Learning from Experiment: Unio Freshwater Mussel Shells in Fifth-millennium bc Romania

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Monica Mărgărit ◽  
Valentin Radu ◽  
Valentina Voinea
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Experimental Programme ◽  
Domestic Activities ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Mussel Shells

Raw materials from aquatic environments were systematically used for domestic activities even before the appearance of modern humans. Here, the authors analyse the possible use of freshwater mussel valves of the Unio species, whose surfaces preserve marks resulting from their use. They consider the ways in which wear develops on these valves, starting from the comparison between archaeological exemplars and experimental pieces. An experimental programme was developed to record variables such as the procurement of the raw material, the processing of various materials, and the time needed for each operation. Experimental pieces were assessed to document how use-wear develops. The archaeological assemblage from the site of Cheia in Romania (Hamangia culture, fifth millennium cal bc) served as a case study to illustrate the relevance of the results.

Gold Prospecting With Factorial Cokriging In The Limousin, France

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Wackernagel ◽  
Henri Sanguinetti
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Shear Zones ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Strict Sense ◽  
Geological Interpretation ◽  
Geological Body ◽  
Geostatistical Methods ◽  
Geological Phenomenon

In geochemical prospecting for gold a major difficulty is that many values are below the chemical detection limit. Tracers for gold thus play an important role in the evaluation of multivariate geochemical data. In this case study we apply geostatistical methods presented in Wackernagel (1988) to multielement exploration data from a prospect near Limoges, France. The analysis relies upon a metallogenetic model by Bonnemaison and Marcoux (1987, 1990) describing auriferous mineralization in shear zones of the Limousin. The aim of geochemical exploration is to find deposits of raw materials. What is a deposit? It is a geological anomaly which has a significant average content of a given raw material and enough spatial extension to have economic value. The geological body denned by an anomaly is generally buried at a specific depth and may be detectable at the surface through indices. These indices, which we shall call superficial anomalies, are disposed in three manners: at isolated locations, along faults, and as dispersion halos. These two definitions of the word "anomaly" correspond to a vision of the geological phenomenon in its full continuity. Yet in exploration geochemistry only a discrete perception of the phenomenon is possible through samples taken along a regularly meshed grid. A superficial anomaly thus can be apprehended by one or several samples or it can escape the grip of the geochemist when it is located between the nodes of the mesh. A geochemical anomaly, in the strict sense, only exists at the nodes of the sampling grid and we shall distinguish between: a pointwise anomaly defined on a single sample, and a groupwise anomaly defined on several neighboring samples. This distinction is important both upstream, for the geological interpretation of geochemical measurements, and downstream, at the level of geostatistical manipulation of the data. It will condition an exploration strategy on the basis of the data representations used in this case study. A pointwise anomaly, i.e., a high, isolated value of the material being sought, will correspond either to a geological phenomenon of limited extent or to a well hidden deposit.

scholarly journals Method for Quantifying Supply and Demand of Construction Minerals in Urban Regions—A Case Study of Hanoi and Its Hinterland

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4358
Author(s):  
Georg Schiller ◽  
Tamara Bimesmeier ◽  
Anh T.V. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Material Flow Analysis ◽  
Resource Efficiency ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Urban Structures

Urbanization is a global trend: Since 2007 more than 50% of the world’s population have been living in urban areas, and rates of urbanization are continuing to rise everywhere. This growth in urbanization has led to an increased demand for natural resources, in particular non-metallic minerals such as stones, sand and clay, which account for one third of the entire flow of materials. Generally, these materials are traded within regional markets. This close geographical link between the demand for building materials in urban areas and the material supply in the hinterland leads to massive interventions in the natural environment and landscape. These urban–rural linkages can be revealed by applying Material Flow Analysis (MFA) to the built environment in order to trace the flows of building materials. The objective of this paper is to present a method for quantifying regional material flows by considering the supply and demand of building materials. This will be applied to the Vietnamese case study area of Hanoi and its hinterland province Hoa Binh. The results indicate a consumption of almost 60% of the construction mineral reserves in total secured by planning in the hinterland province considering a period of 15 years. However, this does not allow for the general conclusion that raw materials are sufficiently available. The sand reservoirs are only sufficient for eight years and clay reserves are used up after four years. This increases the need to exploit further raw material reserves, which are becoming increasingly scarce and results in stronger interventions in nature In order to safeguard the hinterland from the negative impacts of urbanization, a new understanding of resource efficiency is needed—one that acknowledges both resource efficiency in the construction of urban structures and appropriate resource conservation in the provision of the raw materials from the hinterland. This will require the creation of new integrated planning approaches between urban and regional planning authorities. Regional MFA is one way of realising such an approach.

