Identification of PAL genes related to anthocyanin synthesis in tea plants and its correlation with anthocyanin content

Anthocyanins are vital components of plant secondary metabolites, and are also the most important coloring substances in wine. Teinturier cultivars are rich in anthocyanins. However, the differences in anthocyanin accumulation and profiles between teinturier and non-teinturier cultivars have not been reported. In this study, Yan 73 and Dunkelfelder were selected as the experimental materials, and three non-teinturier cultivars were used for comparison. LC-MS and qRT-PCR were used to determine the individual anthocyanin contents and the relative gene expression. The results show that the total anthocyanin content of the teinturier cultivars was considerably higher than that in non-teinturier cultivars, and the levels of individual anthocyanins increased gradually during ripening. Lower ratios of modified anthocyanins were found in the teinturier cultivars, which was not only due to the high expression level of VvUFGT and VvGST4, but also due to the relatively low expression of VvOMT in these cultivars. Cluster analysis of gene expression and anthocyanin accumulation showed that VvUFGT is related to anthocyanin accumulation, and that AM1 is related to the synthesis and transport of methylated anthocyanins. Our results will be useful for further clarifying the pathways of anthocyanin synthesis, modification, and transport in teinturier cultivars.

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DFR and PAL gene transcription and their correlation with anthocyanin accumulation in Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk.

Turkish Journal of Biochemistry ◽

10.1515/tjb-2018-0019 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 289-298

Author(s):

Bao-Jun Zhu ◽

Qian Wang ◽

Jing-Hui Wang ◽

Lin-Lin Gao ◽

Jing-Wen Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Expression Patterns ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Transcript Levels ◽

Color Development ◽

Phenylalanine Ammonialyase ◽

Maturity Period ◽

Late Maturity ◽

Rhodomyrtus Tomentosa

Abstract Objectives Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton.) Hassk. (R. tomentosa) is rich in nutrients and has multiple pharmacological applications. Anthocyanins confer color to the flowers and berries of R. tomentosa and provide protection against photodamage. The dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene (DFR) and phenylalanine ammonialyase gene (PAL) are crucial for anthocyanin synthesis. Methods DFR and PAL transcript levels and anthocyanin content in the pigmented organs of R. tomentosa were investigated through qRT-PCR analysis and spectrophotometry, respectively. The glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene was selected as the reference gene for the normalization of DFR and PAL transcript levels. Results Transcript levels of DFR and PAL were higher in organs with vigorous metabolism than those in senescent organs. DFR and PAL transcript levels were up-regulated during the initial and middle-maturity periods of fruit. These expression patterns are consistent with fruit color development. The highest transcript levels of PAL and DFR were observed during the middle-maturity period or the red-fruit period. Conclusion During the late maturity period of R. tomentosa fruit, the transcript levels of the two genes were down-regulated even though anthocyanins were continuously accumulated, which was different from the accumulation of anthocyanins in some late mature fruits.

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Anthocyanin Production Using Rough Bluegrass Treated with High-Intensity Light

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci10878-16 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 51 (9) ◽

pp. 1111-1120 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dominic P. Petrella ◽

James D. Metzger ◽

Joshua J. Blakeslee ◽

Edward J. Nangle ◽

David S. Gardner

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

High Intensity ◽

Red Light ◽

Leaf Tissue ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Poa Trivialis ◽

Total Light ◽

Anthocyanin Production ◽

High Intensity Light

Anthocyanins are plant pigments that are in demand for medicinal and industrial uses. However, anthocyanin production is limited due to the harvest potential of the species currently used as anthocyanin sources. Rough bluegrass (Poa trivialis L.) is a perennial turfgrass known for accumulating anthocyanins, and may have the potential to serve as a source of anthocyanins through artificial light treatments. The objectives of this research were to determine optimal light conditions that favor anthocyanin synthesis in rough bluegrass, and to determine the suitability of rough bluegrass as a source of anthocyanins. When exposed to high-intensity white light, rough bluegrass increased anthocyanin content by 100-fold on average, and anthocyanin contents greater than 0.2% of dry tissue weight were observed in some samples. Blue light, at intensities between 150 and 250 μmol·m−2·s−1, was the only wavelength that increased anthocyanin content. However, when red light was applied with blue light at 30% or 50% of the total light intensity, anthocyanin content was increased compared with blue light alone. Further experiments demonstrated that these results may be potentially due to a combination of photosynthetic and photoreceptor-mediated regulation. Rough bluegrass is an attractive anthocyanin production system, since leaf tissue can be harvested while preserving meristematic tissues that allow new leaves to rapidly grow; thereby allowing multiple harvests in a single growing season and greater anthocyanin yields.

