Shaping dietary histories: Exploring the relationship between cranial modification and childhood feeding in a high-altitude Andean population (1100–1450 CE)

This study aims to analyze the effect of high-altitude environment on drivers’ mental workload (MW), situation awareness (SA), and driving behaviour (DB), and to explore the relationship among those driving performances. Based on a survey, the data of 356 lowlanders engaging in driving activities at Tibetan Plateau (high-altitude group) and 341 lowlanders engaging in driving activities at low altitudes (low-altitude group) were compared and analyzed. The results suggest that the differences between the two groups are noteworthy. Mental workload of high-altitude group is significantly higher than that of low-altitude group, and their situation awareness is lower significantly. The possibility of risky driving behaviours for high-altitude group, especially aggressive violations, is higher. For the high-altitude group, the increase of mental workload can lead to an increase on aggressive violations, and the situation understanding plays a full mediating effect between mental workload and aggressive violations. Measures aiming at the improvement of situation awareness and the reduction of mental workload can effectively reduce the driving risk from high-altitude environment for lowlanders.

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Relationship between Behavior in a Stress Situation and Later Separation from Flight Training with Expressed Anxiety toward Flying

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1956.2.3.393 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 393-397

Author(s):

Robert B. Voas ◽

John T. Bair ◽

Rosalie K. Ambler

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Training Program ◽

Flight Training ◽

Stress Situation ◽

Simulated High Altitude ◽

Development Of Anxiety ◽

The Relationship

The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between reactions of cadets during simulated high altitude in a decompression chamber and the later development of anxiety toward flying as reported in terminal interviews. The results for 1540 cadets indicated that significantly more of those who withdrew because of anxiety toward flying had anxiety reactions in the decompression chamber than of those who completed the Naval Air Training Program.

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Testing for local adaptation and evolutionary potential along 1 altitudinal gradients in rainforest Drosophila: beyond laboratory estimates

10.1101/068080 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Eleanor K. O’Brien ◽

Megan Higgie ◽

Alan Reynolds ◽

Ary A. Hoffmann ◽

Jon R. Bridle

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Environmental Change ◽

High Altitude ◽

Local Adaptation ◽

Biotic Interactions ◽

Environmental Variation ◽

Species Range ◽

Altitudinal Gradients ◽

Low Altitude ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACTPredicting how species will respond to the rapid climatic changes predicted this century is an urgent task. Species Distribution Models (SDMs) use the current relationship between environmental variation and species’ abundances to predict the effect of future environmental change on their distributions. However, two common assumptions of SDMs are likely to be violated in many cases: (1) that the relationship of environment with abundance or fitness is constant throughout a species’ range and will remain so in future, and (2) that abiotic factors (e.g. temperature, humidity) determine species’ distributions. We test these assumptions by relating field abundance of the rainforest fruit fly Drosophila birchii to ecological change across gradients that include its low and high altitudinal limits. We then test how such ecological variation affects the fitness of 35 D. birchii families transplanted in 591 cages to sites along two altitudinal gradients, to determine whether genetic variation in fitness responses could facilitate future adaptation to environmental change. Overall, field abundance was highest at cooler, high altitude sites, and declined towards warmer, low altitude sites. By contrast, cage fitness (productivity) increased towards warmer, lower altitude sites, suggesting that biotic interactions (absent from cages) drive ecological limits at warmer margins. In addition, the relationship between environmental variation and abundance varied significantly among gradients, indicating divergence in ecological niche across the species’ range. However, there was no evidence for local adaptation within gradients, despite greater productivity of high altitude than low altitude populations when families were reared under laboratory conditions. Families also responded similarly to transplantation along gradients, providing no evidence for fitness trade-offs that would favour local adaptation. These findings highlight the importance of (1) measuring genetic variation of key traits under ecologically relevant conditions, and (2) considering the effect of biotic interactions when predicting species’ responses to environmental change.