scholarly journals Primary reduction technology in the Sukhaya Mechetka site assemblage

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-99
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Kolesnik ◽  
◽  
Aleksandr Otcherednoy ◽  
Kseniia Stepanova ◽  
Aleksei Danilchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Complete Sequence ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Middle Paleolithic ◽  
Lower Volga Region ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Geological Position

The Sukhaya Mechetka site in the Lower Volga region being widely known due to the unique preservation of cultural remains, their clear geological position and a rich set of tools has long become a kind of icon of the Middle Paleolithic of Eastern Europe. Improtantly the site was excavated over a wide area (about 650 square meters). During the excavation an assemblage of stone items including more than 350 tools, cores and about 10,000 flint and quartzite flakes of various types was collected. The neogene flint and the paleogene quartzite were used as raw materials approximately equally. According to our observations almost all available and suitable for processing stone rocks that were carried to the site as nodules, blocks, fragments and flakes were intensively used. Raw materials were collected in the immediate vicinity of the site. The signals of raw materials shortage and significant depth of its processing were detected. The distribution of the products of flint and quartzite raw materials on the site is irregular. Primary knapping was carried out according to typical Middle Paleolithic technologies. A small series of stone hammers display specific patterns of their use-wear. The cores and the flakes produced with these hammers were found. The complete sequence of preparation and flaking from the pre-cores to the residual forms has been documented. The shortage of high-quality raw material resulted in extremely complete usage of the most cores. Additionally many residual forms have been used for making tools. The cores can be divided into radial, cuboid and Levallois samples.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PENGGUNAAN PENDEKATAN TARGET DAN KAIZEN COSTING TERHADAP UPAYA MENGURANGI BIAYA PRODUKSI

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Budi Lesmana
Keyword(s):  
Cost Reduction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Target Costing ◽  
Small Step ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Waste Elimination ◽  
Study Type

The research is divided into an understanding of the target costing, understanding of the Kaizen costing, and to which the outcome is to be obtained using the target and Kaizen costing. The study combines costing targets with costing kaizen for cost reduction. This research is a type of descriptive research with the case study type at PT. Victory Garmintex. The research at PT. Victory Garmintex begins with determining the objectives, namely the business of Kaizen based on the price that the consumer wants to pay and should be achieved. Once it is started to identify and eliminate waste. The result is the elimination of waste and minimized waste; Use of raw materials, raw material supplies, packaging processes, packing processes, and waste of work, and the extravagance of transportation. The final step is to evaluate the implementation of Kaizen costing. Evaluation is done by comparing the actual earned savings achieved with the objectives set at the beginning.  The results of the evaluation showed PT. Victory Garmintex has managed to reduce the company's production costs using the target costing and kaizen costing. Keywords: Costing target, kaizen costing, cost reduction, waste, elimination of waste, small step   Penelitian ini terbagi dalam pemahaman tentang target costing, pemahaman tentang kaizen costing dan sejauh mana hasil yang bakal diperoleh dengan menggunakan target dan kaizen costing. Penelitian ini menggabungkan antara target costing dengan kaizen costing untuk pengurangan biaya. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian deskriptif  dengan  jenis  studi kasus pada PT. Victory Garmintex. Penelitian di PT. Victory Garmintex, diawali dengan menentukan tujuan, yaitu usaha kaizen yang berdasarkan harga yang ingin dibayarkan konsumen dan harus dicapai. Setelah itu dimulailah mengidentifikasi dan mengeliminasi pemborosan. Hasilnya adalah dieliminasinya pemborosan dan diminimumkannya pemborosan; pemakaian bahan baku, persediaan bahan baku, proses pengemasan, proses pengepakan, serta pemborosan gerak kerja, dan pemborosan transportasi. Langkah terakhir yang dilakukan adalah mengevaluasi implementasi kaizen costing. Evaluasi dilakukan dengan membandingkan penghematan aktual yang berhasil diperoleh dengan tujuan yang telah ditetapkan di awal.  Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan PT. Victory Garmintex telah berhasil mengurangi biaya produksi perusahaan dengan menggunakan target costing dan kaizen costing. Kata Kunci:  target costing, kaizen costing, pengurangan biaya, pemborosan, eliminasi pemborosan, langkah kecil

scholarly journals Model of Multi Product Classification with Regular Demand on Inventory System in a Raw Material Supply Company

