In-depth understanding of soluble base deactivation during the carbonate transesterification process

Fuel ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 285 ◽  
pp. 119201
Author(s):  
Yue Yu ◽  
Lei Shi ◽  
Jianjun Guo ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Wenbing Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soluble Base

REVIEW : KARAKTERISTIK FISIK DAN DAYA IRITASI MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA CENGKEH (Syzygium aromaticum) DALAM BEBERAPA TIPE BASIS SEBAGAI ANTI-INFLAMASI

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-375
Author(s):  
Amraini Amelia ◽  
◽  
Nining Sugihartini ◽  
Hari Susanti ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Absorption Properties ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Clove Essential Oil ◽  
Soluble Base ◽  
Essential Oil Formulations

This review aims to determine the types of bases that can be used every day, which are effective and efficient as anti-inflammatory drugs. The research method used was to review the development of clove essential oil formulations that have been carried out using various concentrations of various types of bases including M / A type cream, A / M type cream, water soluble base, lotion, emulgel, hydrocarbons, hydrogels and absorbents. The recommended formulation is type M / A cream with a concentration of 5% clove flower essential oil. The types of bases studied were M / A cream, type A / M cream, water soluble base, lotion, emulgel, hydrocarbons, hydrogels and absorption properties which had good physical properties and did not irritate the skin of the test animals. This review refers to several national and international journals released in the last ten years, from 2010 to 2020.

Remarks on Local Energy and Perturbations

2000 ◽  
Vol 55 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 912-914
Author(s):  
M. G. Marmorino
Keyword(s):  
Energy Method ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Local Energy ◽  
Large Systems ◽  
Soluble Base

Abstract The local energy is first reviewed and compared with the expected energy. We then present the perturbative local energy method which uses an exactly soluble base problem and a perturbing potential to greatly simplify the expression of the local energy. This is demonstrated with two-electron atoms for which the method gives upper bounds with errors from 18% for He to 4% for Ne8+. Finally a call to develop a local energy method for large systems is issued.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of a rapid soil incubation method for determining potential acidity of soils in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Brunetto ◽  
Rodrigo Otávio Schneider Souza ◽  
Rogério Piccin ◽  
Roque Junior Sartori Bellinaso ◽  
João Kaminski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Rio Grande Do Sul ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Soluble Base ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
Incubation Method ◽  
Potential Acidity

ABSTRACT: Potential soil acidity can be measured by two methods in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) and Santa Catarina (SC): solution SMP or solution TSM (Buffer Santa Maria). Calibration of these methods is done by incubating soils for long periods (180 days) of CaCO3. The hypothesis of this study is that it is possible to reduce the incubation period in soils by using a soluble base such as calcium hydroxide. The study aimed to estimate potential acidity in a group of soils by moist incubation with Ca(OH)2 (short) as an alternative to the typical method with CaCO3 (long) and relate to the values estimated by the equation used by the Soil Chemistry and Fertility Commission of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (CQFS-RS/SC; 2016). Ten soils with sandy texture and low organic matter content were collected at 0-20cm in the Campanha Gaúcha region of the state of RS and incubated for 180 days with doses of CaCO3 equivalent to 0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150% of the lime requirement estimated by the solution TSM to raise to pH 6.0. Soils were also incubated for 4 days in an oven at 35ºC with 0.22mol L-1 Ca(OH)2 at doses equivalent to CaCO3. Short incubation of the soil with Ca(OH)2 may substitute long incubation with CaCO3. Also, estimating potential acidity using the equation of the CQFS-RS/SC (2016) overestimated potential acidity in soils with solution TSM pH values lower than 6.0 in this study.

scholarly journals Pengaruh konsentrasi air dalam formula salep minyak cengkeh (syzigium aromaticum)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
Rani Prabandari
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Lattice Design ◽  
Smelting Method ◽  
Irritation Test ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Simplex Lattice ◽  
Soluble Base

Abstract   The clove flower essential oil (Syzygium aromaticum) with the active compound eugenol has been widely investigated and is known to be efficacious as an anti-inflammatory agent, and further research on its formulation continues. The formula developed in this study was a topical ointment dosage form using a water soluble base (oleic acid enhancer and propylene glycol). This study aims to determine the physical and irritant properties of the clove flower essential oil ointment (MABC) if a hydrocarbon base is used. The ointment is made by the smelting method with a concentration of 5% (F1), 10% (FII) and 15% (FIII). The ointments of the three formulas were then evaluated for their physical properties, including dispersion, adhesion and pH. The results of statistical tests with the LSD test showed that there were significant differences between formulas. The higher the concentration of MABC, the greater the spread (p0.05). The results of the Simplex Lattice Design irritation test also show that water-soluble base ointment with a concentration of 5%, 10% and 15% MABC does not cause an irritating effect.   Keywords: Syzygium aromaticum, base of water soluble ointment, anti-inflammatory.