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SIMULATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXERCISE AND CARDIOPULMONARY FUNCTION AT HIGH ALTITUDE

Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte ◽

10.1590/1517-8692202127042021_0119 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (5) ◽

pp. 509-513

Author(s):

Rui Li

Keyword(s):

Heart Rate ◽

Arterial Pressure ◽

Oxygen Saturation ◽

High Altitude ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Pulmonary Circulation ◽

Blood Oxygen ◽

Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽

Cardiopulmonary Function ◽

The Relationship

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to various uncertain and unexpected factors in life such as diseases, natural disasters, traffic accidents, and congenital disabilities, the number and proportion of lower limb amputations are still rising for many reasons, so the research on lower limb prostheses is particularly important. Objective: This work aimed to study the relationship between altitude exercise and cardiopulmonary function. Methods: A model of abnormal changes in cardiopulmonary function was established, and then 40 plateau exercisers were selected, all of whom arrived in Tibet in March 2017. The relationship between pulmonary circulation volume and internal pressure in the chest was observed and compared. The relationship between cardiopulmonary sensory reflex and exercise (high altitude) breathing and heart rate was analyzed. A comparison of the cardiopulmonary function of subjects of different genders was implemented. Moreover, the influence of different altitudes on the subjects’ cardiopulmonary function and the subjects’ cardiopulmonary function changes before departure and during the first, second, and third week after departure were observed and compared. Results: I. As the pressure in the thoracic cavity increased, the subjects’ pulmonary circulation blood volume gradually decreased, and the decrease was most obvious in the stage of thoracic pressure −50 to 0. II. As the cardiorespiratory reflex coefficient increased, the subjects’ breathing and heart rate compensatory acceleration appeared. III. Tracking and monitoring of the subjects’ cardiopulmonary indicators revealed that with the increase in altitude, the subjects’ average arterial pressure, respiratory frequency, and heart rate all showed an upward trend, while the blood oxygen saturation value showed a downward trend. IV. No matter how high the altitude was, the average arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and heart rate monitored of the subjects under exercise were significantly superior to the indicator values under resting state. In contrast, the blood oxygen saturation value showed the opposite trend. V. The subjects’ average arterial pressure, respiration, and heart rate in the first week were higher than other periods, but the blood oxygen saturation was relatively lower. In the second and third weeks, the changes in cardiopulmonary function were relatively smooth (all P<0.05). VI. The changes in the index of the cardiopulmonary function of subjects of different genders were small (p>0.05). Conclusion: Through modeling, the results of the plateau environment on the cardiopulmonary function of the body were made clearer, and these research data provided theoretical references for the training of the sports field in the plateau area. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

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An assessment of the relationship between tree-ring counts and basal girth of high-altitude populations of Eucalyptus pauciflora (Myrtaceae)

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt09105 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 583 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Libby Rumpff ◽

Seraphina C. Cutler ◽

Ian Thomas ◽

John W. Morgan

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

National Park ◽

Linear Growth ◽

Growth Ring ◽

Tree Line ◽

Growth Rings ◽

Regression Methods ◽

Ski Resorts ◽

Non Linear ◽

The Relationship

We investigated the relationship between the number of growth rings (a surrogate for approximate age of stems) and basal girth for Eucalyptus pauciflora (Maiden & Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson & Blaxell. Using basal-girth measurements and growth-ring counts obtained from trees felled on ski slopes at three Victorian alpine ski resorts, as well as seedlings destructively sampled from near the tree line on four summits, we modelled the relationship between growth rings and basal girth by using simple linear and non-linear regression methods. We compared our data to growth-ring–basal-girth data collected from low- and high-altitude E. pauciflora woodland stands in Kosciuszko National Park. The relationship between the number of tree rings and basal girth at Victorian sites was non-linear (growth rings = 3.62 × girth0.63, R2 = 0.96). In general, the Victorian and Kosciuszko datasets were in broad agreement, although caution is required when attempting to estimate the age of trees with >115-cm girth. We suggest that the model we have developed can be combined with dendrological techniques to estimate the age of older trees accurately.

