EPISTEMIC INVARIANTISM AND CONTEXTUALIST INTUITIONS

ABSTRACTEpistemic invariantism, or invariantism for short, is the position that the proposition expressed by knowledge sentences does not vary with the epistemic standard of the context in which these sentences can be used. At least one of the major challenges for invariantism is to explain our intuitions about scenarios such as the so-called bank cases. These cases elicit intuitions to the effect that the truth-value of knowledge sentences varies with the epistemic standard of the context in which these sentences can be used. In this paper, I will defend invariantism against this challenge by advocating the following, somewhat deflationary account of the bank case intuitions: Readers of the bank cases assign different truth-values to the knowledge claims in the bank cases because they interpret these scenarios such that the epistemic position of the subject in question differs between the high and the low standards case. To substantiate this account, I will argue, first, that the bank cases are underspecified even with respect to features that should uncontroversially be relevant for the epistemic position of the subject in question. Second, I will argue that readers of the bank cases will fill in these features differently in the low and the high standards case. In particular, I will argue that there is a variety of reasons to think that the fact that an error-possibility is mentioned in the high standards case will lead readers to assume that this error-possibility is supposed to be likely in the high standards case.

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Epistemic evaluation and the need for ‘impure’ epistemic standards

Synthese ◽

10.1007/s11229-020-02996-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nikola Anna Kompa

Keyword(s):

Context Sensitivity ◽

Epistemic Standard ◽

Epistemic Evaluation ◽

Knowledge Ascription ◽

Knowledge Ascriptions ◽

The Subject ◽

Epistemic Standards

AbstractThat knowledge ascriptions exhibit some form of sensitivity to context is uncontroversial. How best to account for the context-sensitivity at issue, however, is the topic of heated debates. A certain version of nonindexical contextualism seems to be a promising option. Even so, it is incumbent upon any contextualist account to explain in what way and to what extent the epistemic standard operative in a particular context of epistemic evaluation is affected by non-epistemic factors (such as practical interests). In this paper, I investigate how non-epistemic factors come into play when knowledge is ascribed. I argue that knowledge ascriptions often serve the purpose of providing actionable information. This, in turn, requires that epistemic interests be balanced against non-epistemic interests. Moreover, it raises the question of whose interests matter, those of the ascriber, the addressee (of the knowledge ascription), or the subject of ascription. Eventually, an answer to the question is suggested.

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Radiografers legemiddelhåndtering - en pilotstudie

Radiography Open ◽

10.7577/radopen.3103 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 13

Author(s):

Ola Hellingsrud Næss ◽

Martine Strand Aasand ◽

Albertina Rusandu

Keyword(s):

Organizational Development ◽

Learning Outcomes ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Professional Practice ◽

Knowledge And Skills ◽

Academic Level ◽

Level Of Knowledge ◽

The Subject ◽

High Standards

Innledning: Radiografiens fagområder er i konstant utvikling. Det setter krav til utdanningen til arbeidsgiver og til profesjonsutøveren som skal forsikre seg om at kunnskaper og ferdigheter er ajour, og at man holder høy standard fra første til siste arbeidsdag. Det er forsket lite på hvordan radiografene opplever om de har tilstrekkelig kunnskap og erfaring rundt legemiddelhåndteringen. Metode: En kvalitativ studie med observasjon av fem radiografer, som også inngikk i fokuserte intervjuer med hensikt å kartlegge opplevelser og vurderinger om sikkerheten i legemiddelhåndteringen, i yrkespraksisen. Resultater: Den daglige utførelsen av arbeidet vitner om trygghet i legemiddelhåndteringen, ved at håndterings-situasjoner preges av og høyt faglig kunnskapsnivå. Radiografene stiller seg likevel positive til mer jevnlig oppfølging, undervisning eller kursing ved arbeidsplassen, og diskusjoner om sikkerhet. Konklusjon: Radiografenes kunnskapsnivå innenfor legemiddellære erfares å være adekvat i henhold til målsettingen for emnet, i bachelor-utdanningen i radiografi. Imidlertid er dette en liten studie, og temaet bør følges opp videre. Abstract Introduction: The field of work in radiography is in constant development. This imposes requirements for both education, the professional practitioner herself, and for the employer who will ensure that knowledge and skills are up to date in order to maintain high standards at all times. Internationally organizational development and professional knowledge are continually calling for radiographer’s familiarization with the latest standards and techniques in this field. There has been little research on how radiographers experience if they have sufficient knowledge and experience in medication and drug administration. Method: A qualitative study with observation of five radiographers, who also participated in focused interviews aimed at mapping their experiences and assessments about the safety of drug administration in professional practice. Results: The observed performance of the radiographers´ work testifies to safe drug administration in that administration situations are characterized by a high academic level of knowledge. Still, radiographers are positive to more regular follow-up learning and/or training at the workplace, and discussions about drug administration safety. Conclusion: Radiographers' level of knowledge in the field of drug administration was found to be adequate according to the expected learning outcomes of the bachelor education in radiography. However, this is a small study, and the subject should be followed up further.