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 170-178
Author(s):  
Tri Febrion ◽  
Joniarto Parung
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Actual Condition ◽  
Lead Times ◽  
Alternative Product ◽  
Product Classification ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
Distribution Company ◽  
The Right

The right strategy in inventory is the main point in maintaining adequate and guaranteed supply continuity. Inventory strategies are becoming important but complex when the number of items that must be prepared is increasing. In this regard, it is necessary to analyze the product groupings in several classifications. Prioritized products receive special attention.The same problem is faced by PT PEKA, an import raw material distribution company that has nearly 2000 product items. Based on data demand is known, that the company's demand does not have a fixed pattern. Many products have regular and irregular demand, even the number of regular demand is very volatile. Companies often experience excess stock or vice versa due to lack of stock demand according to predictions, long lead times and product self-life that varies. Related to this, alternative product groupings or classifications are needed in accordance with company conditions. The company currently has frozen and unfrozen products, has items made from natural and non-natural raw materials and has a short and relatively long lead time.PT. PEKA groups products in various stages, which lead to a combination of ABC and XYZ classifications. Demand of priority items generated from the grouping is then forecast according to the model that gives the smallest MSE / MAD. Furthermore, a case study was carried out to calculate the Total Relevance Cost (TRC) from the calculation results to be compared with the real TRC. TRC according to the classification results was Rp. 1,293,370,148, - lower than the actual condition TRC, which amounted to Rp. 1,805,887,874, -

scholarly journals Controlling Vaname Shrimp (Litopenaeus Vannamei) Raw Material Inventories (Case Study at PT. Grahamakmur Ciptapratama Sidoarjo)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Iffan Maflahah ◽  
Amalia Wahyu Pratiwi ◽  
Asfan
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Inventory Cost ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
Point Analysis ◽  
Planning Technique ◽  
Frozen Shrimp ◽  
Red Ginger

Raw material inventory control is used to place orders and ensure that shrimp raw materials arrive in a timely manner in accordance with consumer demand. This will expedite the course of the production process. This research was conducted at PT. Grahamakmur Ciptapratama Sidoarjo with the aim of knowing and analyzing the control of raw red ginger in frozen shrimp products. The method used is the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Method with the Lot For Lot (LFL) Technique. In addition, safety stock analysis, Maximum Inventory, warehouse capacity and Reorder Point analysis were carried out. The results of the study showed that inventory costs using the EOQ technique were lower than the company method or using the LFL technique. The EOQ technique produces an inventory cost of IDR 292,591.00 in 2017 with an order frequency of 105 times and in 2018 of IDR 289,750.00 with a booking frequency of 116 times. In the LFL technique inventory costs are more expensive, but the planning technique in the LFL method can be applied by companies in anticipation of raw material inventory if there is a small inventory. If the company applies the EOQ method, the company purchases raw materials in a larger amount, but the warehouse capacity in the company can still be met, this can be seen from the calculation of Maximum Inventory and warehouse capacity.

scholarly journals Personal adornments from the Eneolithic necropolis of Chirnogi-Suvita Iorgulescu (Romania):

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 398-413
Author(s):  
Monica Margarit ◽  
Madalina Dimache
Keyword(s):  
Sus Scrofa ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Technological Transformation ◽  
Perforated Plates ◽  
Use Wear ◽  
High Terrace ◽  
The One ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Over Time

The Necropolis of Chirnogi – Suvita Iorgulescu (Calarasi county) was located on the high terrace of the Danube and was investigated by Done Serba˘nescu (in 1989) by means of the archaeological excavations carried out for the construction of the Danube-Bucharest Channel. For this study, we analysed the archaeological assemblage preserved in the Museum of Gumelnita civilization from Oltenita (Calarasi county) coming from 10 graves, out of a total of 58, which are attributed to the Gumelnita culture (the second half of the 5th millennium BC). The personal adornments are mainly bracelets made of Spondylus valve (16 specimens) which appear in most of the graves, along with an equal number of perforated plates made of Sus scrofa canine, this time the pieces being grouped into two graves. The funeral inventory is complemented by small cylindrical, tubular or biconvex beads, made of various raw materials: Spondylus valve, bone, malachite, cooper and green slate. At the technical level, attention is drawn towards the technological transformation scheme of the raw material, which is extremely uniform for the two main categories of ornaments. Also, the analysed pieces showed different degrees of use-wear, demonstrating on the one hand that they were worn before the deposition in graves, and on the other that the accumulationof these items took place over time.

