Heavy metals in maternal and cord blood in Beijing and their efficiency of placental transfer

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aijing Li ◽  
Taifeng Zhuang ◽  
Jianbo Shi ◽  
Yong Liang ◽  
Maoyong Song
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Placental Transfer

Methodological Approaches to Evaluate Fetal Drug Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 496-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naïm Bouazza ◽  
Frantz Foissac ◽  
Déborah Hirt ◽  
Saïk Urien ◽  
Sihem Benaboud ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Drug Exposure ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Analysis ◽  
Population Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Pbpk Models ◽  
Drug Concentrations ◽  
Fetal Drug Exposure

Background: Drug prescriptions are usual during pregnancy, however, women and their fetuses still remain an orphan population with regard to drugs efficacy and safety. Most xenobiotics diffuse through the placenta and some of them can alter fetus development resulting in structural abnormalities, growth or functional deficiencies. Methods: To summarize the different methodologies developed towards the prediction of fetal drug exposure. Results: Neonatal cord blood concentration is the most specific measurement of the transplacental drug transfer at the end of pregnancy. Using the cord blood and mother drug concentrations altogether, drug exchanges between the mother and fetus can be modeled and quantified via a population pharmacokinetic analysis. Thereafter, it is possible to estimate the fetus exposure and the fetus-to-mother exposure ratio. However, the prediction of placental transfer before any administration to pregnant women is desirable. Animal studies remain difficult to interpret due to structural and functional inter-species placenta differences. The ex-vivo perfusion of the human placental cotyledon is the method of reference to study the human placental transfer of drugs because it is thought to mimic the functional placental tissue. However, extrapolation of data to in vivo situation remains difficult. Some research groups have extensively worked on physiologically based models (PBPK) to predict fetal drug exposure and showed very encouraging results. Conclusion: PBPK models appeared to be a very promising tool in order to predict fetal drug exposure in-silico. However, these models mainly picture the end of pregnancy and knowledge regarding both, development of the placental permeability and transporters is strongly needed.

scholarly journals Repertoire of Naturally Acquired Maternal Antibodies Transferred to Infants for Protection Against Shigellosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Ndungo ◽  
Liana R. Andronescu ◽  
Andrea G. Buchwald ◽  
Jose M. Lemme-Dumit ◽  
Patricia Mawindo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Maternal Antibodies ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Epidemiological Trend ◽  
First Year Of Life

Shigella is the second leading cause of diarrheal diseases, accounting for >200,000 infections and >50,000 deaths in children under 5 years of age annually worldwide. The incidence of Shigella-induced diarrhea is relatively low during the first year of life and increases substantially, reaching its peak between 11 to 24 months of age. This epidemiological trend hints at an early protective immunity of maternal origin and an increase in disease incidence when maternally acquired immunity wanes. The magnitude, type, antigenic diversity, and antimicrobial activity of maternal antibodies transferred via placenta that can prevent shigellosis during early infancy are not known. To address this knowledge gap, Shigella-specific antibodies directed against the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and virulence factors (IpaB, IpaC, IpaD, IpaH, and VirG), and antibody-mediated serum bactericidal (SBA) and opsonophagocytic killing antibody (OPKA) activity were measured in maternal and cord blood sera from a longitudinal cohort of mother-infant pairs living in rural Malawi. Protein-specific (very high levels) and Shigella LPS IgG were detected in maternal and cord blood sera; efficiency of placental transfer was 100% and 60%, respectively, and had preferential IgG subclass distribution (protein-specific IgG1 > LPS-specific IgG2). In contrast, SBA and OPKA activity in cord blood was substantially lower as compared to maternal serum and varied among Shigella serotypes. LPS was identified as the primary target of SBA and OPKA activity. Maternal sera had remarkably elevated Shigella flexneri 2a LPS IgM, indicative of recent exposure. Our study revealed a broad repertoire of maternally acquired antibodies in infants living in a Shigella-endemic region and highlights the abundance of protein-specific antibodies and their likely contribution to disease prevention during the first months of life. These results contribute new knowledge on maternal infant immunity and target antigens that can inform the development of vaccines or therapeutics that can extend protection after maternally transferred immunity wanes.

