Phytochemicals and antioxidants in leaf extracts of Ginkgo biloba with reference to location, seasonal variation and solvent system

The use of traditional medicines holds a great promise as an easily available source as effective medicinal agents to cure a wide range of ailments among the people particularly in tropical developing countries like India. The present study investigates the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the major bioactive constituents of N. crenulata leaf extracts. The extractive values of aqueous, acetone and chloroform extracts were found to be 11.34, 4.24 and 6.06 respectively. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these three solvent extracts confirm the presence of Alkaloids, Saponins, Flavonoids and Phenolic compounds in all the three extracts; however, these phytochemicals were more significant in aqueous extract. Quantitative analysis was carried out using TLC method by different solvent system. Amongst various solvent systems, Butanol: acetic acid: water (9: 0.9: 0.1 v/v/v) shows maximum resolution and number of spots produced at long UV (365 nm) and under iodine vapours. The TLC chromatograms constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. It can be conveniently used to evaluate the quality of different area samples. This indicates that the leaves can be useful for treating different diseases because the therapeutic activity of a plant is due to the presence of particular class of compounds and thus can serve as potential sources of useful drugs in future.

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Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles from Leaf Extracts of Ginkgo biloba L. and its Antibiotic Potential Against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis

Proceedings International ◽

10.33263/proceedings21.029029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Bacterial Pathogens ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Living Fossil ◽

E Coli ◽

Global Environmental

Based on the global environmental pollution problems, the main focus of every nano-research is to produce the nanomaterial in a green and eco-friendly way without any interference of chemical synthesis. By the way, the present study was intended to use an aqueous extract of the living fossil plant viz., Ginkgo biloba L., to synthesize the gold nanoparticles and evaluate their antibiotic activity against bacterial pathogens. The gold nanoparticles (AuNps) were successfully synthesized by mixing the Ginkgo biloba aqueous extract and the auric chloride solution for approximately 24 hours. The UV-Vis spectra of Gold nanoparticles (AuNps) showed the maximum absorption peak at 520nm. The SEM analysis also showed the gold nanoparticles synthesized from Ginkgo biloba were spherical with particle size ranging from 40 to 60nm. During our study, the gold nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens, i.e., E. coli and Bacillus subtilis. The later bacterium was found to be more susceptible to the nanoparticles as well as the extracts of G. biloba in comparison to the former bacterium.

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Alleviation of Simvastatin-Induced Myopathy in Rats by the Standardized Extract of Ginkgo Biloba (EGb761): Insights into the Mechanisms of Action

Cells Tissues Organs ◽

10.1159/000507048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 208 (3-4) ◽

pp. 158-176

Author(s):

Amany R. Mahmoud ◽

Esam Omar Kamel ◽

Marwa A. Ahmed ◽

Esraa A. Ahmed ◽

Tarek Hamdy Abd-Elhamid

Keyword(s):

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Muscle Performance ◽

Vehicle Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Histopathological Changes ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Muscle Changes ◽

Dose Dependent ◽

Antioxidant Effects

Statins are the most widely prescribed cholesterol-lowering drugs to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Statin-induced myopathy is the major side effect of this class of drugs. Here, we studied whether standardized leaf extracts of ginkgo biloba (EGb761) would improve simvastatin (SIM)-induced muscle changes. Sixty Wistar rats were allotted into six groups: control group, vehicle group receiving 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) for 30 days, SIM group receiving 80 mg/kg/day SIM in 0.5% CMC orally for 30 days, SIM withdrawal group treated with SIM for 16 days and sacrificed 14 days later, and EGb761-100 and EGb761-200 groups posttreated with either 100 or 200 mg/kg/day EGb761 orally. Muscle performance on the rotarod, serum creatine kinase (CK), coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), serum and muscle nitrite, muscle malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were estimated. Additionally, muscle samples were processed for histopathological evaluation. We found that SIM decreased muscle performance on the rotarod, serum CoQ10, as well as muscle SOD and CAT activities while it increased serum CK, serum and muscle nitrite, as well as muscle MDA levels. SIM also induced sarcoplasmic vacuolation, splitting of myofibers, disorganization of sarcomeres, and disintegration of myofilaments. In contrast, posttreatment with EGb761 increased muscle performance, serum CoQ10, as well as muscle SOD and CAT activities while it reduced serum CK as well as serum and muscle nitrite levels in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, EGb761 reversed SIM-induced histopathological changes with better results obtained by its higher dose. Interestingly, SIM withdrawal increased muscle performance on the rotarod, reduce serum CK and CoQ10, and reduced serum and muscle nitrite while it reversed SIM-induced histopathological changes. However, SIM withdrawal was not effective enough to restore their normal values. Additionally, SIM withdrawal did not improve SIM-induce muscle MDA, SOD, or CAT activities during the period studied. Our results suggest that EGb761 posttreatment reversed SIM-induces muscle changes possibly through its antioxidant effects, elevation of CoQ10 levels, and antagonizing mitochondrial damage.

