Modeling and mitigating airborne pathogen risk factors in school buses

Abstract The role of inflammation in all phases of atherosclerotic process is well established and soluble TREM-like transcript 1 (sTLT1) is reported to be associated with chronic inflammation. Yet, no information is available about the involvement of sTLT1 in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Present study was undertaken to determine the pathophysiological significance of sTLT1 in atherosclerosis by employing an observational study on human subjects (n=117) followed by experiments in human macrophages and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E (apoE)−/− mice. Plasma level of sTLT1 was found to be significantly (P<0.05) higher in clinical (2342 ± 184 pg/ml) and subclinical cases (1773 ± 118 pg/ml) than healthy controls (461 ± 57 pg/ml). Moreover, statistical analyses further indicated that sTLT1 was not only associated with common risk factors for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in both clinical and subclinical groups but also strongly correlated with disease severity. Ex vivo studies on macrophages showed that sTLT1 interacts with Fcɣ receptor I (FcɣRI) to activate spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK)-mediated downstream MAP kinase signalling cascade to activate nuclear factor-κ B (NF-kB). Activation of NF-kB induces secretion of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) from macrophage cells that plays pivotal role in governing the persistence of chronic inflammation. Atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice also showed high levels of sTLT1 and TNF-α in nearly occluded aortic stage indicating the contribution of sTLT1 in inflammation. Our results clearly demonstrate that sTLT1 is clinically related to the risk factors of CAD. We also showed that binding of sTLT1 with macrophage membrane receptor, FcɣR1 initiates inflammatory signals in macrophages suggesting its critical role in thrombus development and atherosclerosis.

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Hearing Loss Risk Factors and Strategies in Rural Areas

Perspectives on Aural Rehabilitation and Its Instrumentation ◽

10.1044/arii12.1.17 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

Gregory A. Flamme

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Rural Areas

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The Preschool Stuttering Screen for Health Care Professionals

Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders ◽

10.1044/ffd21.2.59 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 59-62

Author(s):

Joseph Donaher ◽

Christina Deery ◽

Sarah Vogel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Health Care ◽

Differential Diagnosis ◽

Preschool Children ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Healthcare Professionals ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Developmental Profile

Healthcare professionals require a thorough understanding of stuttering since they frequently play an important role in the identification and differential diagnosis of stuttering for preschool children. This paper introduces The Preschool Stuttering Screen for Healthcare Professionals (PSSHP) which highlights risk factors identified in the literature as being associated with persistent stuttering. By integrating the results of the checklist with a child’s developmental profile, healthcare professionals can make better-informed, evidence-based decisions for their patients.

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Clinical Response to Questions Regarding Outcomes and Therapy Efficacy

Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders ◽

10.1044/ffd20.3.76 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 76-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Joseph Donaher ◽

Tom Gurrister ◽

Irving Wollman ◽

Tim Mackesey ◽

Michelle L. Burnett

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Clinical Response ◽

Speech Language Pathologists ◽

Specific Therapy ◽

Therapy Efficacy ◽

Therapy Program ◽

Adults Who Stutter ◽

Cure Rates

Parents of children who stutter and adults who stutter frequently ask speech-language pathologists to predict whether or not therapy will work. Even though research has explored risk-factors related to persistent stuttering, there remains no way to determine how an individual will react to a specific therapy program. This paper presents various clinicians’answers to the question, “What do you tell parents or adults who stutter when they ask about cure rates, outcomes, and therapy efficacy?”

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