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Improving the Anthocyanin Accumulation of Hypocotyls in Radish Sprouts by Hemin-induced NO

10.21203/rs.3.rs-117868/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nana Su ◽

Ze Liu ◽

Hui Chen ◽

Mengyang Niu ◽

Jin Cui

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Transcription Factors ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Specific Inhibitor ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Zinc Protoporphyrin ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Radish Sprouts

Abstract Background: The biosynthesis of anthocyanin in the hypocotyls of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) sprouts was enhanced by hemin in our preliminary experiments, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Here, we found that NO (nitric oxide) exerted an essential role in Hemin-regulated anthocyanin biosynthesis, which was supported by the following results.Results: Hemin boosted anthocyanin as well as NO content. NO-scavenger cPTIO (carboxy-PTIO) significantly attenuated hemin-induced increase of anthocyanin content, transcripts of anthocyanin synthesis related genes and positive transcription factors, implying that NO played a prominent role during hemin-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis. Hemin specific inhibitor ZnPP (Zinc Protoporphyrin) strongly reduced anthocyanin content, while, NO donor SNP (Sodium Nitroprusside) addition considerably reversed this inhibition and by contrast, resulted in a significant increase in anthocyanin accumulation, closely paralleling the transcripts of structural genes and transcription factors. Moreover, NO content, NR (nitrate reductase) activity and expression level of NOA (nitric oxide associated factor) were up-regulated by Hemin. Conclusions:Those consequences indicated that NO might work downstream in Hemin-heightened anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts.

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Pericarp Pigmentation Correlates with Hormones and Intensifies with Continuation of Bud Sport Generations from ‘Red Delicious’

10.1101/336263 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Fang Li ◽

Juan Mao ◽

Shi-Jin Yang ◽

Zhi-Gang Guo ◽

Zong-Huan Ma ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Level ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Biosynthesis Pathway ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Structural Genes ◽

Bud Sport ◽

Phenylpropanoid Biosynthesis ◽

Highly Correlated ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway

ABSTRACTBud sport mutants of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees with a highly blushed colouring pattern are mainly caused by the accumulation of anthocyanins in the pericarp. Hormones are important factors modulating anthocyanin accumulation. However, a good understanding of the interplay between hormones and anthocyanin synthesis in apples, especially in mutants at the molecular level, remains elusive. Here, physiological and comparative transcriptome approaches were used to reveal the molecular basis of pericarp pigmentation in ‘Red Delicious’ and its mutants, including ‘Starking Red’, ‘Starkrimson’, ‘Campbell Redchief’ and ‘Vallee spur’, which were designated G0 to G4, respectively. Pericarp pigmentation gradually proliferated from G0 to G4. The anthocyanin content was higher in the mutants than in ‘Red Delicious’. The activation of early phenylpropanoid biosynthesis genes, including ASP3, PAL, 4CL, PER, CHS, CYP98A and F3’H, was responsible for anthocyanin accumulation in mutants. In addition, IAA and ABA had a positive regulatory effect on the synthesis of anthocyanins, while GA had the reverse effect. The down-regulation of AACT1, HMGS, HMGR, MVK, MVD2, IDI1 and FPPS2 involved in terpenoid biosynthesis influences anthocyanin accumulation by positively regulating transcripts of AUX1 and SAUR that contribute to the synthesis of IAA, GID2 to GA, PP2C and SnRK2 to ABA. Furthermore, MYB and bHLH members, which are highly correlated (r=0.882–0.980) with anthocyanin content, modulated anthocyanin accumulation by regulating the transcription of structural genes, including CHS and F3’H, involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.

