Neuroblastic nodules and giant epithelial cells in suprarenal gland in fetuses of different gestational age groups

Background: The human foetal suprarenal gland is structurally variant from its adult counterpart. The most distinctive features of human foetal suprarenal gland and histologically unique foetal zone, was described first by Elliott and Armour in 1911. After the first trimester, the centrally located foetal zone accounts for most of the foetal adrenal mass. The outer zone of the foetal suprarenal gland is called the “definitive zone or neo cortex”; this zone likely gives rise to the adult adrenal glomerulosa. A third zone called “transitional zone”, lies just between the neocortex and foetal zone and is believed to develop into the zona fasciculata. Aims and Objectives: The current study was designed to study the histogenesis of suprarenal glands at different gestational age groups. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight formalin preserved dead embryos and foetuses of both sexes, were obtained from the Govt. Maternity Hospital & S.V.Medical College, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India. Specimens were grouped according to their gestational age groups (A,B,C,D) A= 0-12 weeks, B= 13-24 weeks, C= 25-36 weeks and D= more than 36 weeks of gestation. Specimens from group A were subjected to serial section as this group consists of embryos, and other groups were sectioned coronal and subjected to routine histological processing for H&E staining. Sections were observed for cellular details under light microscopy with 10X and 40X magnifications, and the same were photographed by microphotography. Results: Based upon the gestational age groups, histogenesis of the suprarenal gland was observed and correlated with the available literature, and the detailed results, discussion will be dealt at the time of discussion. Conclusions: Histological observation of the all the specimens observed in the present study are in agreement with those reported in the literature except that they appeared earlier in the present study than that reported in the literature. Capsule of suprarenal gland appeared at 12 weeks, sympatho-chromaffin bundles appeared before 6 weeks and zonation of cortex was observed at 8 weeks in the present study when compared to the time of appearance reported in the literature as 14 weeks, after 6 weeks and after 12 weeks respectively in the literature.

Download Full-text

Comparative microanatomy of suprarenal gland of anencephalic and normal fetuses of different gestational age groups

Journal of Anatomical Society of India ◽

10.1016/j.jasi.2017.02.007 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 75-82

Author(s):

Khayati Santram ◽

Anshu Sharma ◽

Mahesh Sharma ◽

Joseph ◽

Anjali Aggarwal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Suprarenal Gland

Download Full-text

Prevalence of Language Delay among Healthy Preterm Children, Language Outcomes and Predictive Factors

Children ◽

10.3390/children8040282 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 282

Author(s):

Miguel Pérez-Pereira

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Language Impairment ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Longitudinal Design ◽

Age Groups ◽

Full Term ◽

Language Delay ◽

Preterm Children ◽

General Terms ◽

Extremely Preterm

Language delay (LD) and its relationship with later language impairment in preterm children is a topic of major concern. Previous studies comparing LD in preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) children were mainly carried out with samples of extremely preterm and very preterm children (sometimes with additional medical problems). Very few of them were longitudinal studies, which is essential to understand developmental relationships between LD and later language impairment. In this study, we compare the prevalence of LD in low-risk preterm children to that of FT children in a longitudinal design ranging from 10 to 60 months of age. We also analyze which variables are related to a higher risk of LD at 22, 30 and 60 months of age. Different language tests were administered to three groups of preterm children of different gestational ages and to one group of full-term children from the ages of 10 to 60 months. ANOVA comparisons between groups and logistic regression analyses to identify possible predictors of language delay at 22, 30 and 60 months of age were performed. The results found indicate that there were practically no differences between gestational age groups. Healthy PT children, therefore, do not have, in general terms, a higher risk of language delay than FT children. Previous language delay and cognitive delay are the strongest and longest-lasting predictors of later language impairment. Other factors, such as a scarce use of gestures at 10 months or male gender, affect early LD at 22 months of age, although their effect disappears as children grow older. Low maternal education appears to have a late effect. Gestational age does not have any significant effect on the appearance of LD.