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ENRICHED INTERVAL BILATTICES AND PARTIAL MANY-VALUED LOGICS: AN APPROACH TO DEAL WITH GRADED TRUTH AND IMPRECISION

International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems ◽

10.1142/s0218488594000055 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 02 (01) ◽

pp. 37-54 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

FRANCESC ESTEVA ◽

PERE GARCIA-CALVÉS ◽

LLUÍS GODO

Keyword(s):

Approximate Reasoning ◽

Truth Values ◽

Partial Models ◽

Truth Value ◽

The Many ◽

Available Information ◽

States Of Knowledge

Within the many-valued approach for approximate reasoning, the aim of this paper is two-fold. First, to extend truth-values lattices to cope with the imprecision due to possible incompleteness of the available information. This is done by considering two bilattices of truth-value intervals corresponding to the so-called weak and strong truth orderings. Based on the use of interval bilattices, the second aim is to introduce what we call partial many-valued logics. The (partial) models of such logics may assign intervals of truth-values to formulas, and so they stand for representations of incomplete states of knowledge. Finally, the relation between partial and complete semantical entailment is studied, and it is provedtheir equivalence for a family of formulas, including the so-called free well formed formulas.

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The cylindric algebras of three-valued logic

Journal of Symbolic Logic ◽

10.2307/2586647 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 1201-1217

Author(s):

Norman Feldman

Keyword(s):

Effective Procedure ◽

Cylindric Algebras ◽

Truth Values ◽

Recursive Functions ◽

Partial Recursive Functions ◽

Truth Value ◽

The One ◽

Definition Of

In this paper we consider the three-valued logic used by Kleene [6] in the theory of partial recursive functions. This logic has three truth values: true (T), false (F), and undefined (U). One interpretation of U is as follows: Suppose we have two partially recursive predicates P(x) and Q(x) and we want to know the truth value of P(x) ∧ Q(x) for a particular x0. If x0 is in the domain of definition of both P and Q, then P(x0) ∧ Q(x0) is true if both P(x0) and Q(x0) are true, and false otherwise. But what if x0 is not in the domain of definition of P, but is in the domain of definition of Q? There are several choices, but the one chosen by Kleene is that if Q(X0) is false, then P(x0) ∧ Q(x0) is also false and if Q(X0) is true, then P(x0) ∧ Q(X0) is undefined.What arises is the question about knowledge of whether or not x0 is in the domain of definition of P. Is there an effective procedure to determine this? If not, then we can interpret U as being unknown. If there is an effective procedure, then our decision for the truth value for P(x) ∧ Q(x) is based on the knowledge that is not in the domain of definition of P. In this case, U can be interpreted as undefined. In either case, we base our truth value of P(x) ∧ Q(x) on the truth value of Q(X0).