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Calcium Positively Mediates Blue Light-Induced Anthocyanin Accumulation in Hypocotyl of Soybean Sprouts

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.662091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Gang Hu ◽

Xiaomeng Yue ◽

Jinxue Song ◽

Guipei Xing ◽

Jun Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blue Light ◽

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Distribution Patterns ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Regulation Mechanism ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Soybean Sprouts ◽

Expression Of Genes

Soybean sprouts are a flavorful microgreen that can be eaten all year round and are widely favored in Southeast Asia. In this study, the regulatory mechanism of calcium on anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean sprouts under blue light was investigated. The results showed that blue light, with a short wavelength, effectively induced anthocyanin accumulation in the hypocotyl of soybean sprout cultivar “Dongnong 690.” Calcium supplementation further enhanced anthocyanin content, which was obviously inhibited by LaCl3 and neomycin treatment. Moreover, exogenous calcium changed the metabolism of anthocyanins, and seven anthocyanin compounds were detected. The trend of calcium fluorescence intensity in hypocotyl cells, as well as that of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and calmodulin content, was consistent with that of anthocyanins content. Specific spatial distribution patterns of calcium antimonate precipitation were observed in the ultrastructure of hypocotyl cells under different conditions. Furthermore, calcium application upregulated the expression of genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis, and calcium inhibitors suppressed these genes. Finally, transcriptomics was performed to gain global insights into the molecular regulation mechanism of calcium-associated anthocyanin production. Genes from the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway were distinctly enriched among the differentially expressed genes, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed that two MYBs were related to the accumulation of anthocyanins. These results indicated that calcium released from apoplast and intracellular stores in specific spatial-temporal features promote blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation by upregulation of the expression of genes related to anthocyanin synthesis of “Dongnong 690” hypocotyl. The findings deepen the understanding of the calcium regulation mechanism of blue light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in soybean sprouts, which will help growers produce high-quality foods beneficial for human health.

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Expression Profiling of Candidate Genes for Insight to Pericarp Browning in Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.)

Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology ◽

10.9734/cjast/2019/v33i230051 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Khushboo Azam ◽

Hidayatullah Mir ◽

Tushar Ranjan ◽

Awadhesh K. Pal ◽

Ruby Rani

Keyword(s):

Shelf Life ◽

Degradation Pathway ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Ambient Conditions ◽

Litchi Chinensis ◽

Fruit Crop ◽

Phenyl Propanoid ◽

Pericarp Browning ◽

Anthocyanin Degradation

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.), a subtropical fruit crop has high commercial value and consumer acceptance owing to its rich juicy aril and attractive bright red pericarp. Anthocyanin, the major pigment present in litchi pericarp reaches its maximum content in fully ripen fruit contributing to its bright red colour. Anthocyanin content in plants depends on the rate of biosynthesis, stability in the vacuoles and the rate at which it is degraded. The biosynthesis of anthocyanin occurs via an intricate phenyl propanoid pathway controlled by plethora of structural and regulatory genes. Several genes encoding enzymes responsible for anthocyanin synthesis have been isolated and characterised in different plants. Litchi fruit being highly perishable, exhibit relatively shorter postharvest shelf-life of 2–3 days at ambient conditions which in part can be attributed to the enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation of anthocyanin. In contrast to the comprehensive understanding of molecular basis of anthocyanin synthesis, the studies on its catabolism or degradation are meagre. Polyphenols oxidases and peroxidases are the major enzymes responsible for anthocyanin degradation leading to the problem of pericarp browning. Laccase, an anthocyanin degradation enzyme expresses about thousand fold higher than the polyphenols oxidase in the pericarp with epicatechin as favourable substrate. A detailed study of the anthocyanin degradation pathway in litchi may be helpful in managing the problem of pericarp browning to preserve its bright red colour as well as to enhance the shelf life and marketability of this valuable fruit crop.

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Effects of simultaneous use of methyl jasmonate with other plant hormones on the level of anthocyanins and biogenic amines in seedlings of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2013.003 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 17-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcin Horbowicz ◽

Ryszard Kosson ◽

Marian Saniewski ◽

Joanna Mitrus ◽

Danuta Koczkodaj

Keyword(s):

Methyl Jasmonate ◽

Biogenic Amines ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Common Buckwheat ◽

