High-efficiency deflection of high-energy negative particles through axial channeling in a bent crystal

High-energy (>20 keV) X-ray photon detection at high quantum yield, high spatial resolution, and short response time has long been an important area of study in physics. Scintillation is a prevalent method but limited in various ways. Directly detecting high-energy X-ray photons has been a challenge to this day, mainly due to low photon-to-photoelectron conversion efficiencies. Commercially available state-of-the-art Si direct detection products such as the Si charge-coupled device (CCD) are inefficient for >10 keV photons. Here, we present Monte Carlo simulation results and analyses to introduce a highly effective yet simple high-energy X-ray detection concept with significantly enhanced photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies composed of two layers: a top high-Z photon energy attenuation layer (PAL) and a bottom Si detector. We use the principle of photon energy down conversion, where high-energy X-ray photon energies are attenuated down to ≤10 keV via inelastic scattering suitable for efficient photoelectric absorption by Si. Our Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that a 10–30× increase in quantum yield can be achieved using PbTe PAL on Si, potentially advancing high-resolution, high-efficiency X-ray detection using PAL-enhanced Si CMOS image sensors.

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Combination of Dual-Energy X-ray Transmission and Variable Gas-Ejection for the In-Line Automatic Sorting of Many Types of Scrap in One Measurement

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104349 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4349

Author(s):

Tianzhong Xiong ◽

Wenhua Ye ◽

Xiang Xu

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Nearest Neighbor ◽

High Energy ◽

Dual Energy ◽

Center Of Gravity ◽

Low Energy ◽

Identification Accuracy ◽

Flow Process ◽

X Ray ◽

Automatic Sorting

As an important part of pretreatment before recycling, sorting has a great impact on the quality, efficiency, cost and difficulty of recycling. In this paper, dual-energy X-ray transmission (DE-XRT) combined with variable gas-ejection is used to improve the quality and efficiency of in-line automatic sorting of waste non-ferrous metals. A method was proposed to judge the sorting ability, identify the types, and calculate the mass and center-of-gravity coordinates according to the shading of low-energy, the line scan direction coordinate and transparency natural logarithm ratio of low energy to high energy (R_value). The material identification was satisfied by the nearest neighbor algorithm of effective points in the material range to the R_value calibration surface. The flow-process of identification was also presented. Based on the thickness of the calibration surface, the material mass and center-of-gravity coordinates were calculated. The feasibility of controlling material falling points by variable gas-ejection was analyzed. The experimental verification of self-made materials showed that identification accuracy by count basis was 85%, mass and center-of-gravity coordinates calculation errors were both below 5%. The method proposed features high accuracy, high efficiency, and low operation cost and is of great application value even to other solid waste sorting, such as plastics, glass and ceramics.

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High efficiency, high-energy performance of an X-ray preionized Ar-Xe laser

IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics ◽

10.1109/3.102644 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 1647-1652 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J.E. Tucker ◽

B.L. Wexler

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Energy Performance ◽

High Energy ◽

X Ray

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Siberian Snakes, Figure-8 and Spin Transparency Techniques for High Precision Experiments with Polarized Hadron Beams in Colliders

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym13030398 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 398

Author(s):

Yaroslav S. Derbenev ◽

Yury N. Filatov ◽

Anatoliy M. Kondratenko ◽

Mikhail A. Kondratenko ◽

Vasiliy S. Morozov

Keyword(s):

High Precision ◽

High Energy Physics ◽

High Efficiency ◽

High Energy ◽

Polarized Beams ◽

Polarization Control ◽

Spin Polarized ◽

High Flexibility ◽

Spin Flips ◽

Energy Physics

We present a review of the possibilities to conduct experiments of high efficiency in the nuclear and high energy physics with spin-polarized beams in a collider complex, configuration of which includes Siberian snakes or figure-8 collider ring. Special attention is given to the recently elicited advantageous possibility to conduct high precision experiments in a regime of the spin transparency (ST) when the design global spin tune is close to zero. In this regime, the polarization control is realized by use of spin navigators (SN), which are compact special insertions of magnets dedicated to a high flexibility spin manipulation including frequent spin flips.

