotic components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which stimulate the growth of specific members of the infant gut microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria). Plant-based or synthetic oligosaccharides are often added to infant formulas to simulate the bifidogenic effect of HMOs. Cow milk, the most common source of protein in infant formula, and goat milk, used increasingly in the manufacture of infant formula, contain naturally-occurring prebiotics. This study compared the upper gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation of human milk vs. goat and cow milk-based infant formulas (goat IF and cow IF, respectively), without additional oligosaccharides using an in vitro model for 3-month-old infants based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). First, a dialysis approach using 3.5 kDa membranes was demonstrated to simulate small intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in conditions similar to those in vivo. During the in vitro digestion experiment, oligosaccharides were detected in human milk and goat IF but barely detected in the cow IF. Further, all three milk matrices decreased colonic pH by boosting acetate, lactate, and propionate production, which related to increased abundances of acetate/lactate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae for human milk (+25.7%) and especially goat IF (33.8%) and cow IF (37.7%). Only cow IF stimulated butyrate production which correlated with an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae. Finally, Enterobacteriaceae and Acidaminococcaceae also increased with all three milk matrices, while production of proteolytic metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids) was only detected for the cow IF. Overall, goat and cow milk-based formulas without added oligosaccharides impacted gut microbial activity and composition similarly to human milk. This suggests that even without supplementation of formula with oligosaccharides, whole goat milk, whole cow milk and cow milk ingredients already supply compounds in formulas that exert beneficial bifidogenic effects. Further clinical research is warranted to elucidate the effect of whole goat milk-based formulas on the infant gut microbiome.

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