scholarly journals Inventory Policy Control Using a Continuous Review Model Based on Information Systems: A Case Study in a Restaurant Industry

OPSI ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 154
Author(s):  
Ichsan Sarafi ◽  
Laila Nafisah ◽  
Ahmad Muhsin
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Restaurant Industry ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Optimal Order ◽  
Continuous Review ◽  
Iterative Calculation ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Review Model

The development of information technology has become a necessity for every company, one of which is the optimization of inventory planning. The joint warehouse owned by the Chickenpedia Restaurant which has to supply various types of raw materials to the three restaurant branches often experiences stock outs and has to make emergency orders resulting in losses. For this reason, it is necessary to control the inventory of raw materials in the shared warehouse so that stock outs can be overcome and losses that arise can be minimized. One of them is by using the Continuous Review method. By using this method, the optimal order quantity and reorder point will be obtained. The weakness is iterative calculation and monitoring of raw material stock manually. For this reason, it is necessary to support an information system to speed up and make it easier to calculate when to place an order and how many orders of raw materials to suppliers so as to reduce the occurrence of running out of raw materials. The Information System can also monitor the stock of raw materials every day in real time based on the number of incoming and outgoing goods that enter the application.

scholarly journals PENDAPATAN USAHA DAN PERSEDIAAN BAHAN BAKU INDUSTRI BAWANG GORENG (Studi Kasus Industri Bawang Goreng “Uda Saprudin”)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Herlena Bidi Astuti ◽  
Yesmawati Y ◽  
Linda Harta ◽  
Reswita R
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Inventory Costs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Total Inventory ◽  
C Value

Processing shallots into fried onions is one of the agro-industry businesses with the main raw material of shallots. The fried onion home industry is a downstreaming of agricultural commodities by providing added value from the raw materials of shallots, in the process of production competition the industry must conduct management that will produce raw materials to ensure obtaining products. The purpose of this study was to determine the operating income of fried onions and determine the management of raw materials in the "Uda Saprudin" fried onion industry in Bengkulu City. The method used in this study is the calculation of income, R / C ratio, and management of raw materials using EOQ, Safety Stock, Reorder Points, lead time and total inventory costs. This research is a case study conducted in February 2019 with the data used is the data of the past year (2018). From the research results obtained R / C value of 1.36 and the management of raw material requirements recognized EOQ value: 6.546 Kg, Reorder Point value: 6.329 Kg / Month, lead time: 0.5 months and Total inventory costs: Rp. 163,676,047 per year.

ANALISIS PENGENDALIAN PERSEDIAAN DENGAN METODE EOQ USAHA STAN KAYU SINAR SOWI KABUPATEN MANOKWARI

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 340
Author(s):  
Rizkyani Pratama ◽  
Yulius H Saptomo ◽  
Dirarini Sudarwadi
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Case Study Research ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Economic Order Quantity ◽  
Economic Order ◽  
Order Quantity ◽  
Inventory Cost ◽  
Total Inventory

Controlling and determining of inventory is an important thing in order to produce efficiently and able to make smooth sales. The purpose of this research is to know an analysis of controlling raw material inventoriesin the manufacture of brick by using Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method to increase efficiency of the total inventory costin Stan Kayu Sinar Sowi. The raw material of brick is rough sand and cements. Type of case study research through a qualitative approach by means of interviews, observation and documentation. Case study on a wood booth business in Manokwari, West Papua. The results of the study that the purchase of raw materials made by the company is considered less efficient, because company policies tend to cause expenditure to be greater in the amount of Rp.606,620,250 for 12 months (1 period), while using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method will issue a fee of Rp.550,712,500 for the same period. Using the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) method, the order quantity is higher and the order frequency will be lower, resulting in order cost savings and increasing the total inventory cost efficiency.

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