Evaluating the impact of Mediterranean overflow on the large-scale Atlantic Ocean circulation using neodymium isotopic composition

Author(s):  
Mohamed Ayache ◽  
Didier Swingedouw ◽  
Christophe Colin ◽  
Jean-Claude Dutay
2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 338-358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ichiro Fukumori ◽  
Dimitris Menemenlis ◽  
Tong Lee

Abstract A new basin-wide oscillation of the Mediterranean Sea is identified and analyzed using sea level observations from the Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon satellite altimeter and a numerical ocean circulation model. More than 50% of the large-scale, nontidal, and non-pressure-driven variance of sea level can be attributed to this oscillation, which is nearly uniform in phase and amplitude across the entire basin. The oscillation has periods ranging from 10 days to several years and has a magnitude as large as 10 cm. The model suggests that the fluctuations are driven by winds at the Strait of Gibraltar and its neighboring region, including the Alboran Sea and a part of the Atlantic Ocean immediately to the west of the strait. Winds in this region force a net mass flux through the Strait of Gibraltar to which the Mediterranean Sea adjusts almost uniformly across its entire basin with depth-independent pressure perturbations. The wind-driven response can be explained in part by wind setup; a near-stationary balance is established between the along-strait wind in this forcing region and the sea level difference between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The amplitude of this basin-wide wind-driven sea level fluctuation is inversely proportional to the setup region’s depth but is insensitive to its width including that of Gibraltar Strait. The wind-driven fluctuation is coherent with atmospheric pressure over the basin and contributes to the apparent deviation of the Mediterranean Sea from an inverse barometer response.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelia Louropoulou ◽  
Martha Gledhill ◽  
Eric P. Achterberg ◽  
Thomas J. Browning ◽  
David J. Honey ◽  
...  

<p>Heme <em>b</em> is an iron-containing cofactor in hemoproteins that participates in the fundamental processes of photosynthesis and respiration in phytoplankton. Heme <em>b</em> concentrations typically decline in waters with low iron concentrations but due to lack of field data, the distribution of heme <em>b</em> in particulate material in the ocean is poorly constrained. Within the framework of the Helmholtz Research School for Ocean System Science and Technology (HOSST) and the GEOTRACES programme, the authors compiled datasets and conducted multidisciplinary research (e.g. chemical oceanography, microbiology, biogeochemical modelling) in order to test heme <em>b</em> as an indicator of <em>in situ</em> iron-limited phytoplankton. This study was initiated in the North Atlantic Ocean and expanded to the under-sampled South Atlantic Ocean for comparison of the results considering the different phytoplankton populations. Here, we report particulate heme <em>b</em> distributions across the Atlantic Ocean (59.9°N to 34.6°S). Heme <em>b</em> concentrations in surface waters ranged from 0.10 to 33.7 pmol L<sup>-1</sup> (median=1.47 pmol L<sup>-1</sup>, n=974) and were highest in regions with a high biomass. The ratio of heme <em>b</em> to particulate organic carbon (POC) exhibited a mean value of 0.44 μmol heme<em> b</em> mol<sup>-1 </sup>POC. We identified the ratio of 0.10 µmol heme <em>b</em> mol<sup>-1</sup> POC as the cut-off between heme <em>b</em> replete and heme <em>b</em> deficient phytoplankton. By this definition, the ratio heme <em>b</em> relative to POC was consistently below 0.10 μmol mol<sup>-1</sup> in areas characterized by low Fe supply; these were the Subtropical South Atlantic gyre and the seasonally iron limited Irminger Basin. Thus, the ratio heme <em>b</em> relative to POC gave a reliable indication of iron limited phytoplankton communities in situ. Furthermore, the comparison of observed and modelled heme <em>b</em> suggested that heme <em>b</em> could account for between 0.17-9.1% of biogenic iron. This range was comparable to previous culturing observations for species with low heme <em>b</em> content and species growing in low Fe (≤0.50 nmol L<sup>-1</sup>) or nitrate culturing media. Our large scale observations of heme<em> b</em> relative to organic matter suggest the impact of changes in iron supply on phytoplankton iron status.</p>


2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Fogwill ◽  
Erik van Sebille ◽  
Eva A. Cougnon ◽  
Chris S. M. Turney ◽  
Steve R. Rintoul ◽  
...  

