Selenium status of term infants fed human milk or selenite-supplemented soy formula

Our knowledge related to human milk proteins is still limited. The present study determined the changes in multiple human milk proteins during the first six months of lactation, investigated the influencing factors of milk proteins, and explored the impact of milk proteins on infant growth. A total of 105 lactating women and their full-term infants from China were prospectively surveyed in this research. Milk samples were collected at 1–5 days, 8–14 days, 1 month, and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of total protein and α-lactalbumin were measured in all milk samples, and concentrations of lactoferrin, osteopontin, total casein, β-casein, αs−1 casein, and κ-casein were measured in milk from 51 individuals using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The concentration of measured proteins in the milk decreased during the first six months of postpartum (p-trend < 0.001). Maternal age, mode of delivery, maternal education, and income impacted the longitudinal changes in milk proteins (p-interaction < 0.05). Concentrations of αs−1 casein in milk were inversely associated with the weight-for-age Z-scores of the infants (1 m: r −0.29, p 0.038; 6 m: r −0.33, p 0.020). In conclusion, the concentration of proteins in milk decreased over the first six months postpartum, potentially influenced by maternal demographic and delivery factors. Milk protein composition may influence infant weights.

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WEIGHT GAINS IN THE FIRST FOUR WEEKS OF INFANCY: A COMPARISON OF THREE DIETS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.18.3.362 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 362-368

Author(s):

Ruth T. Gross ◽

Lincoln E. Moses

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Statistical Methods ◽

Full Term ◽

Clinical Judgement ◽

Careful Selection ◽

Term Infants ◽

Weight Gains ◽

The Many ◽

Selection Of

Four hundred seven healthy, full-term infants were divided into three groups and fed, respectively, a formula of evaporated milk and water with 5% carbohydrate; human milk; and a special modified evaporated milk designed to simulate human milk. No other foods were added to the diet. A comparison of the three groups was made, based on weight gains from birth to the end of the first 4 weeks. The conclusions refer only to weight gains; no attempt was made to determine the superiority of any particular diet. The data show no significant differences in the 4-week weight gains among the three groups of infants, although sensitive statistical methods could be validly applied to the problem. These methods are explained. The authors wish to emphasize the many variables which must be taken into account in a study of this sort; the necessity for careful selection of valid statistical methods; the importance of critical clinical judgement in the evaluation of the results.

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Dietary Nucleotide Effects upon Immune Function in Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.88.2.359 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 359-363

Author(s):

Jane D. Carver ◽

Bernardo Pimentel ◽

William I. Cox ◽

Lewis A. Barness

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Immune Function ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Killer Cell ◽

Interleukin 2 ◽

Nonprotein Nitrogen ◽

Term Infants ◽

Group Rate ◽

Breast Fed ◽

Normal Immune Function

Nucleotide (NT) nitrogen, a component of nonprotein nitrogen, accounts for approximately 0.1% to 0.15% of the total nitrogen content of human milk. The results of studies in animals indicate that dietary NTs may be required for maintenance of normal immune function. Thirty-seven healthy term infants were either breast-fed (n = 9) or fed SMA formula supplemented with 33 mg of NTs per liter (n = 13, NT+) or standard SMA formula (n = 15; NT-). At 2 months of age, natural killer cell percent cytotoxicity was significantly higher in the breast-fed and NT+ groups compared with the NT- group (41.7 ± 4.7, 32.2 ± 3.4, 21.7 ± 2.2%, respectively). Interleukin-2 production by stimulated mononuclear cells was higher in the NT+ compared with the NT- group at 2 months of age (0.90 ± 0.28 U/mL, 0.27 ± 0.11 U/mL, respectively); neither formula-fed group differed significantly from the breast-fed group. Rate of growth and incidence and severity of infections did not differ significantly among dietary groups. Nucleotides may be a component of human milk that contributes to the enhanced immunity of the breast-fed infant.