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Contextualism, minimalism, and situationalism

Pragmatics & Cognition ◽

10.1075/pc.15.1.09cor ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 115-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Eros Corazza

Keyword(s):

Semantic Content ◽

Truth Values ◽

Context Dependent ◽

Truth Value ◽

True False

After discussing some difficulties that contextualism and minimalism face, this paper presents a new account of the linguistic exploitation of context, situationalism. Unlike the former accounts, situationalism captures the idea that the main intuitions underlying the debate concern not the identity of propositions expressed but rather how truth-values are situation-dependent. The truth-value of an utterance depends on the situation in which the proposition expressed is evaluated. Hence, like in minimalism, the proposition expressed can be truth-evaluable without being enriched or expanded. Along with contextualism, it is argued that an utterance’s truth-value is context dependent. But, unlike contextualism and minimalism, situationalism embraces a form of relativism in so far as it maintains that semantic content must be evaluated vis-à-vis a given situation and, therefore, that a proposition cannot be said to be true/false eternally.

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Analisis Kegiatan Praktikum Biologi SMA Materi Sistem Pernapasan Manusia

BIODIK ◽

10.22437/bio.v6i3.9454 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 288-298

Author(s):

Meirin Dwiningtyas Putri ◽

Sri Anggraeni ◽

Bambang Supriatno

Keyword(s):

Respiratory System ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Maximum Score ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Construction Of Knowledge ◽

The Subject ◽

Knowledge Claims ◽

Focus Questions ◽

Human Respiratory System

This study aims to provide an overview of the design of the respiratory system practicum used in SMA / MA Tasikmalaya and the subject of this research is the Student Worksheet (LKS) of Human Respiratory System Practicum used in schools. Samples taken in this study were 6 LKS samples. The sampling technique by purposive sampling. This study uses instruments developed by the Lecturer TEAM and instruments based on the scoring table of the Diagram Vee component that was adapted by Novak & Gowin. Based on the instruments developed by the Lecturer TEAM, it shows that the results of the analysis of LKS practicum activities on human respiratory system material still found problems in terms of 1) conceptual, not in accordance with the demands of Basic Curriculum Competence 2) practical, the title / goal is not in accordance with the work steps and difficult to execute and not relevant to the object / phenomenon that appears 3) the construction of knowledge, the question has not led to the facts that arise, is not related to the interpretation of the data and the conclusions that are built do not describe the title / purpose of the practicum. Whereas based on the analysis results of the scoring instrument Diagram Vee shows that the components of focus questions, objects / events, concepts / theories / principles, transformation notes, and knowledge claims have not yet reached the maximum score so that the outstanding Practicum Worksheet has not supported Diagram Vee components to the maximum so it needs to be improved . Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai desain praktikum sistem pernapasan yang digunakan di SMA/MA Tasikmalaya dan subjek penelitian ini adalah Lembar Kerja Siswa (LKS) Praktikum Sistem Pernapasan Manusia yang digunakan di sekolah. Sampel yang diambil pada penelitian ini yaitu 6 sampel LKS. Teknik sampling dilakukan secara purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen yang dikembangkan oleh TIM Dosen dan instrumen berdasarkan tabel penskoran komponen Diagram Vee yang diadaptasi Novak & Gowin. Berdasarkan instrumen yang dikembangkan TIM Dosen menunjukkan bahwa hasil analisis kegiatan praktikum LKS pada materi sistem pernapasan manusia masih ditemukan permasalahan dalam hal 1) konseptual, belum sesuai dengan tuntutan Kompetensi Dasar kurikulum 2) praktikal, judul/tujuan belum sesuai langkah kerja dan sulit dieksekusi serta tidak relevan dengan objek/fenomena yang muncul 3) kontruksi pengetahuan, pertanyaan belum mengarahkan pada fakta yang muncul, tidak dihubungkan dengan interpretasi data serta kesimpulan yang dibangun belum menggambarkan judul/tujuan praktikum. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil analisis instrumen penskoran Diagram Vee menunjukkan bahwa komponen pertanyaan fokus, objek/peristiwa, konsep/teori/prinsip, catatan transformasi, dan klaim pengetahuan masih belum mencapai skor maksimal sehingga LKS Praktikum yang beredar belum menunjang komponen Diagram Vee dengan maksimal sehingga perlu ditingkatkan.

