scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Triglycerides From Different Regions and Mature Lactation Periods in Chinese Human Milk Project (CHMP) Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huiquan Zhu ◽  
Aimei Liang ◽  
Xiaodan Wang ◽  
Wenyuan Zhang ◽  
Yumeng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Double Bond ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Acyl Carbon Number ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Chinese Cities ◽  
Acyl Carbon ◽  
Milk Samples

The kinds and proportions of triglycerides of human mature milk play an independent role in the growth of infants. In this study, the human milk samples obtained from eight different Chinese cities (Chengdu, Weihai, Lanzhou, Jinhua, Beijing, Guangzhou, Zhengzhou, and Harbin) and six sequential mature lactation times (30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) were detected for the triglycerides. The result demonstrated that total 66 triglycerides were detected in mature human milk, with acyl carbon number (ACN) numbers were locating in the range of 34–54 and double bond (DB) numbers were locating in the range of 0–6. In addition, the percentage of OPO, OPL, and OOO was relatively higher than others, accounted for more than 4% of total triglycerides in all the lactation areas and times, and the percentage of U2S and LLL triglycerides was also richest in mature milk. Furthermore, it was obvious that lactation regions had more significant effect on the triglycerides compared with lactation time and the triacylglycerols (TAGs) of human milk in Guangzhou were clearly different from that in other regions. Therefore, the results of this study will provide data reference for the design of infant formula suitable for Chinese babies.

Human milk mycobiota composition: relationship with gestational age, delivery mode, and birth weight

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Dinleyici ◽  
V. Pérez-Brocal ◽  
S. Arslanoglu ◽  
O. Aydemir ◽  
S. Sevuk Ozumut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Caesarean Delivery ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Delivery Term ◽  
Spontaneous Delivery

Intestinal and human milk microbiota studies during infancy have shown variations according to geographical location, delivery mode, gestational age, and mother-related factors during pregnancy. In this study, we performed metagenomic mycobiota analyses of 44 transient and mature human milk among five different groups: mothers of normal spontaneous delivery-term (NS-T), caesarean delivery-term (CS-T), premature (PT), small for gestational age (SGA), and large for gestational age (LGA) infants. Fungi were detected in 80 out of the 88 samples. Regarding the number of observed fungal species, the NS-T group was more homogeneous (less variable) comparing the other groups (P<0.05). In the transient human milk samples, the most abundant species were Saccharomyces cerevisiae (33.3%) and Aspergillus glaucus (27.4%). While A. glaucus (33.7%) was second most abundant species in mature milk, S. cerevisiae disappeared (P<0.01) and Penicillium rubens became the most abundant species (35.5%) (P<0.05). Among the NS-T group, the most abundant species was Malassezia globosa in both transient and mature milk. In contrast, S. cerevisiae was the most abundant species in transient human milk (45.0%) in the CS-T group, but it disappeared in mature milk (P<0.01). In transient milk, M. globosa was only represented 6.0-9.0% of taxa in the PT, SGA, and LGA groups (P<0.05). In transient and mature milk in the PT, SGA and LGA groups, the most abundant species were A. glaucus and P. rubens. In mature milk samples, P. rubens is more abundant in CS-T group, PT group and LGA group, than the NS-T groups (P<0.05 for all). Although fungi constitute only a very small part of the human milk microbiome, we observed some changes that the human milk mycobiota composition varies in caesarean delivery, premature, SGA and LGA groups, comparing the normal spontaneous delivery, as well as differences between transient and mature human milk.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Changes in the Fatty Acid Profile of Human Milk of Spanish Lactating Women during the First Month of Lactation Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. A Comparison with Infant Formulas

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Sánchez-Hernández ◽  
Adelaida Esteban-Muñoz ◽  
Rafael Giménez-Martínez ◽  
María José Aguilar-Cordero ◽  
Beatriz Miralles-Buraglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Milk Samples

Breastfeeding is the ideal way to provide infants with the nutrients they need for healthy growth and development. Milk composition changes throughout lactation, and fat is one of the most variable nutrients in human milk. The aim of this study was to determine the main differences between the fatty acid (FA) profile of human milk samples (colostrum, transitional, and mature milk group) and infant formulas. Human milk samples were provided by lactating women from Granada. Moreover, different commercial infant formulas were analyzed. FAs were determined using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. According to the results, oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid (41.93% in human milk and 43.53% in infant formulas), while palmitic acid was the most representative saturated fatty acid (20.88% in human milk and 23.09% in infant formulas). Significant differences were found between human milk groups and infant formulas, mainly in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs). The content of araquidonic acid (AA) and docoxahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher in human milk (0.51% and 0.39%, respectively) than in infant formulas (0.31% and 0.22%, respectively). Linoleic acid (LA) percentage (15.31%) in infant formulas was similar to that found in human milk (14.6%). However, α-linolenic acid (ALA) values were also much higher in infant formulas than in human milk (1.64% and 0.42%, respectively).