Heavy metals in maternal and cord blood

2000 ◽  
Vol 250 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Raghunath ◽  
R.M. Tripathi ◽  
V.N. Sastry ◽  
T.M. Krishnamoorthy
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cord Blood

A COMPARISON OF THE FIBRINOLYTIC ENZYME SYSTEM IN MATERNAL AND UMBILICAL-CORD BLOOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 715-726
Author(s):  
Louise Lang Phillips ◽  
Valija Skrodelis
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Hyaline Membrane Disease ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Trichloracetic Acid

Studies of the fibrinolytic enzyme system in the plasma of mothers and the newborn infants are reported and the results compared. All mothers had elevated levels of fibrinogen in the plasma at the time of delivery. The levels of fibrinogen in the newborn infants fell into a low normal range. Premature infants tended to have slightly lower levels of fibrinogen than term infants, with certain exceptions which are discussed. A direct correlation of values for fibrinogen with the birth weight could not be established. No correlation was observed between fibrinogen levels in mothers and infants, indicating that significant placental transfer of fibrinogen does not occur under normal conditions and that fibrinogen is manufactured by the fetus itself. All mothers had higher levels of free and total profibrinolysin in the plasma than did the infants. The differences were found to be highly significant. The levels of free profibrinolysin in premature infants did not vary as much from those of the term babies, as was the case with total profibrinolysin. The levels of total profibrinolysin show a definite trend upward with increasing birth weight. Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic enzyme system were also significantly higher in mothers than in infants. Premature infants had significantly lower levels than term infants although considerable overlapping in the range was noted. Evidence was obtained that small amounts of an active proteolytic enzyme are present in the euglobulin fraction of the mother at delivery even after the course of a normal labor. No hemorrhagic manifestations were observed, presumably because of the high levels of inhibitor in maternal blood. In contrast, lysis of clots was observed more frequently in samples of cord blood, possibly due to lower levels of inhibitor. Placental transfer of various decomposition products of protein apparently exists as indicated by measurements of trichloracetic acid-soluble products in samples of plasma. A possible relation between the low proteolytic activity of the plasma of premature infants and the high incidence of fatality from hyaline membrane disease in these infants is proposed and discussed.

Placental Transfer of Heavy Metals in Normal Pregnant Japanese Women

1984 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironobu Tsuchiya ◽  
Kazunori Mitani ◽  
Kyoko Kodama ◽  
Toshikazu Nakata
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Japanese Women

Placental transfer and levels of mercury, selenium, vitamin E, and docosahexaenoic acid in maternal and umbilical cord blood

2018 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 309-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mineshi Sakamoto ◽  
Hing Man Chan ◽  
José L. Domingo ◽  
Chihaya Koriyama ◽  
Katsuyuki Murata
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Umbilical Cord Blood ◽  
Placental Transfer

scholarly journals Population Pharmacokinetics of Emtricitabine in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Pregnant Women and Their Neonates

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 1067-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Déborah Hirt ◽  
Saik Urien ◽  
Elisabeth Rey ◽  
Elise Arrivé ◽  
Didier K. Ekouévi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Effect Compartment ◽  
Maternal Circulation ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate emtricitabine (FTC) pharmacokinetics in pregnant women and their neonates and to determine the optimal prophylactic dose for neonates after birth to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A total of 38 HIV-infected pregnant women were administered tenofovir disoproxyl fumarate (300 mg)-FTC (200 mg) tablets—two tablets at the initiation of labor and one daily for 7 days postpartum. By pair, 11 maternal, one cord blood, and two neonatal FTC concentrations were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry validated method and analyzed by a population approach. Model and mean estimates (interpatient variability) were a two-compartment model for mothers, with an absorption rate constant of 0.54 h−1 (61%), apparent elimination and intercompartmental clearances of 23.2 (17%) and 6.04 liters·h−1, and apparent central and peripheral volumes of 127 and 237 liters, respectively; an effect compartment linked to maternal circulation for cord blood and a neonatal compartment disconnected, after delivery, with a 10.6-h half-life (30%). After the 400-mg FTC administration, the median population area under the concentration-time curve and the minimal and maximal plasma FTC concentrations in pregnant women were 14.3 mg·liter−1·h and 1.68 and 0.076 mg/liter, respectively. At delivery, median (range) predicted maternal and cord blood FTC concentrations were, respectively, 1.16 (0.14 to 1.99) and 0.72 (0.05 to 1.19) mg·liter−1. We concluded that the 400-mg FTC administration in pregnant women produces higher exposition than does the 200-mg administration in other adults, at steady state. FTC was shown to have good placental transfer (80%). Administering 1 mg FTC/kg as soon as possible after birth or 2 mg/kg 12 h after birth should produce neonatal concentrations comparable to the concentrations observed in adults.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Serological Profile and Specificity of Maternal and Neonatal Cord Blood SARS CoV-2 Antibodies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupsa C. Boelig ◽  
Sidhartha Chaudhury ◽  
Zubair H. Aghai ◽  
Emily Oliver ◽  
Francesca Manusco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cord Blood ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Full Length ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
History Of ◽  
Highly Correlated

