The emergence of high-level peace in post-1945 Western Europe: nationalism, democracy, hegemony, and regional integration

2009 ◽  
pp. 337-368
Author(s):  
Benjamin Miller
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
High Level

The Awkwardness of Australian Engagement with Asia: The Dilemmas of Australian Idea of Regionalism

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
BAOGANG HE
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Regional Institutions ◽  
International Power ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
High Level ◽  
Pacific Community

AbstractAustralia has experienced difficulties engaging with Asia-Pacific regional integration. Despite Australian attempts to punch above its weight in regional forums and to be a regional leader, it is still not regarded as a full member or as quite fitting into the region. It is an ‘awkward partner’ in the Asian context, and has experienced the ‘liminality’ of being neither here nor there. The former Rudd government's proposal for an ‘Asia Pacific Community’ (APC) by the year 2020 was a substantive initiative in Australia's ongoing engagement with Asia. It has, however, attracted a high level of criticism both at home and abroad. The main critical analysis of the proposal has focused on institutional building or architecture, or its relationship with existing regional institutions, but overlooks a host of often fraught questions about culture, norms, identities, and international power relations. The APC concept needs to be scrutinized in terms of these questions with a critical eye. This paper examines the cultural, cognitive, and normative dimensions of Rudd's proposal. It analyses four dilemmas or awkward problems that the APC faces.

The Winter Sport Tourism Product

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Simon Hudson ◽  
Louise Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Sport Tourism ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Winter Sport ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Sport Activities ◽  
Ski Areas ◽  
High Level ◽  
International Visitors ◽  
The U.S

Winter sport activities. As mentioned in Chapter 1, the focus of this book is on the winter sports of skiing and snowboarding, and as previously noted, there are approximately 120 million ski and snowboarders worldwide, with nearly a third of those coming from Western Europe. Figure 2.1 shows the distribution of skiers and boarders by region of origin. The share of international visitors is less than one sixth of partici- pants, with the international flow of skiers and boarders primarily restricted to Europe. Overseas visitors in the U.S., for example, represented just 3.8 per cent of total skier visits in 2012/13. Although some countries have very few ski areas, they are still, like the Netherlands and the U.K., significant outbound markets, sending around one million skiers and boarders each to the mountains every winter. France, Germany, Japan and the U.S. have the biggest domestic ski and snowboard markets, each numbering between 11.5 and 13 million people. In terms of inbound visits, Austria leads the way, with over 34 million, followed by France with 15 million and Switzerland with 13.8 million. Meanwhile, countries with a high level of participation rates amongst domestic populations include Switzerland (37%), Austria (36%), Norway (25%), and Finland (24%). Interestingly, only 4.3 per cent of the population in the U.S. takes to the mountains each winter. Table 2.1 lists the countries that receive over one million skier visits, along with participation rates as a percentage of their population.

Socio-Communicative Approach to the Borrowing in the Ukrainian Tax Terminology

2019 ◽  
pp. 212-220
Author(s):  
Olena Chorna
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
National Language ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Scientific Language ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Integral System ◽  
Language System ◽  
Scientific Terminology ◽  
High Level

The influence of scientific terminology on the formation of the national language is manifested in the expansion of the terminological vocabulary of the Ukrainian language at the expense of words associated with new types of mental and practical activity, in interaction with the lexical system of living, spoken language, in categorical differentiation of lexemes (belonging to different categories – names processes, objects, phenomena, individuals, institutions), in the formation of the first system formations on the disparate terms basis. Tax terminology belongs to the ancient layers of the lexical system, its formation depends on many linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. The functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and ordering were the least studied of Ukrainian Linguistic issues. The least studied in linguistic-Ukrainian studies were the questions of the functioning of the tax vocabulary as a certain integral system, its development and organization. The analysis of the historical background of economic activity in the Ukrainian language aspect, is closely linked to the Ukrainian political history. In addition, we take into account the geopolitical situation that arose as a result of the distribution of Ukrainian lands for several centuries between different states, where Ukrainians followed to legislations of these countries, where the rights and status of the Ukrainian language manifested itself in different ways. Different linguistic and political orientations of the regions of Ukraine had influenced on the formation of the tax terminology on the Dnieper and Dniester territories. As follows, there were extralinguistic factors of analyzed terms borrowing which had the main influence on the process, such as: Integration processes in science, the high level of development of this science-applied discipline in the countries of Western Europe. The long existence of Ukraine in conditions of economic, socio-political and cultural dependence on neighbouring states. As a result of the historical and political factors, the stages of free, natural development of terminology, dominance in all spheres of special language, specifically Ukrainian vocabulary, as alternating with the stages of artificial Russification, polonization or Germanization of the economic vocabulary of the Ukrainian language with parallel withdrawal from the circulation of terms created on its own linguistic basis. The sources of the Ukrainian tax terminology were such languages as Latin, Greek, French, German, Lithuanian, Italian, English, Turkish, Arabic, Polish. The situation of uncertainty and ambiguity of approaches that has developed in Ukraine in the field of scientific language (scientific style in general) requires serious linguistic analysis and developing of specific recommendations for the creation and use of terms due to their solidity in science and the language, convenience, and the correspondence of the Ukrainian language system. That is why particular importance is the question of the correlation of the national language and foreign languages terms, the role of borrowing in the system of development modern Ukrainian terminology. The best option is to use national terms if they correspond to the optimal aesthetic, linguistic and cultural characteristics, psychological characteristics. The situation of uncertainty ambiguity of approaches which has developed in Ukraine in the field of the scientific language, (the scientific style in general),needs serious linguistic analysis and making specific recommendations as for creating and using terms, considering on their solidity in science and language, convenience, compliance with the Ukrainian language system.