Download Full-text

Respiratory morbidity in twins by birth order, gestational age and mode of delivery

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2015-0404 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 44 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katja Bricelj ◽

Natasa Tul ◽

Mateja Lasic ◽

Andreja Trojner Bregar ◽

Ivan Verdenik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Cesarean Delivery ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Age Groups ◽

Assisted Ventilation ◽

Vaginal Birth ◽

National Database ◽

Respiratory Morbidity ◽

Cesarean Birth

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the relationship between respiratory morbidity in twins by gestational age, birth order and mode of delivery.Methods:All twin deliveries at <37 weeks, registered in a national database, in the period 2003–2012 were classified into four gestational age groups: 33–36, 30–32, 28–29, and <28 weeks. Outcome variables included transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and need for assisted ventilation.Results:A total of 1836 twins were born vaginally, and 2142 twins were born by cesarean delivery, for a grand total of 3978 twins. TTN did not appear to be related to birth order and to the mode of delivery. In contrast, RDS was more frequent among the second born twins in the vaginal birth groups born at 30–36 weeks [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–5.1 and OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2–3.5 for 33–36 weeks and 30–32 weeks, respectively], whereas this trend was seen in the cesarean birth groups born earlier (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.1–13.0 for 28–29 weeks). Cesarean delivery significantly increased the frequency of RDS in twin A as well as in twin B compared with vaginal birth, but only at gestational ages <30 weeks.Conclusion:Mode of delivery and birth order have a gestational age dependent effect on the incidence of RDS.

Download Full-text

The Dynamics of Cullin-1 Expression in Preeclamptic Placenta and its Association with Pregnancy Termination Time

Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3889/oamjms.2020.3665 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (B) ◽

pp. 210-215

Author(s):

Makbruri Makbruri ◽

Isabella Kurnia Liem ◽

Ahmad Aulia Jusuf ◽

Tantri Hellyanti

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Pregnancy Termination ◽

Age Groups ◽

Trophoblast Invasion ◽

Age Group ◽

Placental Development ◽

Very Preterm ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cellular Factors ◽

Termination Time

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a systemic syndrome occurring in 3–5% of pregnancies, caused by disorders of cellular factors resulting in the disruption of trophoblast differentiation and invasion which is important for the placental development and maintaining pregnancy. Cullin-1 is a protein that plays a role in the process of maintaining pregnancy, development, and trophoblast invasion in the placenta. Until now, there have been no studies linking the expression of cullin-1 in preeclamptic patients with the timing of pregnancy termination. AIM: This study analyzed cullin-1 expression in preeclamptic patients and their relationship to the timing of pregnancy termination was carried out. METHODS: Placental samples were taken from preeclampsia patients consisting of three gestational age groups, then immunohistochemical staining was performed to see the dynamics of expression and distribution in each age group of pregnancy and to find out their relationship with the timing of pregnancy termination. RESULTS: Cullin-1 was expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts. The lowest cullin-1 level was obtained in the very preterm age group, and the highest was found in the moderate preterm gestational age group. There was a significant difference between cullin-1 optical density (OD) expression and termination time of pregnancy, and there was a significant difference (OD) in cullin-1 preeclamptic patients with very preterm gestational age with moderate preterm gestational age. CONCLUSION: Cullin-1 was expressed both in syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts and was associated with the timing of pregnancy termination.

Download Full-text

Neonatal Mortality Risk for the Eighties: The Importance of Birth Weight/Gestational Age Groups

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.68.1.122 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 122-130

Author(s):

Alistair G. S. Philip ◽

George A. Little ◽

Denise R. Polivy ◽

Jerold F. Lucey

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Data Base ◽

Neonatal Mortality ◽

New Hampshire ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Age Groups ◽

Therapeutic Interventions ◽

The Sixties

Since 1976 a computerized data base has been used to store information on babies admitted to two intensive care nurseries serving the Vermont/New Hampshire region. The data base now allows reporting "neonatal" mortality by birth weight/gestational age (BW/GA) groupings for 1976-1979. For all BW/GA groups, except the most immature infants, there has been marked improvement compared to data gathered in the sixties (ie, mortality has decreased). These data are probably applicable to most other centers providing neonatal intensive care. The use of BW/GA categories provides the most reliable way of objectively comparing statistics from one center to another. Differences between two centers were observed when birth weight specific rates were used, but were largely abolished by using BW/GA groups. Data gathered in this way will be increasingly important for comparisons between centers and across years and when evaluating the effectiveness of new therapeutic interventions.