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the profile and specificity of maternal and neonatal cord-blood antibody profile in response SARS-CoV-2 virus exposureMethodsThis is a Prospective cohort study of delivering patients at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital from April 2020-February 2021. Primary objective was to describe unique maternal and fetal antibody epitope titers and specificity in those patients with COVID-19 history. Serologic profile assessed with a multiplex platform. Antigens used were: HA-trimer Influenza A (Hong Kong H3), spike trimers for SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and betacoronaviruses HKU-1 and OC43, as well as the spike N-terminal domain (NTD), spike receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid protein (N; full length) for SARS-CoV-2.Results112 maternal samples and 101 maternal and cord blood pairs were analyzed. Thirty-seven had a known history of COVID-19 (positive PCR test) in the pregnancy and of those, 17 (47%) were diagnosed with COVID-19 within 30 days of delivery. Fifteen of remaining seventy-six (20%) without a known diagnosis had positive maternal serology. For those with history of COVID-19 we identified robust IgG response in maternal blood to CoV2 nucleocapsid (N), spike (S) full-length and S (RBD) antigens with more modest responses to the S (NTD) antigen. By contrast, the maternal blood IgM response appeared more specific to S (full-length), than N, S (RBD) or S (NTD) epitopes. There were significantly higher maternal and cord blood IgG response not just to CoV2 spike (p < 10−18), but also CoV1 spike (p < 10−9) and MERS spike (p < 10−8). By contrast, maternal IgM responses were more specific to CoV2 (p < 10−19), but to a lesser degree for CoV1 (p < 10−5), and no significant differences for MERS. Maternal and cord-blood IgG were highly correlated for both S and N (R2 = 0.96 and 0.94).ConclusionsPlacental transfer is efficient, with robust N and S responses. Both nucleocapsid and spike antibody responses should be studied for a better understanding of COVID-19 immunity. IgG antibodies are cross reactive with related CoV-1 and MERS spike epitopes while IgM, which cannot cross placenta to provide neonatal passive immunity, is more SARS CoV-2 specific. Neonatal cord blood may have significantly different fine-specificity than maternal blood, despite the high efficiency of IgG transfer.

scholarly journals Cord and Maternal Blood Essential and Toxic Elements Levels in Occupationally Exposed Pregnant Women - Possible Implications in Asd Aetiogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ISHIAQ OMOTOSHO ◽  
Olufunke Akinade
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Placental Transfer ◽  
Toxic Metal ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Occupationally Exposed

Abstract Background: Incidence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in children as a neurodevelopmental abnormality is growing. Compounded by equivocal deductions from several genetic and environmental studies aimed at establishing its aetiology, it is becoming a global medical challenge. This work investigated placental transfer of some micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg, Se) and toxic (Cd, Pb) metals in occupationally vulnerable pregnant mothers as possible basis of neurodevelopmental abnormalities in children with ASD. Method: 105 third trimester pregnant women comprising 50 occupationally exposed (cases) (27.68±5.57 years) and 55 non-occupationally exposed age-matched pregnant women (28.84±5.37 years) (controls) were recruited by convenient sampling method for this study. Blood (including cord blood) was collected from all participants. Trace and toxic elements levels were determined in the blood samples using Induction-Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectroscopy; anthropometric and sociodemographic data of the women along with the developmental milestone indices of the baby at infancy were also recorded.Results: Levels of trace elements were 328.02±109.99mg/L, 370.82±192.97umol/L, 8.61±0.89mg/dl, 1.52±0.26mg/dl and 10.17±1.22mg/L; 348.27±150.61mg/L, 416.80±276.73umol/L, 8.61±0.86mg/dl, 1.46±0.35mg/dl and 8.96±1.15 mg/L for Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se in cases and controls respectively. The differences were not significant. Less than 10% of participants samples (maternal and cord blood) had detectable toxic metal levels. However, cord blood trace elements concentrations were 125.07±24.66mg/l, 525.38±45.86umol/L, 8.44±0.15mg/dl, 1.51±0.31mg/dl and 7.02±0.72mg/dl in cases and 91.05±13.27mg/l, 591.22±44.62umol/l, 1.63±0.15mg/dl and 8.19±0.78mg/L in control for Cu, Zn, Ca, Mg and Se respectively. Only cord blood Mg level was significantly different (p=0.013). Baby weight and head circumferences also correlated significantly with cord Zn and Cu levels (r=0.293, p=0.039), (r=0.478, p=0.010) respectively. Discussion: The observed downregulation of Mg and Se may have initiated a prooxidant reaction of the upregulated Cu in the foetus overwhelming the protective effects of Zn in scavenging the ROS produced by the combined effects of Cu and the toxic metals to which the cases were occupationally exposed. Our hypothesis is that given the role of Se, Cu and Mg in neurodevelopment, this may be the basis of the abnormal developmental milestones characteristic of ASD. Conclusion: The need to monitor environmental exposure in pregnancy may be an imperative step in stemming the growing incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders in this environment.

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