Quality of urban patterns: Spatially explicit evidence for multiple scales

2015 ◽  
Vol 142 ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Wissen Hayek ◽  
D. Efthymiou ◽  
B. Farooq ◽  
T. von Wirth ◽  
M. Teich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Urban Patterns

Survival analysis at multiple scales for the modeling of track geometry deterioration

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 (3) ◽  
pp. 842-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Negin Alemazkoor ◽  
Conrad J Ruppert ◽  
Hadi Meidani
Keyword(s):  
Survival Analysis ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Fine Scale ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Track Geometry ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
Optimal Maintenance ◽  
Maintenance Decisions

Defects in track geometry have a notable impact on the safety of rail transportation. In order to make the optimal maintenance decisions to ensure the safety and efficiency of railroads, it is necessary to analyze the track geometry defects and develop reliable defect deterioration models. In general, standard deterioration models are typically developed for a segment of track. As a result, these coarse-scale deterioration models may fail to predict whether the isolated defects in a segment will exceed the safety limits after a given time period or not. In this paper, survival analysis is used to model the probability of exceeding the safety limits of the isolated defects. These fine-scale models are then used to calculate the probability of whether each segment of the track will require maintenance after a given time period. The model validation results show that the prediction quality of the coarse-scale segment-based models can be improved by exploiting information from the fine-scale defect-based deterioration models.

The Floral Microbiome: Plant, Pollinator, and Microbial Perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 363-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel L. Vannette
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Pollinator Attraction ◽  
Plant Variation ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Floral Phenotype ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Plant Pollinator ◽  
Microbial Effects

Flowers at times host abundant and specialized communities of bacteria and fungi that influence floral phenotypes and interactions with pollinators. Ecological processes drive variation in microbial abundance and composition at multiple scales, including among plant species, among flower tissues, and among flowers on the same plant. Variation in microbial effects on floral phenotype suggests that microbial metabolites could cue the presence or quality of rewards for pollinators, but most plants are unlikely to rely on microbes for pollinator attraction or reproduction. From a microbial perspective, flowers offer opportunities to disperse between habitats, but microbial species differ in requirements for and benefits received from such dispersal. The extent to which floral microbes shape the evolution of floral traits, influence fitness of floral visitors, and respond to anthropogenic change is unclear. A deeper understanding of these phenomena could illuminate the ecological and evolutionary importance of floral microbiomes and their role in the conservation of plant–pollinator interactions.

scholarly journals Quality of anticholinergic burden scales and their impact on clinical outcomes: a systematic review

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Lisibach ◽  
Valérie Benelli ◽  
Marco Giacomo Ceppi ◽  
Karin Waldner-Knogler ◽  
Chantal Csajka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Validation Studies ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Anticholinergic Drug ◽  
Burden Scale ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Anticholinergic Burden

Abstract Purpose Older people are at risk of anticholinergic side effects due to changes affecting drug elimination and higher sensitivity to drug’s side effects. Anticholinergic burden scales (ABS) were developed to quantify the anticholinergic drug burden (ADB). We aim to identify all published ABS, to compare them systematically and to evaluate their associations with clinical outcomes. Methods We conducted a literature search in MEDLINE and EMBASE to identify all published ABS and a Web of Science citation (WoS) analysis to track validation studies implying clinical outcomes. Quality of the ABS was assessed using an adapted AGREE II tool. For the validation studies, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane tool Rob2.0. The validation studies were categorized into six evidence levels based on the propositions of the Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine with respect to their quality. At least two researchers independently performed screening and quality assessments. Results Out of 1297 records, we identified 19 ABS and 104 validations studies. Despite differences in quality, all ABS were recommended for use. The anticholinergic cognitive burden (ACB) scale and the German anticholinergic burden scale (GABS) achieved the highest percentage in quality. Most ABS are validated, yet validation studies for newer scales are lacking. Only two studies compared eight ABS simultaneously. The four most investigated clinical outcomes delirium, cognition, mortality and falls showed contradicting results. Conclusion There is need for good quality validation studies comparing multiple scales to define the best scale and to conduct a meta-analysis for the assessment of their clinical impact.

