Self-centered and self-employed: Gender and the relationship between narcissism and self-employment

The dynamics of peripheral capitalism in Latin America includes the employment or self-employment of a significant proportion of the working class under informal arrangements. The neoliberal transformations of the 1990s deepened this feature of Latin American labor markets, and it was not reversed during the period of economic growth that followed the collapse of neoliberalism. In this context, sociological debates have focused on the relationship between the formal and the informal fractions of the working class. Examination of the biographical and family linkages between formal and informal workers in Argentina and the effect of these connections on the patterns of class self-identification of individuals shows that lived experience across the informality boundary makes formal workers similar to informal workers in terms of class self-identification. This research provides preliminary evidence that the two kinds of workers belong to the same social class because of the fluidity of the boundary that separates them. Instead of a class cleavage, this boundary is better defined as the separation between fractions of the working class. La dinámica del capitalismo periférico en América Latina implica la informalidad laboral (sea entre trabajadores contratados o autónomos) de una sustancial parte de la clase obrera. Las transformaciones neoliberales de los años noventa profundizaron esta característica de los mercados de trabajo latinoamericanos, y el problema no se revirtió durante el período de crecimiento económico que siguió al colapso del neoliberalismo. En este contexto, los debates sociológicos se han centrado en la relación entre los grupos formales e informales de la clase obrera. Un análisis de los vínculos biográficos y familiares entre los trabajadores formales e informales en Argentina y el efecto de dichas conexiones en los patrones individuales de autoidentificación de clase muestra que la experiencia vivida en los límites de la informalidad hace que los trabajadores formales se consideren similares a los informales en términos de identificación de clase. Esta investigación brinda evidencia preliminar de que los dos tipos de trabajadores pertenecen a la misma clase social.

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Health Inequalities in the Diverse World of Self-Employment: A Swedish National Cohort Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph182312301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (23) ◽

pp. 12301

Author(s):

Karl Gauffin ◽

Andrea Dunlavy

Keyword(s):

Health Outcomes ◽

Health Inequalities ◽

Low Income ◽

Employment Status ◽

The Self ◽

Poor Health ◽

Self Employment ◽

Regular Employment ◽

National Cohort ◽

The Relationship

With labor being a central social determinant of health, there is an increasing need to investigate health inequalities within the heterogenous and growing population in self-employment. This study aimed to longitudinally investigate the relationship between income level, self-employment status and multiple work-related health indicators in a Swedish national cohort (n = 3,530,309). The study investigated the relationship between self-employment status and health outcomes later in life. All poor health outcomes, with the exception of alcohol-related disorders, were more common in the self-employed population, compared to the group in regular employment. The income gradient, however, was more pronounced in the group with regular employment than the groups in self-employment. The study found clear connections between low income and poor health in all employment groups, but the gradient was more pronounced in the group in regular employment. This suggests that income has a weaker connection to other types of health promoting resources in the self-employed population. Potentially, lacking social and public support could make it difficult for unhealthy individuals to maintain low-income self-employment over a longer time period.

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PERCEPTIONS OF SERVICE-ORIENTATION AND TRUST OF TAX OFFICERS BETWEEN MILLENIALS, X, AND BABY BOOMERS

MIX JURNAL ILMIAH MANAJEMEN ◽

10.22441/mix.2019.v9i1.001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Elisa Tjondro ◽

Kezia Gabriel Santosa ◽

Nathasa Prayitno

Keyword(s):

Baby Boomers ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Tax Compliance ◽

Horizontal Equity ◽

Vertical Equity ◽

Service Orientation ◽

Self Employment ◽

Quota Sampling ◽

Traditional Paradigm ◽

The Relationship

The purpose of this study is to examine differences in perceptions of generations related to service-orientation and trust to tax officers. Changes traditional paradigm of the relationship between tax officers and taxpayers from “cops and robbers” to "clients" cause the research in perception of service-orientation and trust to tax officers to be necessary in order to improve voluntary tax compliance. This study also explains perceptions of tax fairness in three perspectives which are vertical equity, horizontal equity, exchange equity. The survey was conducted in 2018 with 165 self-employment individual taxpayers consisting of three generations, Millennials, X, and Baby Boomers from two types of work, retail/production and services business. This study uses quota sampling to collect respondents and use ANOVA statistical tests. The results of the study indicate differences in perceptions regarding service-orientation between generations. However, there are no differences in perception related trust to tax officers between generations. This research also found that Millenials, X, and Baby Boomer have different perceptions of vertical equity, horizontal equity, and exchange equity

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The relationship between financial distress and well-being: Exploring the role of self-employment