Download Full-text

Severity of Cerebral Palsy—The Impact of Associated Impairments

Neuropediatrics ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1701669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (02) ◽

pp. 120-128 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Veronka Horber ◽

Asma Fares ◽

Mary Jane Platt ◽

Catherine Arnaud ◽

Ingeborg Krägeloh-Mann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Walking Ability ◽

Age Group ◽

Intellectual Impairment ◽

Weight Group ◽

Birth Weight Group ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objective This article describes associated impairments in children with cerebral palsy (CP) and its subtypes. Method Children born between 1990 and 2006 recorded in the Surveillance of Cerebral Palsy in Europe common database were studied. An “impairment index” characterized severity of impairments and their combinations. Results Amongst the 11,015 children analyzed, 56% (n = 5,968) could walk unaided, 54% (4,972) had normal or near-normal intellect (intelligence quotient ≥ 70). Except for ataxic CP, associated impairments were less frequent when walking ability was preserved. The impairment index was low (walking unaided and normal or near-normal intellect) in 30% of cases; 54% (n = 1,637) in unilateral spastic, 24% (n = 79) in ataxic, 18% (n = 913) in bilateral spastic, and 7% (n = 50) in dyskinetic CP. Around 40% had a high impairment index (inability to walk and/or severe intellectual impairment ± additional impairments)—highest in dyskinetic (77%, n = 549) and bilateral spastic CP (54%, n = 2,680). The impairment index varied little in birth weight and gestational age groups. However, significantly fewer cases in the birth weight group ≤ 1,000 g or gestational age group ≤ 27 weeks had a low impairment index compared to the other birth weight and gestational age groups (23 and 24% vs. between 27 and 32%). Conclusion Thirty percent of the children with CP had a low impairment index (they were able to walk unaided and had a normal or near-normal intellect). Severity in CP was strongly associated to subtype, whereas the association was weak with birth weight or gestational age.

Download Full-text

A Combined Ultrasonic Backscatter Parameter for Bone Status Evaluation in Neonates

Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/3187268 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Weiying Mao ◽

Yang Du ◽

Chengcheng Liu ◽

Boyi Li ◽

Dean Ta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gestational Age ◽

Bone Health ◽

Biochemical Markers ◽

Age Groups ◽

Backscatter Coefficient ◽

Anthropometric Indices ◽

Term Infants ◽

Bone Status ◽

Centroid Shift ◽

Ultrasonic Backscatter

Metabolic bone disease (MBD) is one of the major complications of prematurity. Ultrasonic backscatter technique has the potential to be a portable and noninvasive method for early diagnosis of MBD. This study firstly applied CAS to neonates, which was defined as a linear combination of the apparent integrated backscatter coefficient (AIB) and spectral centroid shift (SCS). The objective was to evaluate the feasibility of ultrasonic backscatter technique for assessing neonatal bone health using AIB, SCS, and CAS. Ultrasonic backscatter measurements at 3.5 MHz, 5.0 MHz, and 7.5 MHz were performed on a total of 505 newborns within 48 hours after birth. The values of backscatter parameters were calculated and compared among gestational age groups. Correlations between backscatter parameters, gestational age, anthropometric indices, and biochemical markers were analyzed. The optimal predicting models for CAS were determined. The results showed term infants had lower SCS and higher AIB and CAS than preterm infants. Gestational age and anthropometric indices were negatively correlated with SCS (|r| = 0.45 – 0.57, P < 0.001), and positively correlated with AIB (|r| = 0.36 – 0.60, P < 0.001) and CAS (|r| = 0.56 – 0.69, P < 0.001). Biochemical markers yielded weak or nonsignificant correlations with backscatter parameters. CAS had relatively stronger correlations with the neonatal variables than AIB and SCS. At 3.5 MHz and 5.0 MHz, only gestational age (P < 0.001) independently contributed to the measurements of CAS, and could explain up to 40.5% – 44.3% of CAS variation. At 7.5 MHz, the combination of gestational age (P < 0.001), head circumference (P = 0.002), and serum calcium (P = 0.037) explained up to 40.3% of CAS variation. This study suggested ultrasonic backscatter technique was feasible to evaluate neonatal bone status. CAS was a promising parameter to provide more information about bone health than AIB or SCS alone.