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Properties of Ginkgo biloba L.: Antioxidant Characterization, Antimicrobial Activities, and Genomic MicroRNA Based Marker Fingerprints

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21093087 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (9) ◽

pp. 3087 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Katarína Ražná ◽

Zuzanna Sawinska ◽

Eva Ivanišová ◽

Nenad Vukovic ◽

Margarita Terentjeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Bioactive Constituents ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Minimal Inhibition Concentration ◽

Fresh Matter ◽

Antioxidant Power

The aim of this study was to characterize extracts from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. from selected Slovakian localities in terms of the content of bioactive constituents, antioxidants and their antimicrobial properties. The results indicated that the content of antioxidants was sample-specific, and this specificity was statistically significant. Ginkgo biloba L. from the locality of Košice had the best activity determined by the free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) (1.545 mg Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC)/g fresh matter (FM)) as well as the molybdenum-reducing antioxidant power (35.485 mg TEAC/g FM) methods. The highest content of total polyphenols (2.803 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g FM) and flavonoids (4.649 μg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g FM) was also detected in this sample. All samples of G. biloba leaf extracts showed significant antimicrobial activity against one or more of the examined bacterial species, and Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus CCM 2461 was found to be the most susceptible (minimal inhibition concentration MIC50 and MIC90 values of 64.2 and 72.2 µg/mL, respectively). Based on the results it was concluded that Ginkgo biloba L. extracts can be used as antimicrobial and antioxidant additives. Selected miRNA-based molecular markers were used to examine the environmental adaptability of Ginkgo biloba L. An almost-complete genotype clustering pattern based on locality was determined in the analysis that involved a species-specific gb-miR5261 marker. Morphologically specific exemplar, cv. Ohatsuki, was excluded.

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Antimicrobial Potential of Leaf Extracts of Ginkgo biloba L., Growing in Uttarakhand, India

National Academy Science Letters ◽

10.1007/s40009-012-0036-8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 201-206 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Priyanka Sati ◽

Anita Pandey ◽

Lok Man S. Palni

Keyword(s):

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Antimicrobial Potential

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Effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition and antioxidant and antifungal activities of Convolvulus althaeoides L. leaf extracts

Arabian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.04.006 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 5651-5668 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Soukaina Hrichi ◽

Raja Chaabane-Banaoues ◽

Daniele Giuffrida ◽

Domenica Mangraviti ◽

Yassine Oulad El Majdoub ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seasonal Variation ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Antifungal Activities

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Determination of trace amounts of ginkgolic acids in Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts and phytopharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry

Journal of Chromatography B Biomedical Sciences and Applications ◽

10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00316-9 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 744 (2) ◽

pp. 249-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Karine Ndjoko ◽

Jean-Luc Wolfender ◽

Kurt Hostettmann

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Liquid Chromatography ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Electrospray Mass Spectrometry ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Ginkgolic Acids

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Ginkgo biloba L. Leaf Extract Protects HepG2 Cells Against Paraquat-Induced Oxidative DNA Damage

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants8120556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 556 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Amélia M. Silva ◽

Sandra C. Silva ◽

Jorge P. Soares ◽

Carlos Martins-Gomes ◽

João Paulo Teixeira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dna Damage ◽

Oxidative Damage ◽

Cell Viability ◽

Ginkgo Biloba ◽

Hepg2 Cells ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Oxidative Dna Damage ◽

Leaf Extracts ◽

Ginkgo Biloba Leaf Extract ◽

Ginkgo Biloba Leaf

Ginkgo biloba L. leaf extracts and herbal infusions are used worldwide due to the health benefits that are attributed to its use, including anti-neoplastic, anti-aging, neuro-protection, antioxidant and others. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of an aqueous Ginkgo biloba extract on HepG2 cell viability, genotoxicity and DNA protection against paraquat-induced oxidative damage. Exposure to paraquat (PQ), over 24 h incubation at 1.0 and 1.5 µM, did not significantly reduce cell viability but induced concentration and time-dependent oxidative DNA damage. Ginkgo biloba leaf extract produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity (IC50 = 540.8 ± 40.5 µg/mL at 24 h exposure), and short incubations (1 h) produced basal and oxidative DNA damage (>750 and 1500 µg/mL, respectively). However, lower concentrations (e.g., 75 µg/mL) of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract were not cytotoxic and reduced basal DNA damage, indicating a protective effect at incubations up to 4 h. On the other hand, longer incubations (24 h) induced oxidative DNA damage. Co-incubation of HepG2 cells for 4 h, with G. biloba leaf extract (75 µg/mL) and PQ (1.0 or 1.5 µM) significantly reduced PQ-induced oxidative DNA damage. In conclusion, the consumption of Ginkgo biloba leaf extract for long periods at high doses/concentrations is potentially toxic; however, low doses protect the cells against basal oxidative damage and against environmentally derived toxicants that induce oxidative DNA damage.

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