International Small Business Journal Researching Entrepreneurship ◽

10.1177/0266242620965384 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 026624262096538

Author(s):

Jenny Berrill ◽

Damien Cassells ◽

Martha O’Hagan-Luff ◽

André van Stel

Keyword(s):

Financial Distress ◽

Employment Status ◽

Well Being ◽

Negative Association ◽

Econometric Analysis ◽

The Self ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Self Employment ◽

The Relationship

This article investigate the relationship between financial distress, well-being and employment status. Using several indicators of financial distress and of well-being, our econometric analysis shows that the negative association between financial distress and well-being is moderated by employment status in the sense that financial problems are more strongly associated with poor well-being for the self-employed compared to the wage-employed. Hence, when self-employed workers find themselves in a situation of financial distress, the negative consequences for their well-being are more severe. This is found to hold both for the self-employed with and without employees.

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How Job Autonomy Promotes Employee’s Sustainable Development? A Moderated Mediation Model

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su11226445 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (22) ◽

pp. 6445 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhou ◽

Li ◽

Gong

Keyword(s):

Sustainable Development ◽

Intrinsic Motivation ◽

Mediation Effect ◽

Job Autonomy ◽

Business World ◽

Moderated Mediation Model ◽

Self Employment ◽

Self Development ◽

The Relationship

In the rapidly changing business world, improving employee’s self-development level is of great importance for organizations to pursue sustainable development. The purpose of this study is to examine how and when job autonomy promotes employee’s self-development. Drawing from self-determination theory, we examined the effect of job autonomy on employee’s self-development, and the mediation role of intrinsic motivation in this relationship. Moreover, we argued that team connectivity strengthened the relationship between job autonomy and intrinsic motivation, and further moderated the indirect effect of job autonomy and self-employment via intrinsic motivation. Using a two-wave panel design, we collected data from a sample of 473 employees in China. The results indicated that job autonomy predicted employee’s self-development, and employee’s intrinsic motivation fully mediated this relationship. Team connectivity positively moderated the relationship between job autonomy and intrinsic motivation, and further moderated the mediation effect of intrinsic motivation. The theoretical and practical implications of this research are discussed along with the limitations and further research directions.

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Associations between entrepreneurial empowerment and reasons for self-employment

South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences ◽

10.4102/sajems.v10i3.693 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 313-329 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Boris Urban

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Construct Validity ◽

Multiple Regression Analysis ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Predictive Power ◽

Validity And Reliability ◽

Self Employment ◽

Start Up ◽

The Relationship

Building on previous research relating to entrepreneurship, empowerment and self-employment, this article investigates the relationship between entrepreneurial empowerment, entrepreneurial self-efficacy and self-employment. These constructs are formulated into distinct factors and a sample of undergraduate students (N = 112) early in their careers surveyed to establish the structure formed by these factors. These instruments are tested and shown to provide robust scales able to ensure construct validity and reliability. Multiple correlational and multiple regression analysis are then conducted to test the relationships between the specified variables, with results indicating almost unequivocal support for the hypothesised associations between entrepreneurial empowerment and reasons for business start-up. In particular the “risk-taking” factor is found to have great predictive power on various reasons provided for business start-up is analysed. Several practical and theoretical implications are drawn from the empirical results and integrated with established conceptual findings.

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Self-employment as a moderator between work and life satisfaction

Academia Revista Latinoamericana de Administración ◽

10.1108/arla-10-2014-0165 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 213-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Nicolas Loewe ◽

Luis Araya-Castillo ◽

Claudio Thieme ◽

Joan Manuel Batista-Foguet

Keyword(s):

Life Satisfaction ◽

Work Satisfaction ◽

National Sample ◽

Moderator Effect ◽

Content Type ◽

Self Employment ◽

Salaried Worker ◽

Salaried Workers ◽

The Relationship ◽

Work And Life

Purpose The correlation between work and life satisfaction varies substantially across studies, suggesting that the strength of the relationship may depend on the studied population and its circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to assess the strength of the relationship in the context of Chile and the moderator effect of self-employment (SE), whether a worker is self-employed or on a salary. Design/methodology/approach Based on the idea that work plays a more central role in the life of a self-employed person than in that of a salaried worker, the authors hypothesized that the strength of the relationship between work and life satisfaction will be stronger for the former. The measures used in this study were part of a large questionnaire administered to investigate several characteristics of the Chilean population. The authors used multiple regression analysis to test the moderator effect of SE on the strength of the relationship between work satisfaction and life satisfaction. Findings The results from a national sample of 658 Chilean workers indicate that the relationship between work satisfaction and life satisfaction is positive. Furthermore, the relationship is stronger for self-employed workers than for salaried workers. The authors also found a small negative direct effect of SE on life satisfaction, which suggests that the self-employed might be, on average, less satisfied with their lives than their salaried counterparts. Originality/value The sample used in the current study was not only substantially larger in size but also more representative of the current workforce because it included both genders. Consequently, the results are more robust and generalizable.