Abstract. The dramatic calving of the Mertz Glacier Tongue in 2010, triggered by the impact of iceberg B09B, reshaped the oceanographic regime across the Mertz Polynya and Commonwealth Bay, regions where high salinity shelf water (HSSW) is formed, the precursor to Antarctic bottom water (AABW). Here we compare post-calving observations with high-resolution ocean modelling which suggest that this reconfiguration has led to the development of a new polynya off Commonwealth Bay, where HSSW production continues by the grounding of B09B. Our findings demonstrate how local changes in icescape can impact formation of AABW, with implications for large-scale ocean circulation and climate.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Koeve ◽  
Angela Landolfi

<p>Global models project a decrease of marine oxygen over the course of the 21th century. The future of marine oxygen becomes increasingly uncertain further into the future after yr 2100 , partly because ocean models differ in the way organic matter remineralisation continues under oxygen- and nitrate-free conditions. Using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity we found that under a business-as-usual CO2-emission scenario ocean deoxygenation further intensifies for several centuries until eventually ocean circulation re-establishes and marine oxygen increases again. (Oschlies et al. 2019, DOI 10.1038/s41467-019-10813-w).</p><p>In the Pacific Ocean the deoxygenation after yr 2100 goes along with the large scale loss of nitrate from oxygen minimum zones. Here we explore the impact on simulated ocean biogeochemistry of three different process formulation of anoxic metabolism, which have been used in other ocean models: (1) implicit sulphate reduction (organic matter degradation continues without oxidant), (2) no sulphidic metabolism (organic matter is not degraded under anoxic conditions), and (3) explicit sulphate reduction (with H2S as explicit model tracer). The model with explicit sulfphate reduction supports larger regional organic matter fluxed into the deep ocean and an increase in respired carbon storage, compared with the model applying implicit sulphate. We discuss the impact of anoxic metabolism on the coupling between export production and respired carbon stored in the ocean interior.</p>


2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2573-2598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuela F. Juliano ◽  
Mário L. G. R. Alves

Abstract A large-scale climatic ocean circulation model was used to study the Atlantic Ocean circulation. This inverse model is an extension of the β-spiral formulation presented in papers by Stommel and Schott with a more complete version of the vorticity equation, including relative vorticity in addition to planetary vorticity. Also, a more complete database for hydrological measurements in the Atlantic Ocean was used, including not only the National Oceanographic Data Center database but also World Ocean Circulation Experiment data and cruises near the Azores, Angola, and Guinea-Bissau. A detailed analysis of the Northern Hemisphere Azores Current and Front shows that this new database and the model results were able to capture all major features reported previously. In the Southern Hemisphere, the authors have identified fully and described the subtropical front that is the counterpart to the Azores Current, which they call the St. Helena Current and Front. Both current systems of both hemispheres have similar intensities, depth penetration, volume transports, and zonal flow. Both have associated subsurface adjacent countercurrent flows, and their main cores flow at similar latitudes (∼34°N for the Azores Current and 34°S for the St. Helena Current). It is argued that both current systems and associated fronts are the poleward 18°C Mode Water discontinuities of the two Atlantic subtropical gyres and that both originate at the corresponding hemisphere western boundary current systems from which they penetrate into the open ocean interior. Thus, both currents should have a similar forcing source, and their origin should not be linked to any geographical peculiarities.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaxu Zhang ◽  
Wilbert Weijer ◽  
Michael Steele ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Tarun Verma ◽  
...  

AbstractThe Beaufort Gyre (BG), the largest Arctic Ocean freshwater reservoir, has drastically increased its liquid freshwater content by 40% in the past two decades. If released within a short period, the excess freshwater could potentially impact the large-scale ocean circulation by freshening the upper subpolar North Atlantic. Here, we track BG-sourced freshwater using passive tracers in a global ocean sea-ice model and show that this freshwater exited the Arctic mostly through the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, rather than Fram Strait, during an historical release event in 1983–1995. The Labrador Sea is the most affected region in the subpolar North Atlantic, with a freshening of 0.2 psu on the western shelves and 0.4 psu in the Labrador Current. Given that the present BG freshwater content anomaly is twice the historical analog studied here, the impact of a future rapid release on Labrador Sea salinity could be significant, easily exceeding similar fluxes from Greenland meltwater.