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FOAMING AND MOISTURE CROSSLINKING OF VINYL TRIETHOXY SILANE GRAFTED ETHYLENE–PROPYLENE–DIENE TERPOLYMER

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.21.78953 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Zhengwei Lin ◽

Qinghong Zhang ◽

Gongliang Wang ◽

Jie Mao ◽

Martin Hoch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

Low Cost ◽

Side Reaction ◽

High Energy ◽

Expansion Ratio ◽

Ethylene Propylene ◽

Foaming Process ◽

The Matrix ◽

High Energy Absorption ◽

Ethylene Propylene Diene Terpolymer

ABSTRACT Moisture crosslinking of polyolefins has attracted increasing attention because of its high efficiency, low cost, and easy processing. However, the crucial shortcoming of moisture crosslinking is that the side reaction of peroxide scorch (precrosslinking) simultaneously occurs in silane grafting. It has been recognized that making peroxide precrosslinking useful is an effective way to broaden the application of moisture crosslinking. A novel foaming process combined with moisture crosslinking is proposed. The matrix of ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer grafted with silane vinyl triethoxysilane (EPDM-g-VTES) was prepared by melt grafting, with dicumyl peroxide as initiator. Foaming was then carried out with azodicarbonamide (AC) as the blowing agent by making use of precrosslinking. Subsequently, the EPDM-g-VTES foams were immersed in a water bath to achieve moisture crosslinking with dibutyl tin dilaurate as the catalyst. The results showed that VTES was grafted onto EPDM and the EPDM-g-VTES foams were successfully crosslinked by moisture. The EPDM-g-VTES compounds with AC obtained great cells by compression molding with the help of precrosslinking. The mechanical property of the EPDM-g-VTES foam was improved by moisture crosslinking. The moisture-cured foam with 4 wt% AC had an expansion ratio of about three times, which could bear large deformation and showed a high energy-absorption effect.

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Systematic Profiling of the Multicomponents and Authentication of Erzhi Pill by UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS Oriented Rapid Polarity-Switching Data-Dependent Acquisition and Selective Monitoring of the Chemical Markers Deduced from Fingerprint Analysis

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23123143 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (12) ◽

pp. 3143 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Li Jia ◽

Lingling Fu ◽

Xiaoyan Wang ◽

Wenzhi Yang ◽

Hongda Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Efficiency ◽

High Energy ◽

Composition Analysis ◽

Chemical Markers ◽

Polarity Switching ◽

Selective Ion Monitoring ◽

Marker Compounds ◽

Full Scan ◽

Selective Monitoring ◽

Orbitrap Ms

The analytical platform UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS offers a solution to quality investigation of TCM with high definiteness. Using Erzhi Pill (EZP) as a case, we developed UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS based approaches to achieve systematic multicomponent identification and rapid authentication. Comprehensive multicomponent characterization of EZP was performed by negative/positive switching data-dependent high-energy collision-induced dissociation-MS2 (HCD-MS2) after 25 min chromatographic separation. By reference compounds comparison, elemental composition analysis, fragmentation pathways interpretation, and retrieval of an in-house library, 366 compounds were separated and detected from EZP, and 96 thereof were structurally characterized. The fingerprints of two component drugs (Ligustri Lucidi Fructus, LLF; Ecliptae Herba, EH) for EZP were analyzed under the same LC-MS condition by full scan in negative mode. In combination with currently available pharmacological reports, eight compounds were deduced as the ‘identity markers’ of EZP. Selective ion monitoring (SIM) of eight marker compounds was conducted to authenticate six batches of EZP samples. Both LLF and EH could be detected from all EZP samples by analyzing the SIM spectra, which could indicate their authenticity. Conclusively, UHPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS by rapid polarity switching could greatly expand the potency of untargeted profiling with high efficiency, and SIM of multiple chemical markers rendered a practical approach enabling the authentication of TCM formulae.

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Characterization and on-line adjustment of the sagittal-bent Laue crystal profile

Journal of Synchrotron Radiation ◽

10.1107/s1600577518008056 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 1346-1353

Author(s):

Weiwei Dong ◽

Quan Cai ◽

Fugui Yang ◽

Xu Liu ◽

Jiaowang Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ray Tracing ◽

Crystal Surface ◽

Great Influence ◽

High Energy ◽

Double Crystal ◽

X Ray ◽

Bent Crystal ◽

On Line ◽

Condition Adjustment ◽

Anticlastic Curvature

The sagittal-bent Laue monochromator can provide an ideal way to focus high-energy X-ray beams. However, the anticlastic curvature induced by sagittal bending has a great influence on the crystal performance. Thus, characterizing the bent-crystal shape is very important for predicting the performance of the bent-crystal monochromator. In this paper the crystal profile is measured by off-line optical metrology and on-line X-ray experiments. The off-line results showed that the bent-crystal surface could be well fitted to a saddle surface apart from a redundant cubic term which was related to the different couples applied on the crystal. On-line characterization of the meridional and the sagittal radius of the bent crystal includes double-crystal topography and ray-tracing measurement. In addition, the double-crystal topography experiment could be used as a quick diagnostic method for the bending condition adjustment. The sagittal radius of the bent crystal was characterized through a ray-tracing experiment by using a particularly designed tungsten mask. Moreover, rocking curves under different bending conditions were measured as well. The results were highly consistent with analytical results derived from the elastic theory. Furthermore, radii along different vertical positions under various bending conditions were measured and showed a quadratic relationship between the vertical positions and the meridional radii.

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