International Monetary Fund

1954 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-582
Keyword(s):  
International Monetary Fund ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Board Of Governors ◽  
Domestic Capital ◽  
General Improvement ◽  
High Level

The Annual Report of the Executive Directors of the International Monetary Fund for the fiscal year ended April 30, 1954, was transmitted to the Chairman of the Board of Governors on July 1, 1954. During the period under review, the report noted, important steps toward currency convertibility had been taken in several countries, notably Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, the Netherlands, and United Kingdom; restrictions on dollar imports had been lightened, exports of domestic capital had been freer, and more reliance had been placed on the regulative powers of the price mechanism. The easing of restrictions had gone hand in hand with an improvement in the world balance of payments equilibrium, and a reversal, during 1953, of the downward trend in the volume of world trade which had appeared early in 1952. Sound fiscal and monetary policies had improved the competitive position of Europe which had experienced more stable prices and less inflationary pressure; the report cautioned that the coincidence, up to mid-1953, of a high level of business activity in the United States with slack demand conditions in western Europe had been a purely fortuitous aid in improving the latter's balance of payments position. Progress toward convertibility had been made possible by a general improvement in economic conditions; however, problems would be involved in taking further steps toward convertibility. Among these were: 1) the problem of controlling international movements of capital, and 2) the importance of having countries whose balance of payments position was weak, as well as those with a stronger position, move concurrently towards convertibility.

Stress in first-year Egyptian and Saudi female medical students: a cross cultural comparison

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1583-1583
Author(s):  
M. Amr ◽  
A.-H. El-Gilany ◽  
M. El-Wasify
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
First Year ◽  
Saudi Students ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Level

IntroductionCollege students, especially freshmen, are particularly prone to stress due to the transitional nature of college life. However most of studies in this context were conducted in Western Europe and North America with only few recent studies conducted in the Arab world. This study sought to determine whether there was a difference in perceived stress levels of female medical students at Mansoura University, Egypt, and King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia.MethodsThe sample consisted of first year female medical students. The self-reported questionnaire covered four categories, including 13 items, of sources of stress (stressors).Perceived stress scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to measure stress, anxiety and depression.ResultsThere is no significant difference between the two groups regarding number of stressors. However, Saudi students were more likely to cite emotional problems, excessive workload and fear of future. The most common items in Egyptian students were financial and environmental problems. Prevalence of stress and clinical anxiety was higher in the Saudi sample. Logistic regression analyses of independent predictors of high level of stress among both groups combined were Saudi nationality, larger family size, clinical depression and clinical anxiety.ConclusionsPerceived stress and anxiety are frequent among Saudi students. This information could be useful in designing preventive mental health programs that should be an integral part of the routine clinical facilities caring for medical students to help them to cope with the increasing demands of medical education.

