scholarly journals Natural vs forced language switching: free selection and consistent language use eliminate significant performance costs and cognitive demands in the brain

NeuroImage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118797
Author(s):  
Judy D. Zhu ◽  
Esti Blanco-Elorrieta ◽  
Yanan Sun ◽  
Anita Szakay ◽  
Paul F. Sowman
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals What is special about L3 processing?

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
KEES DE BOT ◽  
CAROL JAENSCH
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Third Language ◽  
The Core ◽  
Dynamic Perspective ◽  
Core Issue ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Over Time

While research on third language (L3) and multilingualism has recently shown remarkable growth, the fundamental question of what makes trilingualism special compared to bilingualism, and indeed monolingualism, continues to be evaded. In this contribution we consider whether there is such a thing as a true monolingual, and if there is a difference between dialects, styles, registers and languages. While linguistic and psycholinguistic studies suggest differences in the processing of a third, compared to the first or second language, neurolinguistic research has shown that generally the same areas of the brain are activated during language use in proficient multilinguals. It is concluded that while from traditional linguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives there are grounds to differentiate monolingual, bilingual and multilingual processing, a more dynamic perspective on language processing in which development over time is the core issue, leads to a questioning of the notion of languages as separate entities in the brain.

Multiple Memory Systems and Their Support of Language

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake Kurczek ◽  
Natalie Vanderveen ◽  
Melissa C. Duff
Keyword(s):  
Memory Impairment ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Memory And Learning ◽  
Multiple Memory Systems ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Language And Communication ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

There is a long history of research linking the various forms of memory to different aspects of language. Clinically, we see this memory-language connection in the prevalence of language and communication deficits in populations that have concomitant impairments in memory and learning. In this article, we provide an overview of how the demands of language use and processing are supported by multiple memory systems in the brain, including working memory, declarative memory and nondeclarative memory, and how disruptions in different forms of memory may affect language. While not an exhaustive review of the literature, special attention is paid to populations who speech-language pathologists (SLPs) routinely serve. The goal of this review is to provide a resource for clinicians working with clients with disorders in memory and learning in helping to understand and anticipate the range of disruptions in language and communication that can arise as a consequence of memory impairment. We also hope this is a catalyst for more research on the contribution of multiple memory systems to language and communication.

scholarly journals The framing effect in a monetary gambling task is robust in minimally verbal language switching contexts

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph W Korn ◽  
Hauke R Heekeren ◽  
Yulia Oganian
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Framing Effect ◽  
Switching Effect ◽  
Gambling Task ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Verbal Language ◽  
Verbal Content ◽  
Textual Form ◽  
Decision Making Biases

Decision-making biases, in particular the framing effect, can be altered in foreign language settings (foreign language effect) and following switching between languages (the language switching effect on framing). Recently, it has been suggested that the framing effect is only affected by foreign language use if the task is presented in a rich textual form. Here, we assess whether an elaborate verbal task is also a prerequisite for the language switching effect on framing. We employed a financial gambling task that induces a robust framing effect but is less verbal than the classical framing paradigms (e.g., the Asian disease problem). We conducted an online experiment ( n = 485), where we orthogonally manipulated language use and language switching between trials. The results showed no effects of foreign language use or language switching throughout the experiment. This online result was confirmed in a laboratory experiment ( n = 27). Overall, we find that language switching does not reduce the framing effect in a paradigm with little verbal content and thus that language switching effects seem contingent on the amount of verbal processing required.

On the consequences of bilingualism: We need language and the brain to understand cognition

2014 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUDITH F. KROLL
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Environments ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

In the last two decades there has been an explosion of research on bilingualism and its consequences for the mind and the brain (e.g., Kroll & Bialystok, 2013). One reason is that the use of two or more languages reveals interactions across cognitive and neural systems that are often obscured in monolingual speakers of a single language (e.g., Kroll, Dussias, Bogulski & Valdes Kroff, 2012). From this perspective, the interest in bilingualism is about developing a platform to ask questions about the ways that cognitive and neural networks are engaged during language use, in different learning environments, and across the lifespan. Another reason is that an emerging body of research on the consequences of bilingualism suggests that language experience changes cognition and the brain (e.g., Abutalebi, Della Rosa, Green, Hernandez, Scifo, Keim, Cappa & Costa, 2012; Bialystok, Craik, Green, & Gollan, 2009). Some of these changes have been claimed to produce cognitive advantages (see Bialystok et al., for a review of bilingual advantages and disadvantages).