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Amino Acid Metabolism in Human Milk-Fed and Formula-Fed Term Infants

Protein and Non-Protein Nitrogen in Human Milk ◽

10.1201/9780367812805-13 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 173-186

Author(s):

Thomas A. Picone ◽

John D. Benson ◽

William C. MacLean ◽

Henry S. Sauls

Keyword(s):

Amino Acid ◽

Human Milk ◽

Amino Acid Metabolism ◽

Acid Metabolism ◽

Term Infants

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Commentary on Breast-Feeding and Infant Formulas, Including Proposed Standards for Formulas

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.57.2.278 ◽

1976 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 278-285

Author(s):

Lewis A. Barness ◽

Alvin M. Mauer ◽

Malcolm A. Holliday ◽

Arnold S. Anderson ◽

Peter R. Dallman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Good Growth ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Special Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Excess Lead ◽

Milk Substitute ◽

Mineral Levels

This statement proposes recommendations toward increasing the practice of breast feeding. Specific recommendations made for standards of infant formulas as to calorie, protein, fat, vitamin, and mineral levels apply to both milk-based and milk-substitute infant formulas. Such formulas, when used in place of breast-feeding, must supply most or all of the nutrients infants require during the first weeks or months of life. The minimum levels of nutrients per 100 kcal recommended for formulas provide good growth and development in healthy, full-term infants; distinct hazards may be encountered at levels below these. However, no significant advantage is to be gained by providing levels in excess of these minima in normal infants. Recommendations for maximum levels are made only where quantities in excess lead to toxicity; generally, levels near the minima recommended are most desirable because they are the most likely to reflect the composition of human milk, and the least likely to result in any undesirable nutrient to nutrient interaction. The recommendations also can be used as reference standards for formulas for special dietary uses of "medical" formulas. The Committee recommends that "medical" formulas be classified by FDA into a special group under the paragraph dealing with infant formulas.

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Use of a Novel Human Milk-Based Fortifier in Term Infants with Surgical Congenital Gastrointestinal Disorders Improves Growth at Discharge

10.1542/peds.147.3_meetingabstract.329-a ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sarah M. Tweddell ◽

Maria E. Barbian ◽

Heidi Karpen

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽

Term Infants

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Dietary Protein Source and Plasma Lipid Profiles of Infants

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.85.4.548 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 85 (4) ◽

pp. 548-552

Author(s):

Emily Tseng ◽

Susan M. Potter ◽

Mary Frances Picciano

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Human Milk ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

Plasma Cholesterol ◽

Plasma Lipid ◽

Lipid Profiles ◽

Plasma Triglyceride ◽

Term Infants ◽

Cholesterol Levels ◽

The Impact

Total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were measured in plasma samples taken at 4 and 8 weeks of age from 40 full-term infants who had been fed either human milk or one of three formulas containing casein-to-whey ratios of 82:18, 66:34, or 50:50 to investigate whether dietary protein influenced the development of plasma lipid profiles. Infants fed the formula with the casein-to-whey ratio of 82:18 had significantly higher plasma cholesterol levels at both 4 and 8 weeks of age compared with other groups of infants (P < .05). Infants fed the high-casein formula also showed an increase in plasma cholesterol levels with time (P < .001). Plasma triglyceride concentrations decreased as concentration of casein decreased (P < .05) among the formula-fed groups and increased with time. Infants fed human milk had plasma triglyceride concentrations similar to those infants who had been fed the 82:18 formula at 4 weeks of age; however, triglyceride concentrations eventually fell and were similar to those concentrations in infants who had been fed the 50:50 formula at 8 weeks of age. Results indicate that constituent lipids of human milk or formulas were not determining factors for changes observed in plasma cholesterol levels and triglyceride concentrations among groups. Since formulas differed only in proteins and their constituent amino acids, further investigation of the impact of dietary protein (amino acids) on development of blood lipid profiles in infants is warranted.