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Effect of high-altitude acclimation on NEFA turnover and lipid utilization during exercise in rats

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1999.277.6.e1095 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 277 (6) ◽

pp. E1095-E1102 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Grant B. McClelland ◽

Peter W. Hochachka ◽

Jean-Michel Weber

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

High Altitude ◽

Total Lipid ◽

Nonesterified Fatty Acid ◽

Flux Rate ◽

Plasma Nefa ◽

Lipid Utilization ◽

Fuel Selection ◽

Relative Exercise Intensity ◽

The Relationship

Relative exercise intensity (or %maximum O2 consumption,V˙o 2 max) controls fuel selection at sea level (SL) and after high-altitude acclimation (HA) in rats. In this context we used indirect calorimetry, [1-14C]palmitate infusions, and muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) measurements to determine 1) total lipid oxidation, 2) the relationship between circulatory nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) flux and concentration, and 3) muscle TAG depletion after exercise in HA-acclimated rats. Aerobic capacity is decreased in trained rats after 10 wk of acclimation. Both SL and HA showed the same relative use of lipids at 60% [62 ± 5% (HA) and 61 ± 3% (SL) of O2 consumption (V˙o 2)] and 80% [46 ± 6% (HA) and 47 ± 5% (SL) ofV˙o 2] of their respective V˙o 2 max. At 60% V˙o 2 max, plasma [NEFA] were higher in HA, but rate of appearance was essentially the same in both groups (at 30 min, 38 ± 9 vs. 49 ± 6 μmol ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ min−1in HA and SL, respectively). At this intensity SL showed no significant decrease in muscle TAG, but in HA it decreased by 64% in soleus and by 90% in red gastrocnemius. We conclude that 1) the relative contributions of total lipid are the same in SL and HA, contrary to differences in [NEFA], because the relationship between flux rate and [NEFA] is modified after acclimation, and 2) muscle TAG may play a more important role at HA.

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Correlation Between Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio and Myocardial Injury in Population Exposed to High Altitude

Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine ◽

10.3389/fcvm.2021.738817 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 ◽

Author(s):

Siyi He ◽

Shengdong He ◽

Yongxiang Yang ◽

Bin Li ◽

Liang Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Creatine Kinase ◽

High Altitude ◽

Myocardial Injury ◽

Area Under The Curve ◽

Multivariate Regression Analysis ◽

Normal Group ◽

Neutrophil To Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Lymphocyte Ratio ◽

Injury Group ◽

The Relationship

Objective: Myocardial injury is a severe complication in population exposed to high altitude. As a new biomarker for inflammatory response, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) has been widely used to predict the prognosis of various diseases. In this study, we intend to explore the risk factors for myocardial injury at high altitude and examine the relationship between NLR level and development of myocardial injury.Methods: Consecutive patients admitted to a secondary general hospital at high altitude from June 2019 to May 2020 were selected into this retrospective study. Clinical and biochemical data were collected. According to the results of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), and aspartate amino transferase (AST), patients were divided into myocardial injury group and normal group.Results: A total of 476 patients were enrolled in this study. Myocardial injury occurred in 158 patients (33.2%). We found that altitude, NLR, hemoglobin, total bilirubin, total cholesterol, and lipoprotein A in myocardial injury group were significantly higher than that in normal group (P < 0.05), while platelet count in myocardial injury group was significantly lower than that in normal group (P < 0.05). Logistic multivariate regression analysis revealed that there was an independent relationship between myocardial injury and smoke, NLR, hemoglobin (P < 0.05). By using Spearman correlation analysis, NLR was proved to have a significant positive correlation with LDH, CK, and CK-MB (P < 0.05) instead of AST. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to demonstrate that NLR could significantly predict the occurrence of myocardial injury with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.594 (95% CI: 0.537–0.650, P < 0.05), and the level of 2.967 (sensitivity = 38.0%, specificity = 83.6%) was optimal cutoff value.Conclusion: The incidence of myocardial injury is high in population at high altitude. Smoke, hemoglobin, and NLR are independent factors related to myocardial injury. As a convenient and efficient marker, NLR is found to be closely associated with myocardial enzymes and have a predict role in the occurrence of myocardial injury. This study will provide a theoretical basis on NLR for the early diagnosis of myocardial injury at high altitude.