Vaginal Delivery Could Affect on Lactose Content of Human Milk

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Zeynali ◽  
Roghayyeh Nourizadeh ◽  
Azizeh Farshbaf Khalili ◽  
Mohammad Bagher Hosseini ◽  
Asef Khalili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Milk Samples

Objective: The macronutrients of human milk are considered as essential nutritional sources in the first few months of a newborn’s life. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of delivery mode on the macronutrients of human milk. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted on 102 women who gave birth by cesarean section or vaginal delivery between September 2019 and November 2019. The participants were requested to provide their milk samples on day 15±1 after childbirth. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups (cesarean and vaginal delivery) regarding the sociodemographic characteristics and intake of fat, carbohydrate, protein, and energy. The lactose level was significantly higher in women who gave birth by vaginal delivery [adjusted mean difference, 1.2 (95% CI 0.02- 1.82)]. For other macronutrients, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The vaginal delivery might influence the mature milk lactose level.

Characteristics of Human Breast Milk Based on Infant’s Gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Moudah Alhindi ◽  
Hadohum Musallam ◽  
Esam Elhefian
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
Infant Sex ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Human milk is a complex fluid, which contains a number of constituents such as fats, proteins and vitamins, in addition to other compounds. These nutrients are needed for infant protection against infections and diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate some physicochemical properties and biochemical constituents content of human milk samples (based on the gender of the breast feeding infant). This includes acidity, density and viscosity, as well as lactose, protein, calcium and magnesium contents. Results showed that the highest value of viscosity as well as the highest percentages of protein and acidity were recorded for human breast milk for a boy (2.212 cP, 1.237% and 0.02% respectively) while close values for density and other biochemical contents were recorded for both types of samples. However, only the change in viscosity was found to be significant (p?0.05). Variations in some properties of human milk depending on the infant' sex could be of benefit for developing infant formula taking infant’s gender into consideration.

scholarly journals Interrelationships between maternal DHA in erythrocytes, milk and adipose tissue. Is 1 wt% DHA the optimal human milk content? Data from four Tanzanian tribes differing in lifetime stable intakes of fish

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 854-866 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine F. Luxwolda ◽  
Remko S. Kuipers ◽  
Jan-Hein Koops ◽  
Stefan Muller ◽  
Deti de Graaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽  
Lactating Mothers

Little is known about the interrelationships between maternal and infant erythrocyte-DHA, milk-DHA and maternal adipose tissue (AT)-DHA contents. We studied these relationships in four tribes in Tanzania (Maasai, Pare, Sengerema and Ukerewe) differing in their lifetime intakes of fish. Cross-sectional samples were collected at delivery and after 3 d and 3 months of exclusive breast-feeding. We found that intra-uterine biomagnification is a sign of low maternal DHA status, that genuine biomagnification occurs during lactation, that lactating mothers with low DHA status cannot augment their infants' DHA status, and that lactating mothers lose DHA independent of their DHA status. A maternal erythrocyte-DHA content of 8 wt% was found to correspond with a mature milk-DHA content of 1·0 wt% and with subcutaneous and abdominal (omentum) AT-DHA contents of about 0·39 and 0·52 wt%, respectively. Consequently, 1 wt% DHA might be a target for Western human milk and infant formula that has milk arachidonic acid, EPA and linoleic acid contents of 0·55, 0·22 and 9·32 wt%, respectively. With increasing DHA status, the erythrocyte-DHA content reaches a plateau of about 9 wt%, and it plateaus more readily than milk-DHA and AT-DHA contents. Compared with the average Tanzanian-Ukerewe woman, the average US woman has four times lower AT-DHA content (0·4 v. 0·1 wt%) and five times lower mature milk-DHA output (301 v. 60 mg/d), which contrasts with her estimated 1·8–2·6 times lower mobilisable AT-DHA content (19 v. 35–50 g).

scholarly journals Analysis of the Major Probiotics in Healthy Women’s Breast Milk by Realtime PCR. Factors Affecting the Presence of Those Bacteria