High Accumulation ◽

Simultaneous Application ◽

Combined Use ◽

Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽

The Impact

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of auxin (IAA), gibberellin (GA3) and cytokinin (kinetin), used solely and in combination with methyl jasmonate (MJ), on the accumulation of anthocyanins and biogenic amines in hypocotyls and cotyledons of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) seedlings. The obtained results indicate that accumulation of anthocyanins in buckwheat seedlings was dependent on the concentration of the phytohormone applied and the tissue studied. The combined use of MJ and IAA, GA3 or kinetin partly reversed the effect of strong inhibition of anthocyanin synthesis by MJ. IAA used solely decreased the level of anthocyanins in de-etiolated buckwheat cotyledons. IAA also caused a reduction of putrescine content, both in hypocotyls and cotyledons of buckwheat seedlings. MJ used alone caused high accumulation of 2-phenylethylamine (PEA) in buckwheat cotyledons and hypocotyls. The simultaneous application of MJ and IAA, GA3 or kinetin also stimulated PEA synthesis in buckwheat tissues, however this effect was significantly lower compared to the use of MJ only. A reverse significant correlation between PEA and anthocyanin contents occurred in buckwheat hypocotyls, but not in cotyledons. It was suggested that the deficiency of L-phenylalanine, a substrate for synthesis of 2-phenylethylamine, may be partly responsible for the decline in anthocyanin content in buckwheat hypocotyls under the influence of MJ.

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Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Mechanism by Which Exogenous ABA Increases Anthocyanins in Blueberry Fruit During Veraison

Frontiers in Plant Science ◽

10.3389/fpls.2021.758215 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Tianyu Han ◽

Wenlong Wu ◽

Weilin Li

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Synthesis Process ◽

Mature Stage ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Bhlh Transcription Factor ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Anthocyanin Pathway ◽

Green Stage

Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) is a popular healthy fruit worldwide. The health value of blueberry is mainly because the fruit is rich in anthocyanins, which have a strong antioxidant capacity. However, because blueberry is a non-model plant, little is known about the structural and regulatory genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in blueberries. Previous studies have found that spraying 1,000 mg/L abscisic acid at the late green stage of “Jersey” highbush blueberry fruits can increase the content of anthocyanins. In this experiment, the previous results were verified in “Brightwell” rabbiteye blueberry fruits. Based on the previous results, the anthocyanin accumulation process in blueberry can be divided into six stages from the late green stage to the mature stage, and the transcriptome was used to systematically analyze the blueberry anthocyanin synthesis process. Combined with data from previous studies on important transcription factors regulating anthocyanin synthesis in plants, phylogenetic trees were constructed to explore the key transcription factors during blueberry fruit ripening. The results showed that ABA increased the anthocyanin content of blueberry fruits during veraison. All structural genes and transcription factors (MYB, bHLH, and WD40) involved in the anthocyanin pathway were identified, and their spatiotemporal expression patterns were analyzed. The expression of CHS, CHI, DFR, and LDOX/ANS in ABA-treated fruits was higher in the last two stages of maturity, which was consistent with the change in the anthocyanin contents in fruits. In general, six MYB transcription factors, one bHLH transcription factor and four WD40 transcription factors were found to change significantly under treatment during fruit ripening. Among them, VcMYBA plays a major role in the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in ABA signaling. This result preliminarily explained the mechanism by which ABA increases the anthocyanin content and improves the efficiency of the industrial use of blueberry anthocyanins.

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Molecular analysis of anthocyanin-related genes in ornamental cabbage

Genome ◽

10.1139/gen-2017-0098 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 61 (2) ◽

pp. 111-120 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Si-Won Jin ◽

Md Abdur Rahim ◽

Hoy-Taek Kim ◽

Jong-In Park ◽

Jong-Goo Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Synthesis ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Biosynthetic Genes ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

Helix Loop Helix ◽

Anthocyanin Pathway ◽

Total Anthocyanin Content ◽

The Family ◽

Wd40 Repeats

Ornamental cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) is a winter-grown and important decorative plant of the family Brassicaceae, which displays an exceptional coloration in the central leaves of the rosette. Anthocyanins are the key determinant of the red, purple, and blue colors of vegetative and reproductive parts of many plant species including ornamental cabbage. Total anthocyanin content was measured spectrophotometrically, and the highest anthocyanin content was detected in the red followed by light-red and white ornamental cabbage lines. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by members of three different transcription factor (TF) families, such as MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and WD40 repeats (WDR), which function as a MBW complex. We identified three MYB, six bHLH, and one WDR TFs that regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in ornamental cabbage. The expression of the regulatory and biosynthetic genes for anthocyanin synthesis was determined by qPCR. The tested structural genes of the anthocyanin pathway were shown to be up-regulated in the red followed by light-red ornamental cabbage lines; however, the expression levels of the late biosynthetic genes were barely detected in the white ornamental cabbage lines. Among the regulatory genes, BoPAP2 (MYB), BoTT8, BoEGL3.1, and BoMYC1.2 (bHLH), and BoTTG1 (WDR) were identified as candidates for the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. This work could be useful for the breeding of novel colorful ornamental cabbage cultivars.

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