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Iron deficiency anemia and steady-state work performance at high altitude

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1988.64.5.1878 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 1878-1884 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. L. Beard ◽

J. D. Haas ◽

D. Tufts ◽

H. Spielvogel ◽

E. Vargas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Work Load ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Arterial Lactate ◽

Population Mean ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Maximal Effort

Thirty-seven young adult male highland residents at 3,600–4,100 m in La Paz, Bolivia, performed short-duration cycle ergometry at 60, 80, and 100% of maximal voluntary O2 consumption (VO2max). Three groups of subjects representing the high-altitude population mean hemoglobin (Hb), the 10th percentile Hb, and below the 1st percentile were examined to test the hypothesis that the relationship of exercise performance to Hb concentration is similar to those relationships established at low altitude. Anemic individuals (n = 8) had 23% lower voluntary VO2max and 28% lower maximal work loads compared with controls (n = 17) or marginally anemic subjects (n = 12) although the relationship of VO2 to work load was similar. Anemic individuals maintained significantly higher arterial O2 partial pressures and Hb saturations during heavy exercise (90 +/- 0.5 vs. 85 +/- 0.6%) in conjunction with a greater heart rate up to maximal effort. A significantly decreased erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)-to-Hb molar ratio (0.70 +/- 0.04 vs. 1.12 +/- 0.06), suggestive of a left-shifted dissociation curve in anemics, is in contrast to the expected right-shifted curve. Moderate anemics were similar to controls. Anemic individuals did not differ in arterial lactate concentration from controls at absolute work loads; anemics had significantly lower arterial lactate concentrations at maximal effort than controls with no differences in the work load-to-lactate relationship. In conclusion, O2 transport during exercise at high altitude seems unaffected by the Hb concentrations as low as the 10th percentile of the population mean.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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A multi-decadal history of biomass burning plume heights identified using aerosol index measurements

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-10-1-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 1-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Guan ◽

R. Esswein ◽

J. Lopez ◽

R. Bergstrom ◽

A. Warnock ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Biomass Burning ◽

Northeast Asia ◽

Time Interval ◽

Fire Plume ◽

Data Set ◽

History Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Aerosol Index

Abstract. We have quantified the relationship between Aerosol Index (AI) measurements and plume height for young biomass burning plumes using coincident OMI and CALIPSO measurements. This linear relationship allows the determination of high-altitude plumes wherever AI data are available, and it provides a data set for validating global fire plume injection heights in chemistry transport models. We find that all plumes detected from June 2006 to February 2009 with an AI value ≥9 are located at altitudes higher than 5 km. Older high-altitude plumes have lower AI values than young plumes at similar altitudes. We have examined available AI data from the OMI and TOMS instruments (1978–2009) and find that large AI plumes occur more frequently over North America than over Australia or Russia/Northeast Asia. According to the derived relationship, during this time interval, 181 plumes reached altitudes above 8 km. One hundred and thirty-two had injection heights ≥8 km but below 12 km, and 49 were lofted to 12 km or higher, including 14 plumes injected above 16 km.

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Statistical Unfolding Approach to Understand Influencing Factors for Taxol Content Variation in High Altitude Himalayan Region

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12121726 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1726

Author(s):

Ayushi Gupta ◽

Prashant K. Srivastava ◽

George P. Petropoulos ◽

Prachi Singh

Keyword(s):

High Altitude ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Natural Habitat ◽

Visible Region ◽

Principal Component ◽

Metabolic Product ◽

Himalayan Region ◽

Deep Forest ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Taxol drugs can be extracted from various species of the taxaceae family. It is an alkaloid (metabolic product) used for the treatment of various types of cancer. Since taxol is a metabolic product, multiple aspects such as edaphic, biochemical, topographic factors need to be assessed in determining the variation in Taxol Content (TC). In this study, both sensor-based hyperspectral reflectance data and absorption-based indices were tested together for the development of an advanced statistical unfolding approach to understand the influencing factors for TC in high altitude Himalayan region. Seriation analysis based on permutation matrix was applied with complete linkage and a multi-fragment heuristic scaling rule along with the common techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and correlation to understand the relationship of TC with various factors. This study also tested the newly developed taxol indices to rule out the possibility of overlapping of TC determining bands with the foliar pigment’s wavelengths in the visible region. The result implies that T. wallichiana with a high TC is found more in its natural habitat of deep forest, relating it indirectly to elevation in the case of the montane ecosystem. Taxol is the most varying parameter among the measured variables, followed by hyperspectral Taxol content (TC) indices such as TC 2, TC 5, and carotenoids, which suggests that the indices are well versed to capture variations in TC with elevation.

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