Spatially-explicit modelling of grassland classes – an improved method of integrating a climate-based classification model with interpolated climate surfaces

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoni Liu ◽  
Hongxia Wang ◽  
Jing Guo ◽  
Jingqiong Wei ◽  
Zhengchao Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Management ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Humid Forest ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Total Study Area

Spatially-explicit modelling of grassland classes is important to site-specific planning for improving grassland and environmental management over large areas. In this study, a climate-based grassland classification model, the Comprehensive and Sequential Classification System (CSCS) was integrated with spatially interpolated climate data to classify grassland in Gansu province, China. The study area is characterised by complex topographic features imposed by plateaus, high mountains, basins and deserts. To improve the quality of the interpolated climate data and the quality of the spatial classification over this complex topography, three linear regression methods, namely an analytic method based on multiple regression and residues (AMMRR), a modification of the AMMRR method through adding the effect of slope and aspect to the interpolation analysis (M-AMMRR) and a method which replaces the inverse distance-weighted approach for residue interpolation in M-AMMRR with an ordinary kriging approach (I-AMMRR), for interpolating climate variables were evaluated. The interpolation outcomes from the best interpolation method were then used in the CSCS model to classify the grassland in the study area. Climate variables interpolated included the annual cumulative temperature and annual total precipitation. The results indicated that the AMMRR and M-AMMRR methods generated acceptable climate surfaces but the best model fit and cross validation result were achieved by the I-AMMRR method. Twenty-six grassland classes were classified for the study area. The four grassland vegetation classes that covered more than half of the total study area were ‘cool temperate-arid temperate zonal semi-desert’, ‘cool temperate-humid forest steppe and deciduous broad-leaved forest’, ‘temperate-extra-arid temperate zonal desert’, and ‘frigid per-humid rain tundra and alpine meadow’. The vegetation classification map generated in this study provides spatial information on the locations and extents of the different grassland classes. This information can be used to facilitate government agencies’ decision-making in land-use planning and environmental management, and for vegetation and biodiversity conservation. The information can also be used to assist land managers in the estimation of safe carrying capacities, which will help to prevent overgrazing and land degradation.

Saliency Optimization and Integration Via Iterative Bootstrap Learning

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (09) ◽  
pp. 1859016
Author(s):  
Liming Li ◽  
Xiaodong Chai ◽  
Shuguang Zhao ◽  
Shubin Zheng ◽  
Shengchao Su
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Saliency Detection ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Input Image ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Saliency Maps ◽  
Training Samples ◽  
Public Data

This paper proposes an effective method to elevate the performance of saliency detection via iterative bootstrap learning, which consists of two tasks including saliency optimization and saliency integration. Specifically, first, multiscale segmentation and feature extraction are performed on the input image successively. Second, prior saliency maps are generated using existing saliency models, which are used to generate the initial saliency map. Third, prior maps are fed into the saliency regressor together, where training samples are collected from the prior maps at multiple scales and the random forest regressor is learned from such training data. An integration of the initial saliency map and the output of saliency regressor is deployed to generate the coarse saliency map. Finally, in order to improve the quality of saliency map further, both initial and coarse saliency maps are fed into the saliency regressor together, and then the output of the saliency regressor, the initial saliency map as well as the coarse saliency map are integrated into the final saliency map. Experimental results on three public data sets demonstrate that the proposed method consistently achieves the best performance and significant improvement can be obtained when applying our method to existing saliency models.

scholarly journals THE ASSESSMENT OF LABOR CONDITIONS ACCORDING TO HAZARD INDICATORS ON THE BASIS OF PRODUCTION RISK DETERMINATION

World Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1(53)) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Tretyakov Oleg ◽  
Harmash Bohdan ◽  
Yevheniia Biletska
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Environmental Parameters ◽  
Transportation Industry ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Unified Approach ◽  
Production Risk ◽  
Labor Conditions ◽  
Labour Process

The article deals with the principles, methods and criteria of risk assessment to create controlled conditions that minimize the potential consequences of harmful and hazardous factors in the production environment and the labour process of workers in the transportation industry. There has been conducted the analysis of methods of determining the level of danger from the combined effect of harmful factors in the production conditions that currently exist in Ukraine, their shortcomings are identified and the ways to solve them are proposed. A unified approach to the calculation of production risk depending on the parameters of the working area is proposed taking into account the time spent by hazardous factors working in the affected area, which does not require entering multiple scales to characterize the quality of the environment. Based on the algorithm for converting environmental parameters into an indicator of production risk, an analysis of working conditions maps is carried out, the subjectivity of assessing the actual conditions and nature of work in Ukraine is proved. It has been revealed that the obtained indicators of integral risk testify to the contradictions of the Ukrainian legislation to the world standards for the protection of health and safety at work.

