Multidimensional noise and non-fundamental information diversity

The rheological analysis is important analytical tools used to obtain fundamental information about food structure. For instance, the properties of flow of liquid and semi-solidity are characterized by the consistency and flow behavior experiments as two important rheological parameters. The rheological parameters of foods are applied in quality control of the products and processing of food products such as energy input calculations, process design, equipment selection, and especially for deciding on heat exchangers and pumps. Steady flow behavior, oscillatory, and penetration tests are among commonly used parameters for evaluating rheological characteristics of ice cream. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of recent experiments and methods for measuring the rheological and texture properties of ice cream.

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A Questionnaire-Based Survey to Assess the Level of Knowledge and Awareness about Drug–Food Interactions among General Public in Western Saudi Arabia

Pharmacy ◽

10.3390/pharmacy9020076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 76

Author(s):

Syed Faisal Zaidi ◽

Rayan Mgarry ◽

Abdullah Alsanea ◽

Sakar Khalid Almutairi ◽

Yaser Alsinnari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Exclusion Criteria ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Jeddah City ◽

Fundamental Information ◽

Inadequate Knowledge ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

Males And Females

Introduction: Various drug–food interactions exist that may hinder treatment and can sometimes be lethal. Our aim was to assess the level of public knowledge and awareness in Jeddah city, Western Saudi Arabia, about drug–food interactions, along with the effects of demographics on their knowledge. Methods: A survey questionnaire was administered in this cross-sectional study to participants spread across multiple locations in Jeddah, including in malls and public gatherings. Participants included both males and females. Sample size was calculated through Raosoft® software. Data analysis was executed using IBM Statistic SPSS and the level of statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 410 people participated in the study and only 92.68% (380) of responses were enrolled in the study; 7.32% (30) were not enrolled due to the exclusion criteria. Surprisingly, only six out of eighteen questions regarding drug–food interactions in the administered questionnaire were correctly answered by 380 participants. Data indicated that the participants had a poor to intermediate level of both knowledge and awareness with respect to drug–food interactions. Furthermore, participants showed moderate to strong awareness of the effects of alcohol and tea generally, and their interaction with medication. Conclusion: Participants in our study showed inadequate knowledge of basic and fundamental information about drug–food interactions, which highlights the dire need to increase awareness.

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Information diversity in individual auditory cortical neurons is associated with functionally distinct coordinated neuronal ensembles

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-83565-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jermyn Z. See ◽

Natsumi Y. Homma ◽

Craig A. Atencio ◽

Vikaas S. Sohal ◽

Christoph E. Schreiner

Keyword(s):

Cortical Neurons ◽

Single Neuron ◽

Receptive Fields ◽

Acoustic Feature ◽

Neuronal Ensembles ◽

Neuron Spike ◽

Information Diversity ◽

Feature Selectivity ◽

Stimulus Features ◽

Time Specific

AbstractNeuronal activity in auditory cortex is often highly synchronous between neighboring neurons. Such coordinated activity is thought to be crucial for information processing. We determined the functional properties of coordinated neuronal ensembles (cNEs) within primary auditory cortical (AI) columns relative to the contributing neurons. Nearly half of AI cNEs showed robust spectro-temporal receptive fields whereas the remaining cNEs showed little or no acoustic feature selectivity. cNEs can therefore capture either specific, time-locked information of spectro-temporal stimulus features or reflect stimulus-unspecific, less-time specific processing aspects. By contrast, we show that individual neurons can represent both of those aspects through membership in multiple cNEs with either high or absent feature selectivity. These associations produce functionally heterogeneous spikes identifiable by instantaneous association with different cNEs. This demonstrates that single neuron spike trains can sequentially convey multiple aspects that contribute to cortical processing, including stimulus-specific and unspecific information.