2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 207
Author(s):  
Jose Antonio Moreira Lima

This issue presents a set of papers related to the development of ocean forecasting models with data assimilation skills for the South Atlantic Ocean, more specifically for the Metarea V maritime region whose western border is delimited by the Brazilian shelf. This work has been done with the collaboration of many Brazilian researchers under the Oceanographic Modeling and Observation Network (REMO) research group. The evolution from an early stage of running ocean models with mean climatological forcings aiming at the study of specific oceanographic processes to the present stage of running operational ocean forecast models with synoptic forcings and data assimilation had a strong contribution from researchers with a meteorological background, who brought their expertise on numerical weather forecasting.The papers present distinct topics associated with an ocean forecasting system, such as a detailed description of network design and implementation of the ocean circulation models, a proposed approach of nesting distinct models starting from a large scale Atlantic Ocean grid to regional high-resolution local grids, data assimilation methods, synoptic sea surface fields obtained from remote sensing, surface heat fluxes, and planning observational measurement programs for assimilation and model evaluation.We hope that these papers contribute towards developing this specific area of operational oceanic forecasting within the Brazilian scientific and ocean technology communities. We still have a steady way to follow in order to consolidate and improve the propo-sed initiatives, but the first steps were already given and sound results are now available. In the near future, we foresee continuous improvement of oceanic models and data assimilation methods as well as collaboration with interested researchers from Brazilian and foreign institutions. Jose Antonio Moreira LimaInvited Editor  Este volume apresenta um conjunto de artigos relacionados com o tema previsão oceânica de curto prazo para o Oceano Atlântico Sul, mais especificamente para a região marítima Metarea V, através de modelos numéricos de circulação com assimilação de dados observacionais. Este trabalho está sendo desenvolvido a partir da cooperação de diversos pesquisadores brasileiros colaboradores da Rede de Modelagem e Observação Oceanográfica (REMO). No estudo dos processos oceanográficos, a evolução do estágio de rodar modelos oceânicos utilizando forçantes climatológicas médias para o estágio atual de rodar modelos operacionais com forçantes sinóticas e assimilação de dados teve uma forte contribuição de pesquisadores oriundos da área de meteorologia, que trouxeram seu conhecimento aplicado dos modelos de previsão do tempo.Os artigos abordam diversos tópicos associados com um sistema de previsão oceânica, tais como uma descrição detalhada do projeto e implementação dos modelos de circulação oceânica; aninhamento escalonado de modelos com escalas distintas, a partir de malha computacional do Oceano Atlântico, para malhas regionais com alta resolução espacial; métodos de assimilação de campos e dados observados; campos sinóticos da superfície do mar através sensoriamento remoto; fluxos de calor de superfície; e planejamento de observações para assimilação e avaliação dos modelos.Desejamos que estes artigos contribuam para desenvolvimento desta área específica de previsão oceânica operacional junto às comunidades científica e de tecnologia oceânica brasileira. Temos ainda um extenso caminho pela frente para consolidar e aperfeiçoar as iniciativas propostas, mas os primeiros passos foram dados e bons resultados já estão disponíveis. Para o futuro, vislumbramos aprimoramento contínuo dos modelos oceânicos e métodos de assimilação de dados, assim como a colaboração com pesquisadores interessados de instituições brasileiras ou estrangeiras. Jose Antonio Moreira LimaEditor Convidado 


2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-401
Author(s):  
Zohreh Maryanaji ◽  
Leili Tapak ◽  
Omid Hamidi

Abstract The large-scale variability of atmospheric and ocean circulation patterns cause seasonal climate changes in the Earth. In other words, climate elements are affected by phenomena like El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), El Niño (NINO), and Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). In this study the characteristics of the frost season over a 20-year period (1996–2015) from seven synoptic stations in western Iran were evaluated using support vector machine and random forest regression. Comparing determination coefficients obtained by these models between atmospheric and ocean circulation indices and the characteristics of the frost season showed a positive effect. Thus, the onset and the end of the frost season in this region were highly correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and NAO, respectively. In regions with lower correlations (central areas and some regions of Alvand Mountain), the role of the geographical factors, altitude and topography becomes more pronounced and the impact of the global indices is reduced. Cluster analysis was also conducted to detect patterns and to identify regions according to the effect of the atmospheric and oceanic indices on frost season, and three regions were identified. The largest correlations with global indices (in both models) belonged to the first and third classes, respectively. The results of this study could be applied for planning environmental and agricultural activities.


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