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Challenging the concept of risk in relation to women’s entrepreneurship

Gender in Management An International Journal ◽

10.1108/gm-10-2013-0120 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 2-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Anne Laure Humbert ◽

Clare Brindley

Keyword(s):

Women Entrepreneurs ◽

Risk Perceptions ◽

Financial Risk ◽

Content Type ◽

Women Business Owners ◽

Economic Context ◽

Self Employment ◽

Growth Prospects ◽

The Relationship ◽

Experiences Of Women

Purpose – This paper aims to challenge the myth of risk-averseness among women entrepreneurs and analyses risk in the context of gender. It explores risk perceptions and examines the relationship between the concept of risk and women’s socially attributed roles. Design/methodology/approach – This paper adopts a qualitative approach, where ten Irish women business owners were interviewed, that encouraged them to talk about their entrepreneurial experiences. The research design aimed to elicit data concerning how gender and the socio-economic context influenced risk. Findings – Risk is shown as a gendered concept which needs to be widened to suit the experiences of women entrepreneurs and the influences of the gendered expectations of care dictated by the socio-economic environment. Practical implications – Risk as a concept needs to be expanded to go beyond financial risk. The different types of risk encountered by women should be addressed by policy to promote a further growth of women-led enterprises and support those considering self-employment. Originality/value – The paper develops an understanding of risk among women entrepreneurs in their socio-economic context. It challenges the viewpoint of seeing women entrepreneurs as risk-averse and thus leading to low-growth prospects for their business ventures.

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Entrepreneurship Education and Entrepreneurial Intentions of College Students: The Mediating Role of Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and the Moderating Role of Entrepreneurial Competition Experience

Frontiers in Psychology ◽

10.3389/fpsyg.2021.727826 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Lihao Wu ◽

Suo Jiang ◽

Xiaomin Wang ◽

Linwei Yu ◽

Yansu Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Family Background ◽

Entrepreneurship Education ◽

Entrepreneurial Intention ◽

Mediating Effect ◽

Mediating Role ◽

Self Employment ◽

The Relationship

This study aims to explore effective ways to improve college students’ entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intentions through entrepreneurship education. The survey used a random sample of 804 college students in Zhejiang Province, China. The results show that: (1) In terms of the characteristics of entrepreneurial intention, there are significant differences in gender, entrepreneurial experience, entrepreneurial competition experience, and family background of self-employment. (2) There are significant differences in the characteristics of entrepreneurship education in gender, entrepreneurial competition experience, and the family background of self-employment. (3) In the relationship among entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurship education is significantly and positively related to entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy is significantly and positively associated with entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy plays a complete mediating role between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy also has a suppressing effect on the relationship between the two. (4) Entrepreneurial competition experience moderates the second half of the mediating effect of entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Finally, the study offers several proposals for the teaching practice of entrepreneurship education.

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Necessity Is the Mother of Isomorphism

Sociology of Development ◽

10.1525/sod.2016.2.3.235 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 235-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Laura Doering

Keyword(s):

Business Development ◽

Interview Data ◽

Growth Potential ◽

Economic Mobility ◽

Self Employment ◽

The Poor ◽

Dual Relationship ◽

Creative Products ◽

The Relationship ◽

Novel Products

Does poverty hinder or encourage market creativity? Businesses that offer novel, creative products have greater growth potential than businesses that conform to market norms. Yet the literature offers conflicting views on the relationship between poverty and market creativity. Some research suggests poverty restricts entrepreneurs' capacity to offer novel products, whereas other work suggests poverty facilitates creativity in the marketplace. This paper addresses that tension by examining the shifting relationship between poverty and market creativity across stages of business development. Drawing on survey and interview data from Panama, this paper shows how entrepreneurs are both catalyzed and constrained by conditions of poverty. Poor individuals actively generate novel venture concepts in the early stages of business development. In later stages, however, they struggle to sustain novel businesses. Ultimately, poverty limits entrepreneurs' capacity to profit from the creativity they bring to the marketplace. This paper elucidates the dual relationship between poverty and creativity, and helps explain why economic mobility via self-employment proves elusive for the poor.

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