New Formulation and Evaluation of Camptothecin Encapsulated and/or Dispersed Suppository

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofiane Fatmi ◽  
Lamia Taouzinet ◽  
Malika Lahiani-Skiba ◽  
Mohamed Skiba ◽  
Mokrane Iguer-Ouada
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
In Vitro Release ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Drug Dissolution ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Type I ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
New Formulation ◽  
Soluble Base

Background: Camptothecin is known for a potent anticancer activity. However, its optimal activity is reduced due to its low solubility and stability in biological media. Objective: The aim of present study is to design and characterize a camptothecin (CPT) suppository formulation. Methods: Rectal suppositories of: camptothecin alone, encapsulated with cyclodextrin (CD) and in ternary system (CPT encapsulated with cyclodextrin and dispersed in polyethylene glycol (PEG) 6000) were prepared using various hydrophobic and hydrophilic polymeric bases as semi-synthetic glyceride (Suppocire® AM Pellets) and polyethylene glycols (PEGs) mixtures. Formulations were evaluated by various parameters like weight variation, drug content, hardness and liquefaction time. In vitro release study was performed in USP type I apparatus using phosphate buffer pH 7.2 as dissolution media. Results: Suppositories were within the permissible range of all physical parameters. In vitro drug released from water soluble base (PEG) was greater than that from oil soluble base with ninety percent (90%) of drug dissolution. It was also established that drug release from various formulations was by diffusion mechanism according to Higuchi’s equation. Conclusion: This new formulation offers a new approach to colorectal cancer treatment by offering an alternative and simple drug administration route.

UJI DAYA HAMBAT ANTIBAKTERI SALEP EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN PANDAN HUTAN (Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki.) TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN BAKTERI Staphylococcus epidermidis

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 376-386
Author(s):  
Fitri Sri Rizki ◽  
◽  
Ade Ferdinan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Bacteria Inhibition ◽  
Soluble Base

Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki is a plant that has secondary metabolites, namely alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids-steroids, saponins, phenols and tannins. This study aims to determine whether there is inhibitory and concentrated ointment extract of thick pandanus leaf of the forest that can inhibit the growth of Stapylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Inhibition testing was carried out by disk diffusion method with different concentrations of 5% and 10% concentrations made 9 ointment formulas with a variety of 3 bases namely hydrocarbon base, absorbency base and water soluble base. The results of inhibitory measurements of ethanol extract ointment leaves of pandanus leaves are good or have the greatest value to the smallest inhibitory effect on the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria with an average diameter of inhibition at F6 of 4.11 mm, F1 of 2.78 mm, F3 of 2.68 mm, F5 of 2.47 mm, F4 of 2.25 mm, F2 of 2.23 mm, F7 of 1.29, F8 of 1.13 and F9 of 0.86 mm.

scholarly journals The proteoliposomal steady state. Effect of size, capacitance and membrane permeability on cytochrome-oxidase-induced ion gradients

1990 ◽  
Vol 270 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Wrigglesworth ◽  
C E Cooper ◽  
M A Sharpe ◽  
P Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Permeability Coefficient ◽  
State Level ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Protonmotive Force ◽  
Ph Gradients ◽  
Geometrical Properties ◽  
Fast Change ◽  
Soluble Base ◽  
Passive Measurements

1. The flux pathways for H+ and K+ movements into and out of proteoliposomes incorporating cytochrome c oxidase have been investigated as a function of the electrical and geometrical properties of the vesicles. 2. The respiration-induced pH gradient (delta pH) and membrane potential (delta psi) are mutually dependent and individually sensitive to the permeability properties of the membrane. A lowering or abolition of delta psi by the addition of valinomycin increased the steady-state level of delta pH. Conversely, removal of delta pH by the addition of nigericin resulted in a higher steady-state delta psi. 3. Vesicles prepared by sonication followed by centrifugation maintained similar pH gradients at steady state to those in vesicles prepared by dialysis, although the time taken to reach steady state was longer. Higher pH gradients can be induced in non-centrifuged sonicated preparations. 4. No significant differences were found in H+ and K+ permeability between proteoliposomes prepared by dialysis or by sonication. The permeability coefficient of the vesicle bilayers for H+ was 6.1 x 10(-4) cm.s-1 and that for K+ was 7.5 x 10(-10) cm.s-1. An initial fast change in internal pH was seen on the addition of external acid or alkali, followed by a slower, ionophore-sensitive, change. The initial fast phase can be increased by the lipid-soluble base dibucaine and the weak acid oleate. In the absence of ionophores, increasing concentrations of oleate increased the rate of H+ translocation to a level similar to that seen in the presence of nigericin. Internal alkalinization could also be induced by oleate upon the addition of potassium sulphate. 5. The initial, pre-steady-state and steady-state delta pH and delta psi changes can be simulated using a model in which the enzyme responds to both delta pH and delta psi components of the protonmotive force. At steady state, the electrogenic entry of K+ is countered by electroneutral exit via a K+/H+ exchange. 6. The permeability coefficient, PH, calculated from H+ flux under steady-state turnover conditions, was approx. 100 times higher than the corresponding ‘passive’ measurements of PH. Under conditions of oxidase turnover, the vesicles appear to be intrinsically more permeable to protons.

scholarly journals A Soluble Base for the Copper-Catalyzed Imidazole N-Arylations with Aryl Halides.

ChemInform ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (14) ◽  
Author(s):  
Longbin Liu ◽  
Mike Frohn ◽  
Ning Xi ◽  
Celia Dominguez ◽  
Randy Hungate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aryl Halides ◽  
Soluble Base
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