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The Importance and Value of Knowledge in the Context of Informatization: The Problem of Knowledge Fragmentation

TEM Journal ◽

10.18421/tem93-28 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1042-1052

Author(s):

Vaclav Reznicek ◽

Zdenek Smutny

Keyword(s):

Education System ◽

Subject Matter ◽

Critical Analysis ◽

Research Method ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Theoretical Concept ◽

Human Knowledge ◽

Value Of Knowledge ◽

Individual Knowledge ◽

The Subject

This article attempts to explicate importance and value of knowledge in the context of informatization, while focusing on the problem of fragmentation of human knowledge in connection with the application of ICT in the process of education (or the process of learning). The illustrative research uses quantitative research method. A questionnaire survey was carried out on a sample of respondents (n=342) described in the paper. An interpretative critical analysis is based on existing sources as well as on data from our own investigation. Based on the analysis the authors present how informatization contributes to the fragmentation of individual knowledge. The article includes the model of importance of knowledge and a (general) theoretical concept that should enable a better understanding of the subject matter. A necessity therefore arises for an adequate reaction of the education system, as well as each individual, to the conditions changed by informatization. The authors present their main recommendations on how to react to the changed conditions at the area of education.

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The Goals of Philosophy of Religion: A Reply to Ireneusz Zieminski

European Journal for Philosophy of Religion ◽

10.24204/ejpr.v11i1.2682 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 187

Author(s):

Kirk Lougheed

Keyword(s):

Conceptual Analysis ◽

MODELLING UNCERTAINTY IN MULTIMEDIA DATABASE SYSTEMS: AN EXTENDED POSSIBILISTIC APPROACH

International Journal of Uncertainty Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems ◽

10.1142/s0218488503001928 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 11 (01) ◽

pp. 5-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

GUY DE TRÉ ◽

RITA DE CALUWE

Keyword(s):

Database Systems ◽

Multimedia Database ◽

Missing Information ◽

Truth Values ◽

Database Querying ◽

Modelling Uncertainty ◽

Video Images ◽

Degree Of Satisfaction ◽

Media Types ◽

Truth Value

In database systems one often has to deal with constraints in order to compel the semantics of the stored data or to express some querying criteria. This is especially the case for multimedia database systems where information of different media types, as e.g. sound, video, images and texts, needs to be managed. A problem with the modelling of (the uncertainty about) the degree of satisfaction of a constraint, is the handling of missing information. In this paper, it is shown how extended possibilistic truth values can be employed to cope with this problem. The notion of an extended possibilistic truth value has been obtained from the assumption that the truth value, which expresses the degree of satisfaction of a constraint, can be undefined. This is for example the case if the constraint cannot be evaluated due to the non-applicability of (some of) its elements. An illustrative database definition and database querying example is presented and discussed.

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Varieties of Aboutness

Aboutness ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691144955.003.0003 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen Yablo

Keyword(s):

Subject Matter ◽

David Lewis ◽

Equivalence Relations ◽

Logical Space ◽

Nelson Goodman ◽

The Subject ◽

Truth Value ◽

The One ◽

Ways Of Being

A few philosophers have tried to think systematically about subject matter. Gilbert Ryle thought a sentence was about the items mentioned in it. Nelson Goodman thought it was about the items mentioned in certain consequences. David Lewis was the first to consider subject matters as entities in their own right, and the first to link a sentence's subject matter to what it says, as opposed to what it mentions. Lewisian subject matters are equivalence relations on, or partitions of, logical space. A sentence S is wholly about m if its truth-value in a world w is fixed by how matters stand m-wise in w. But he never identified anything as the subject matter of sentence S—the one it is exactly about. This chapter defines it as the m that distinguishes worlds according to S's changing ways of being true in them. Subject anti-matter is defined analogously, and S's overall subject matter is the two together. Aboutness comes out independent of truth-value, as we would hope. A sentence is not about anything different from its negation.

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