Appraisal psychology, neurobiology, and language

2001 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Schumann
Keyword(s):  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Exploratory Activity ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Psychological Issues ◽  
Psychological Phenomena ◽  
The Brain

This volume of The Annual Review of Applied Linguistics explores the connections between psychology and language. In the following chapter, I will show how a field that increasingly informs psychology can also inform the psychological issues that concern applied linguists. Neurobiology and psychology have become more closely integrated in recent years as evidenced by the emergence and development of such disciplinary interfaces as biopsychology and cognitive neuroscience. The recognition that psychological phenomena are subserved by the brain is widely accepted; via developments in neuroimaging technology, the brain is becoming amenable to direct psychological investigation. In this chapter, I examine brain mechanisms that are involved in second language acquisition motivation, in cognitive/motor exploratory activity in learning, and in decision-making aspects of pragmatics in language use.

scholarly journals Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: neural adaptation and reserve

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
JUBIN ABUTALEBI ◽  
DAVID W. GREEN
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Core Components ◽  
Language Control ◽  
The Many ◽  
Control Hypothesis ◽  
The Brain

Speaking more than one language demands a language control system that allows bilinguals to correctly use the intended language adjusting for possible interference from the non-target language. Understanding how the brain orchestrates the control of language has been a major focus of neuroimaging research on bilingualism and was central to our original neurocognitive language control model (Abutalebi & Green, 2007). We updated the network of language control (Green & Abutalebi, 2013) and here review the many new exciting findings based on functional and structural data that substantiate its core components. We discuss the language control network within the framework of the adaptive control hypothesis (Green & Abutalebi, 2013) that predicts adaptive changes specific to the control demands of the interactional contexts of language use. Adapting to such demands leads, we propose, to a neural reserve in the human brain.

Motor Timing as a Predictor of Attention, Working Memory and Impulsivity in Alcohol and/or Cocaine Use Disorders

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
S.Y. Young ◽  
J.J.M. van Hoof ◽  
M. Kidd ◽  
S. Seedat
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Motor Timing ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
Millisecond Timing ◽  
The Brain

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in neuropsychological deficits in patients with Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Besides deficits in working memory (WM), impulsivity and attention, chronic alcohol and cocaine use have neurotoxic effects on frontostriatal areas in the brain. Individuals with deficits in these brain regions experience motor-timing deficits. It is unclear whether observed temporal processing deficits, in fact, reflect increased sustained attention or WM demands (which are required by timing tasks), or whether motor-timing deficits reflect some other process. The main questions of this were: (i) Can attention and WM be explained by motor-timing performance, and (ii), is impulsivity related to motor timing performance, in an inpatient SUD population? The study sample consisted of 74 abstinent patients who completed selected neuropsychological and motor-timing tasks. No significant correlation was found between performance on motor tasks and impulsivity. With regard to visual and auditory WM, motor timing was a significant predictor but only under conditions that required increased cognitive demands. Motor-timing performance contributed to a small portion of the variance in attention, but only for spatial abilities and only at increased cognitive demands. These preliminary findings suggest that, in line with the literature, millisecond timing engages other cognitive functions, but only minimally. As such motor timing should be regarded as a separate neurocognitive concomitant. Impulsivity was not associated with millisecond motor timing. More research is needed to further investigate these preliminary findings.

scholarly journals Neuroscience findings are consistent with appraisal theories of emotion; but does the brain “respect” constructionism?

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus R. Scherer
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
The Brain

AbstractI reject Lindquist et al.'s implicit claim that all emotion theories other than constructionist ones subscribe to a “brain locationist” approach. The neural mechanisms underlying relevance detection, reward, attention, conceptualization, or language use are consistent with many theories of emotion, in particular componential appraisal theories. I also question the authors' claim that the meta-analysis they report provides support for the specific assumptions of constructionist theories.

scholarly journals Language as shaped by social interaction

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. J. Enfield
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Joint Activity ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Context ◽  
The Brain

AbstractLanguage is shaped by its environment, which includes not only the brain, but also the public context in which speech acts are effected. To fully account for why language has the shape it has, we need to examine the constraints imposed by language use as a sequentially organized joint activity, and as the very conduit for linguistic diffusion and change.

scholarly journals Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging to examine brain structural plasticity and language experience

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gigi Luk ◽  
Christos Pliatsikas
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
The Brain

Recent advances in neuroimaging methods have led to a renewed interest in the brain correlates of language processing. Most intriguing is how experiences of language use relates to variation in brain structure and how brain structure predicts language acquisition. These two lines of inquiry have important implications on considering language use as an experience-dependent mechanism that induces brain plasticity. This paper focuses on the structural connectivity of the brain, as delivered by white matter, i.e. the collections of the axons of the brain neurons that provide connectivity between brain regions. Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS), a method commonly used in the field, will be presented in detail. Readers will be introduced to procedures for the extraction of indices of variation in WM structure such as fractional anisotropy. Furthermore, the role of individual differences in WM and changes in WM pertaining to bilingual experience and language processing will be used as examples to illustrate the applicability of this method.

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