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Phytolith and Calcitic Spherulite Indicators from Modern Reference Animal Dung from Mediterranean Island Ecosystems: Menorca, Balearic Islands

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11167202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (16) ◽

pp. 7202

Author(s):

Marta Portillo ◽

Kate Dudgeon ◽

Montserrat Anglada ◽

Damià Ramis ◽

Yolanda Llergo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biosphere Reserve ◽

Balearic Islands ◽

Island Ecosystems ◽

Human Environment ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Faecal Pellets ◽

Fundamental Information ◽

Animal Dung ◽

Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽

Mediterranean Island

This study illustrates the contribution of plant and faecal microfossil records to interdisciplinary approaches on the identification, composition, taphonomy and seasonality of livestock dung materials. The focus is on the taphonomy of opal phytoliths and calcitic dung spherulites embedded within modern faecal pellets collected from pasture grounds and pens from a range of animals, including cattle, sheep and pigs from three different farms and seasons of the year in Menorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO. Modern reference materials provide comparative plant and dung microfossil indicators on factors affecting the formation, composition, preservation and decay of animal faeces, as well as on the diverse environmental and anthropogenic aspects influencing these. The reported results show relevant changes in phytolith and spherulite composition according to animal species and age, livestock management, seasonality, and grazing and foddering regimes. Both microfossil records provide fundamental information on taphonomic issues that are understudied, such as the variation in the digestibility among different species, including under investigated animals such as pigs, as well on the seasonality of plant and faecal microfossils that are excreted with dung as an important material for reconstructing human-environment interactions which is commonly overlooked in archaeology.

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AGN evolution as seen in spectral lines: The case of narrow-line Seyfert 1s

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921320002653 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (S356) ◽

pp. 94-94

Author(s):

Marco Berton

Keyword(s):

Active Galactic Nuclei ◽

Galactic Nuclei ◽

Spectroscopic Studies ◽

Spectral Lines ◽

Narrow Line ◽

Line Profiles ◽

Line Shapes ◽

Fundamental Information ◽

Line Region ◽

Gaussian Samples

AbstractLine profiles can provide fundamental information on the physics of active galactic nuclei (AGN). In the case of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies (NLS1s) this is of particular importance since past studies revealed how their permitted line profiles are well reproduced by a Lorentzian function instead of a Gaussian. This has been explained with different properties of the broad-line region (BLR), which may present more pronounced turbulent motions in NLS1s with respect to other AGN. We investigated the line profiles in a recent large NLS1 sample classified using SDSS, and we divided the sources into two subsamples according to their line shapes, Gaussian or Lorentzian. The line profiles seem to separate all the properties of NLS1s. Black hole mass, Eddington ratio, [OIII] luminosity, and Fe II strength are all very different in the Lorentzian and Gaussian samples, as well as their position on the quasar main sequence. We interpret this in terms of evolution within the class of NLS1s. The Lorentzian sources may be the youngest objects, while Gaussian profiles may be typically associated to more evolved objects. Further detailed spectroscopic studies are needed to fully confirm our hypothesis.

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Centroid migration on an impacted granular slope due to asymmetric ejecta deposition and landsliding

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society ◽

10.1093/mnras/staa3982 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Tomomi Omura ◽

Shinta Takizawa ◽

Hiroaki Katsuragi

Keyword(s):