Pepper Prices Before Da Gama

1968 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 590-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic C. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Price Rise ◽  
The West ◽  
Half Century ◽  
High Level

The opinion that spice prices rose in Europe in the century before 1492 and that that had something to do with Europe's oceanic expansion is remarkably persistent, in spite of the blow delivered to it by A. H. Lybyer more than a half-century ago. A distinct drop, however, in the price of spices, and particularly of pepper, between the decades 1420-1430 and 1440-1450 is indicated by a recent study of Antwerp prices, which thus reinforces the suggestion of older scattered figures from Navarre, England, and Klosterneuburg (Vienna). Pepper fell about 50 percent in that interval and did not return to its former high level until after 1498. In view of Venice's preeminent position in the trade in those decades, Venice is the obvious place to look for the source of a decline of prices generally in the West. Wholesale prices of pepper at Venice, 1363-1510, drawn mainly from diaries, merchants' account books, and letters, are shown in the accompanying Table 1. This explains the fall in prices in northern and western Europe. After selling at between 83 and 157 ducats per cargo in 1411-1426, pepper prices at Venice fell to 50 in 1432 and drifted lower in the 1440's and 1470's, occasionally even going below 40. Rarely did the price rise above 55 ducats a cargo until the interruption of Venetian voyages by the war with the Ottoman Turks in 1499.

The Preparation, Modification and Applications of Nonfunctional Liquid Polybutadienes

1981 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Luxton
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Polymerization Process ◽  
Subsequent Stage ◽  
Polymer Backbone ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
High Level

Abstract This review will be restricted to the applications of liquid polybutadienes (BR) which, as prepared, are devoid of functional groups other than the unsaturation left after polymerization. These products should not be confused with the so called telechelic BRs in which terminal functional groups are deliberately introduced during preparation. The preparative techniques and applications relating to the latter polymers have been described both by French and more recently by Athey. For many applications, it is necessary to introduce functional groups into the “nonfunctional” liquid BRs as a subsequent stage to polymerization. However, such chemical modification is often carried out to yield a relatively high level of functionality and, more significantly, the functional groups are randomly distributed along the polymer backbone. Therefore, there is still a clear distinction between chemically modified, nonfunctional BRs and the telechelic polymers. Whereas the latter have often been included under the “liquid rubber” classification, this term would be incorrect for the nonfunctional BRs with respect to the majority of their applications. Liquid BRs are not a new range of materials. To the writer's knowledge the first commercial liquid BR to be produced by a polymerization process was Plastikator 32. This polymer was produced in Germany, apparently from about 1925. Between about 1950 and the mid-1960s many of the major polymer producing companies developed production techniques and investigated the applications of liquid BRs. However, with the notable exceptions of Du pont's “Budium” and the Richardson Co.'s “Ricon” range (formerly known as Enjay Buton and now manufactured by Colorado Chemicals Specialities Inc.), they did not become fully commercial. It was not until the late 1960s and early 1970s that liquid BRs achieved significant commercial tonnages. This was largely associated with the advent, in Western Europe and Japan, of the use of liquid BRs as the feedstock for electrodeposition primers for car bodies and for chlorinated rubber paints and inks. A reasonable estimate for annual production of liquid BRs in the mid-1970s would be between 8000 and 15 000 (tons.) This ready commercial availability of liquid BRs, encompassing a wide range of microstructure and molecular weight (M.W.) has prompted an equally wide ranging evaluation of their potential applications. It is impossible to define a M.W. above which a BR is no longer construed as being a liquid. BRs up to a M.W. around 50×103 have been included in this loose definition, but the most common range is 1×103−10×103. Apart from M.W. and molecular weight distribution, M.W.D., the viscosity of a BR is very dependent upon the polymer structure. The same parameters which affect viscosity also have a strong influence on the chemical modification and application properties of liquid BRs. Previous articles describing applications of liquid BRs have tended to concentrate on products having a particular type of microstructure. Since the technique of preparation often controls the microstructure and M.W.D., it is relevant to describe aspects of the preparation and chemical modification as a prelude to discussing the applications of liquid BRs.

scholarly journals Volatility Spillover Effects in European Equity Markets

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lieven Baele
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Regime Switching ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Equity Markets ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Equity Market ◽  
Monetary Integration ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
European Equity

AbstractThis paper investigates to what extent globalization and regional integration lead to increasing equity market interdependence. I focus on Western Europe, as this region has gone through a unique period of economic, financial, and monetary integration. More specifically, I quantify the magnitude and time-varying nature of volatility spillovers from the aggregate European (EU) and U.S. market to 13 local European equity markets. To account for time-varying integration, I use a regime-switching model to allow the shock sensitivities to change over time. I find regime switches to be both statistically and economically important. Both the EU and U.S. shock spillover intensity increased substantially over the 1980s and 1990s, though the rise is more pronounced for EU spillovers. Shock spillover intensities increased most strongly in the second half of the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. I show that increased trade integration, equity market development, and low inflation contribute to the increase in EU shock spillover intensity. I also find evidence for contagion from the U.S. market to a number of local European equity markets during periods of high world market volatility.

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