Download Full-text

Behavior of fetal longitudinal myocardial fibers assessed by speckle tracking to obtain strain and strain rate values for low-risk pregnancies

Journal of Perinatal Medicine ◽

10.1515/jpm-2019-0342 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 144-152

Author(s):

Mariana Biancardi ◽

Renato Augusto Moreira de Sa

Keyword(s):

Strain Rate ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Speckle Tracking ◽

Age Groups ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Observer Agreement ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Strain And Strain Rate ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Myocardial Fibers

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the behavior of fetal longitudinal myocardial fibers assessed by speckle tracking (STE) after fetal viability.MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed in 156 women with normal singleton pregnancies from 22 to 31 weeks of gestation. Strain (S) and strain rate (SR) values were measured in both ventricles during the fetal cardiac cycle. The population was divided into five gestational age groups based on 2-week intervals. The correlations of maternal variables with the S and SR variables and intra-observer analysis were performed.ResultsThere was a significant difference in the S and SR values of the left ventricle (LV) among the gestational age groups (P = 0.007). Significantly higher S and SR values were observed in early age groups demonstrating reductions in LV S and SR values at 26 weeks, followed by stabilization. For the right ventricle (RV), there was no significant difference between gestational age groups. Significant intra-observer agreement was observed for S values of the RV (P = 0.008) and LV (P = 0.0004) and SR values of the RV (P = 0.0001) and LV (P = 0.015).ConclusionDecreases in the S and SR values of the LV occurred after 26 weeks, followed by stabilization. No significant difference was observed in the S or SR value of the RV among the gestational age groups, and no significant association of any maternal variable evaluated with S and SR values was observed. Significant intra-observer agreement was obtained among the results.

Download Full-text

Socioeconomic Inequalities in Small-for-Gestational-Age Births Before and During the Economic Crisis: An Ecologic Study of Trends in 13 Spanish Cities

International Journal of Health Services ◽

10.1177/0020731420923532 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002073142092353

Author(s):

María Felícitas Domínguez-Berjón ◽

Glòria Pérez ◽

Mercè Gotsens ◽

Ricard Gènova ◽

Unai Martín ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Economic Crisis ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Small For Gestational Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Prevalence Ratio ◽

Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽

Small Areas ◽

Credible Intervals ◽

Spanish Women ◽

Study Population

Economic recessions can increase socioeconomic inequalities in health. The objective of this study was to analyze socioeconomic inequalities in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births before and during the Spanish economic crisis. We conducted an ecological study of trends based on 2 periods before the crisis (1999–2003 and 2004–2008) and another during the crisis (2009–2013). The study population was Spanish women resident in 13 cities who had given birth during 1999–2013. The prevalence of SGA was calculated for each census tract. A hierarchical Bayesian model was used to obtain the prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% credible intervals (CI). We analyzed the association between SGA and socioeconomic deprivation in each period for each city and for 3 age groups. The PR was above 1 and statistically significant for all 3 time periods in most of the 13 cities. The differences in PR between periods were only statistically significant for Madrid (PR = 1.56, 95% CI 1.48–1.65 for 1999–2003; PR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.19–1.38 for 2004–2008) and Barcelona (PR = 0.99, 95% CI 0.87–1.12 for 2004–2008; PR = 1.20, 95% CI 1.05–1.36 for 2009–2013). Socioeconomic inequalities in SGA births in small areas (census tracts) of most Spanish cities studied remained stable before and during the economic crisis.

Download Full-text