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9400
Author(s):  
Georgia Nikolopoulou ◽  
Theofania Tsironi ◽  
Panagiotis Halvatsiotis ◽  
Ekaterini Petropoulou ◽  
Nikolaos Genaris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Realtime Pcr ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Lactation Stage

Breast milk has been reported as a bacteria source that affects infant gut microbiota development. The present study utilizes a realtime PCR method to identify Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium spp. in the breast milk of healthy women and attempts to identify factors affecting those human milk bacteria. Breast milk samples—both colostrum and mature milk—of 100 healthy women, were collected in Greece along with data about the demographic factors and nutritional habits of the volunteers. The colostrum samples were found to have higher percentages of either Bifidobacterium or Lactobacillus (76.9% and 48.6%, respectively) compared to the mature milk samples. For younger women, aged from 18 to 29 years, and women from rural areas, bacteria were detected in higher incidence than for older groups and women in urban areas, respectively. Moreover, for high-BMI women, bacteria were detected in lower incidence than for those with normal BMI. Probiotic supplements did not affect the composition of the breast milk-identified bacteria. Various factors such as lactation stage, maternal age, maternal weight, and residential location may contribute to the presence of those species in human milk. RT PCR has significant potential for the microbiological analysis of human milk.

scholarly journals Acrylamide Content in Breast Milk: The Evaluation of the Impact of Breastfeeding Women’s Diet and the Estimation of the Exposure of Breastfed Infants to Acrylamide in Breast Milk

Toxics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Hanna Mojska ◽  
Iwona Gielecińska ◽  
Joanna Winiarek ◽  
Włodzimierz Sawicki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maillard Reaction ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Dietary Recall ◽  
Breastfed Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Dietary Acrylamide ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Carcinogenic Compound

Acrylamide in food is formed by the Maillard reaction. Numerous studies have shown that acrylamide is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic compound. The aim of this study was to determine the level of acrylamide in breast milk at different lactation stages and to evaluate the impact of breastfeeding women’s diet on the content of this compound in breast milk. The acrylamide level in breast milk samples was determined by LC–MS/MS. Breastfeeding women’s diet was evaluated based on the 24 h dietary recall. The median acrylamide level in colostrum (n = 47) was significantly (p < 0.0005) lower than in the mature milk (n = 26)—0.05 µg/L and 0.14 µg/L, respectively. The estimated breastfeeding women’s acrylamide intake from the hospital diet was significantly (p < 0.0001) lower than that from the home diet. We found positive—although modest and borderline significant—correlation between acrylamide intake by breastfeeding women from the hospital diet µg/day) and acrylamide level in the colostrum (µg/L). Acrylamide has been detected in human milk samples, and a positive correlation between dietary acrylamide intake by breastfeeding women and its content in breast milk was observed, which suggests that the concentration can be reduced. Breastfeeding women should avoid foods that may be a source of acrylamide in their diet.

scholarly journals Changes in Antisecretory Factor in Human Milk During the Postpartum and Length of Gestation

2021 ◽  
pp. 089033442110213
Author(s):  
Anna Gustafsson ◽  
Ewa Johansson ◽  
Ewa Henckel ◽  
Stefan Lange ◽  
Kajsa Bohlin
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Mature Milk ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Donor Human Milk ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Antisecretory Factor

Background Preterm infants are more susceptible to inflammatory complications than term infants. Human milk contains numerous bioactive components protecting the newborn infant. Antisecretory factor, a protein regulating secretory and inflammatory processes by complex binding with complement factors, is present in human milk. Research Aims To describe antisecretory factor (1) in mother’s own milk in term and preterm infants; and (2) in donor milk before and after Holder pasteurization. Methods The study was prospective, longitudinal, explorative, and descriptive. Antisecretory factor-compleasome was determined using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in longitudinal human milk samples over 12 weeks from mothers ( N = 87) of term ( n = 41) and of preterm ( n = 46) infants and 20 anonymized donor human milk samples before and after Holder pasteurization. Results Antisecretory factor-compleasome was overall higher in colostrum versus mature milk ( p < .001) and no difference was found in term or preterm colostrum ( p = .82). In mature milk, compleasome was higher and more variable in the preterm group ( p = .01). After Holder pasteurization, compleasome levels increased ( p < .001). Conclusion Antisecretory factor followed the pattern of other immunological factors with high levels in colostrum. After preterm birth, levels of antisecretory factor were higher and more variable in mature milk. Holder pasteurization did not degrade antisecretory factor, indicating preserved anti-inflammatory properties in donor human milk.

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