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Maximizing Nutrient Availability for the Breastfed Infant Through Colonization with B. Infantis EVC001 (FS04-04-19)

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzz048.fs04-04-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Tracy Shafizadeh ◽

Steve Frese ◽

Giorgio Casaburi

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Nutrient Availability ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Breastfed Infant ◽

Control Group ◽

Term Infants ◽

Fecal Samples ◽

Infant Gut Microbiome

Abstract Objectives Human breastmilk contains complete nutrient composition required for the developing infant, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). These complex carbohydrates are indigestible by the infant alone, and require digestion by gut microbes, namely Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis). However, decades of C-section delivery, formula feeding and increasing exposure to antibiotics have contributed the loss of this critical infant-associated gut bacterium in developed countries. Therefore, restoring B. infantis to the infant gut was hypothesized to improve the nutritional utilization of human breastmilk in healthy term infants. Methods In an open trial, healthy, exclusively breastfed term infants were fed 1.8 × 1010 CFU B. infantis EVC001 daily from day 7–27 postnatal (n = 34; EVC001-fed), or breastmilk alone (n = 32; control group). Fecal samples, milk samples, and weekly self-reported data were collected and analyzed for infant gut microbiome composition and function, human milk oligosaccharide composition, and fecal metabolites. 16S rRNA sequencing and shotgun metagenome sequencing provided characterization of microbial communities from birth through 60 days postnatal. Results Infants fed B. infantis EVC001 were uniformly colonized with this organism at 1011 CFU/g feces, while infants in the control group had a median total Bifidobacterium level below 10^5 CFU/g feces, despite exclusive breastfeeding. Mass spectrometry of fecal samples from B. infantis EVC001-fed infants showed that the resulting microbial community produced higher concentrations of lactate and acetate and lower excretion of HMO, while control infants showed significantly lower ability to capture and utilize these carbohydrates from human milk. Importantly, HMO content of breastmilk was not significantly different between groups and no difference was found in the gut microbiome of infants based on secretor status of mothers (presence or absence of 2’FL in breastmilk). Further, these changes were associated with reductions in taxa that have been associated with negative health outcomes including colic, asthma, eczema and allergy. Conclusions Overall, colonization with B. infantis is observed to be an effective way to restore maximal function of the infant gut microbiome to improve nutrient availability in the breastfed infant. Funding Sources This study was funded by Evolve BioSystems, Inc.

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Influence of Early Lactation Assistance on Inpatient Exclusive Breastfeeding Rates

Journal of Human Lactation ◽

10.1177/0890334420957967 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 089033442095796

Author(s):

Keyaria D. Gray ◽

Emily A. Hannon ◽

Elizabeth Erickson ◽

Ariana B. Stewart ◽

Charles T. Wood ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Private Insurance ◽

Feeding Preference ◽

Feeding Rates ◽

Term Infants ◽

Lactation Consultant ◽

Childhood Illnesses ◽

Healthy Infants ◽

Birth Hospitalization ◽

Milk Feeding

Background Human milk feeding reduces the incidence and costs of several maternal and childhood illnesses. Initiation and success of human milk feeding are influenced by race, socioeconomic status, and family support. The influence of early in-hospital lactation assistance in breastfeeding success has been not well described. Research aims We aimed to determine how suspected known factors influencing breastfeeding success influence in-hospital human milk feeding rates. Second, we aimed to examine how timing of lactation assistance is related to success of human milk feeding during the newborn hospitalization for healthy infants. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of term infants born between January 1, 2014 and December 31, 2016 at a large tertiary academic hospital. We considered “success” to be 100% human milk feeding during the birth hospitalization, and compared differences in success by demographics, payor, race, and initial feeding preference. Influences of lactation assistance on success were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. Results Mean success with exclusive human milk feeding among 7,370 infants was 48.9%, ( n = 3,601). Successful participants were more likely to be 39–40 weeks’ gestation (64.9%, n = 2,340), non-Hispanic/non-Latino (80.0%, n = 2,882), and using private insurance (69.2%, n = 2,491). Participants who had early feeding assisted by an International Board Certified Lactation Consultant (IBCLC) before being fed any formula were more likely to be successful than participants who had a feeding assisted by a non-IBCLC nurse (80% vs. 40% respectively). Conclusions Success for exclusive human milk feeding during newborn hospitalization is strongly associated with several factors. Early intervention with IBCLCs can greatly improve breastfeeding success.

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