Heterotopian selfies: how social media destabilizes brand assemblages

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (9/10) ◽  
pp. 1789-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joonas Rokka ◽  
Robin Canniford
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Brand Management ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Attention Economy ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose Digital technologies are changing the ways in which the meanings and identity of both consumers and brands are constructed. This research aims to extend knowledge of how consumer-made “selfie” images shared in social media might contribute to the destabilization of brands as assemblages. Design/methodology/approach Insights are drawn from a critical visual content analysis of three popular champagne brand accounts and consumer-made selfies featuring these brands in Instagram. Findings This study shows how brands and branded selves intersect through “heterotopian selfie practices”. Accentuated by the rise of attention economy and “consumer microcelebrity”, the authors argue that these proliferating selfie images can destabilize spatial, temporal, symbolic and material properties of brand assemblages. Practical implications The implications include a consideration of how selfie practices engender new challenges for brand design and brand management. Originality/value This study illustrates how a brand assemblage approach can guide investigations of brands at multiple scales of analysis. In particular, this paper extends knowledge of visual brand-related user-generated content in terms of how consumers express, visualize and share selfies and how the heterotopian quality of this sharing consequently shapes brand assemblages.

The Steady-State Response Analysis of Bistable Piezoelectric Converter

2015 ◽  
Vol 775 ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Ming Hui Yao ◽  
Yin Bo Li ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Virtual Work ◽  
Base Layer ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Harmonic Load ◽  
Base Excitation ◽  
State Response ◽  
Piezoelectric Beam ◽  
Averaged Equations

The aim of this study is to examine the complicated dynamics behavior of nonlinear vibrations of bistable cantilevered piezoelectric beam. The base excitation on the beam is assumed to be harmonic load. The Galerkin’s approach is adopted to disperse the energies and the virtual work. Dynamic equation of the bistable piezoelectric system is established by using Hamilton’s principle. The averaged equations in the polar form is obtained by using the method of multiple scales. Based on the actual work situation of the cantilevered piezoelectric beam, it is known that base excitation and the size parameter of the beam play the important roles in the nonlinear vibration of the cantilevered piezoelectric beam. The quality of the permanent magnet, the thickness of the base layer and the length of the beam all affect the amplitude of the beam. The thickness of the piezoelectric layer can make the frequency response curve shift in frequency domain.

scholarly journals Designing for an Active Community Focus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Nilesh Bakshi
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Green Urbanism ◽  
Design Proposal ◽  
Community Centre ◽  
Design Intervention

<p>This research dissertation set out to determine what form the design and integration of a suburban community centre as a catalyst for moving towards a sustainable built environment might take. The literature of theoretical arguments and built precedents were investigated to identify potential design parameters. A viable site for the project was also investigated. As a result, the Sustainability Drop-in Centre was created in the heart of Karori. Its design was based on international case studies that emphasized green urbanism and TOD design initiatives, whilst also looking at Calthorpe's arguments for TOD design and Lynch's concept of place legibility as a set of inhabitable paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. The integration of these crucial design parameters required a design intervention at multiple scales, from a new traffic design for the suburb to a detailed ramp design aimed at achieving energy efficient building design, thus limiting the need for lifts and escalators. As a result the final chapter illustrates the new design proposal in the form of representational renders of the pedestrian experience. These renditions, informed by the construction drawings referred to throughout the study, determine that the integration of a community centre as a catalyst for moving towards a sustainable built environment would create many improved quality of life opportunities, including, but not limited to, chances for social interaction, spaces and occasions for local bartering, and an opportunity for education in regard to sustainable practices. The design intervention has generated a stronger walkable suburb that gives importance to public sustainable forms of transportation and the needs of pedestrians, resulting in a suburb that will function well into a post-oil future.</p>

scholarly journals Integrating GeoDesign with Landscape Sustainability Science

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 833 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lu Huang ◽  
Weining Xiang ◽  
Jianguo Wu ◽  
Christoph Traxler ◽  
Jingzhou Huang
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Sustainability Science ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Spatially Explicit ◽  
World Population ◽  
Landscape Sustainability ◽  
Landscape Sustainability Science

With an increasing world population and accelerated urbanization, the development of landscape sustainability remains a challenge for scientists, designers, and multiple stakeholders. Landscape sustainability science (LSS) studies dynamic relationships among landscape pattern, ecosystem services, and human well-being with spatially explicit methods. The design of a sustainable landscape needs both landscape sustainability–related disciplines and digital technologies that have been rapidly developing. GeoDesign is a new design method based on a new generation of information technology, especially spatial information technology, to design land systems. This paper discusses the suitability of GeoDesign for LSS to help design sustainable landscapes. Building on a review of LSS and GeoDesign, we conclude that LSS can utilize GeoDesign as a research method and the designed landscape as a research object to enrich and empower the spatially explicit methodology of LSS. To move forward, we suggest to integrate GeoDesign with LSS from six perspectives: strong/weak sustainability, multiple scales, ecosystem services, sustainability indicators, big data application, and the sense of place. Toward this end, we propose a LSS-based GeoDesign framework that links the six perspectives. We expect that this integration between GeoDesign and LSS will help advance the science and practice of sustainability and bring together many disciplines across natural, social, and design sciences.

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