Oblique Impact ◽

Minor Axis ◽

Sand Layer ◽

Migration Distance ◽

Fundamental Information ◽

Fundamental Understanding ◽

Dry Sand ◽

Two Parameters ◽

Inclined Surface ◽

Crater Shape

Abstract For a fundamental understanding of terrain relaxation occurring on sloped surfaces of terrestrial bodies, we analyze the crater shape produced by an impact on an inclined granular (dry-sand) layer. Owing to asymmetric ejecta deposition followed by landsliding, the slope of the impacted inclined surface can be relaxed. Using the experimental results of a solid projectile impact on an inclined dry-sand layer, we measure the distance of centroid migration induced by asymmetric cratering. We find that the centroid migration distance xmig normalized to the crater minor-axis diameter Dcy can be expressed as a function of the initial inclination of the target tan θ, the effective friction coefficient μ, and two parameters K and c that characterize the asymmetric ejecta deposition and oblique impact effect: xmig/Dcy = Ktan θ/(1 − (tan θ/μ)2) + c, where K = 0.6, μ = 0.8, and c = −0.1 to 0.3. This result is consistent with a previous study that considered the effect of asymmetric ejecta deposition. The obtained results provide fundamental information for analyzing the degradation of sloped terrain on planetary surfaces, such as crater-shape degradation due to the accumulation of micro-impacts.

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‘Conjugate’ coseismic surface faulting related with the 29 December 2020, Mw 6.4, Petrinja earthquake (Sisak-Moslavina, Croatia)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-88378-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emanuele Tondi ◽

Anna Maria Blumetti ◽

Mišo Čičak ◽

Pio Di Manna ◽

Paolo Galli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relevant Information ◽

Strike Slip ◽

Secondary Effects ◽

Epicentral Area ◽

Field Surveys ◽

Fundamental Information ◽

Tension Cracks ◽

Transcurrent Faults ◽

Conjugate Fault ◽

Geometry And Kinematics

AbstractWe provide here a first-hand description of the coseismic surface effects caused by the Mw 6.4 Petrinja earthquake that hit central Croatia on 29 December 2020. This was one of the strongest seismic events that occurred in Croatia in the last two centuries. Field surveys in the epicentral area allowed us to observe and map primary coseismic effects, including geometry and kinematics of surface faulting, as well as secondary effects, such as liquefaction, sinkholes and landslides. The resulting dataset consists of homogeneous georeferenced records identifying 222 observation points, each of which contains a minimum of 5 to a maximum of 14 numeric and string fields of relevant information. The earthquake caused surface faulting defining a typical ‘conjugate’ fault pattern characterized by Y and X shears, tension cracks (T fractures), and compression structures (P shears) within a ca. 10 km wide (across strike), NW–SE striking right-lateral strike-slip shear zone (i.e., the Petrinja Fault Zone, PFZ). We believe that the results of the field survey provide fundamental information to improve the interpretation of seismological, GPS and InSAR data of this earthquake. Moreover, the data related to the surface faulting may impact future studies focused on earthquake processes in active strike-slip settings, integrating the estimates of slip amount and distribution in assessing the hazard associated with capable transcurrent faults.

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Regional Downscaling of Copernicus ERA5 Wave Data for Coastal Engineering Activities and Operational Coastal Services

Water ◽

10.3390/w13060859 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 859

Author(s):

Giorgio Bellotti ◽

Leopoldo Franco ◽

Claudia Cecioni

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

National Level ◽

Wave Model ◽

Wave Climate ◽

Tyrrhenian Sea ◽

Computational Domain ◽

Multiple Wave ◽

Space Resolution ◽

Wave Data ◽

Fundamental Information

Hindcasted wind and wave data, available on a coarse resolution global grid (Copernicus ERA5 dataset), are downscaled by means of the numerical model SWAN (simulating waves in the nearshore) to produce time series of wave conditions at a high resolution along the Italian coasts in the central Tyrrhenian Sea. In order to achieve the proper spatial resolution along the coast, the finite element version of the model is used. Wave data time series at the ERA5 grid are used to specify boundary conditions for the wave model at the offshore sides of the computational domain. The wind field is fed to the model to account for local wave generation. The modeled sea states are compared against the multiple wave records available in the area, in order to calibrate and validate the model. The model results are in quite good agreement with direct measurements, both in terms of wave climate and wave extremes. The results show that using the present modeling chain, it is possible to build a reliable nearshore wave parameters database with high space resolution. Such a database, once prepared for coastal areas, possibly at the national level, can be of high value for many engineering activities related to coastal area management, and can be useful to provide fundamental information for the development of operational coastal services.

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