scholarly journals How gender- and violence-related norms affect self-esteem among adolescent refugee girls living in Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Stark ◽  
K. Asghar ◽  
I. Seff ◽  
B. Cislaghi ◽  
G. Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Gender Inequity ◽  
Personal Attitudes

Background.Evidence suggests adolescent self-esteem is influenced by beliefs of how individuals in their reference group perceive them. However, few studies examine how gender- and violence-related social norms affect self-esteem among refugee populations. This paper explores relationships between gender inequitable and victim-blaming social norms, personal attitudes, and self-esteem among adolescent girls participating in a life skills program in three Ethiopian refugee camps.Methods.Ordinary least squares multivariable regression analysis was used to assess the associations between attitudes and social norms, and self-esteem. Key independent variables of interest included a scale measuring personal attitudes toward gender inequitable norms, a measure of perceived injunctive norms capturing how a girl believed her family and community would react if she was raped, and a peer-group measure of collective descriptive norms surrounding gender inequity. The key outcome variable, self-esteem, was measured using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale.Results.Girl's personal attitudes toward gender inequitable norms were not significantly predictive of self-esteem at endline, when adjusting for other covariates. Collective peer norms surrounding the same gender inequitable statements were significantly predictive of self-esteem at endline (ß = −0.130; p  =  0.024). Additionally, perceived injunctive norms surrounding family and community-based sanctions for victims of forced sex were associated with a decline in self-esteem at endline (ß = −0.103; p  =  0.014). Significant findings for collective descriptive norms and injunctive norms remained when controlling for all three constructs simultaneously.Conclusions.Findings suggest shifting collective norms around gender inequity, particularly at the community and peer levels, may sustainably support the safety and well-being of adolescent girls in refugee settings.

scholarly journals Crafting Normative Messages to Protect the Environment

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Cialdini
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Adolescent Suicide ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Alcohol And Drug Use ◽  
Normative Appeals ◽  
Normative Message ◽  
Normative Messages

It is widely recognized that communications that activate social norms can be effective in producing societally beneficial conduct. Not so well recognized are the circumstances under which normative information can backfire to produce the opposite of what a communicator intends. There is an understandable, but misguided, tendency to try to mobilize action against a problem by depicting it as regrettably frequent. Information campaigns emphasize that alcohol and drug use is intolerably high, that adolescent suicide rates are alarming, and—most relevant to this article—that rampant polluters are spoiling the environment. Although these claims may be both true and well intentioned, the campaigns' creators have missed something critically important: Within the statement “Many people are doing this undesirable thing” lurks the powerful and undercutting normative message “Many people are doing this.” Only by aligning descriptive norms (what people typically do) with injunctive norms (what people typically approve or disapprove) can one optimize the power of normative appeals. Communicators who fail to recognize the distinction between these two types of norms imperil their persuasive efforts.

scholarly journals The Relative Importance of Values, Social Norms, and Enjoyment-Based Motivation in Explaining Pro-Environmental Product Purchasing Behavior in Apparel Domain

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (17) ◽  
pp. 6797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Insook Ahn ◽  
Soo Kim ◽  
Munyoung Kim
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Purchasing Behavior ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Consumption Behavior

Changing consumption behavior can offer co-benefits in reduction of environmental issues and encouraging improvements to environmentally friendly or sustainable production. We propose a novel value-social norm-enjoyment-based motivation (VSE) model and test the factors that influence individual pro-environmental apparel purchasing behavior. Data were obtained from 353 college students in Korea and analyzed by using SEM. Our results show that individuals who endorse bio-altruistic values who engage in eco-friendly environmental behavior in apparel domain are influenced by descriptive norms and injunctive norms. Further, enjoyment-based motivation was found to be a key mediator among bio-altruistic value, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms on pro-environmental purchasing behavior. However, injunctive norms do not directly influence purchasing behavior, but rather, are integrated to enjoyment-based intrinsic motivation, then indirectly affect purchasing behavior.

scholarly journals 'Welcome' Changes? Descriptive and Injunctive Norms in a Wikipedia Sub-Community

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan T. Morgan ◽  
Anna Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Normative Influence ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Online Groups ◽  
Open Collaboration ◽  
Sustainability Research ◽  
Focus Theory

Open online communities rely on social norms for behavior regulation, group cohesion, and sustainability. Research on the role of social norms online has mainly focused on one source of influence at a time, making it difficult to separate different normative influences and understand their interactions. In this study, we use the Focus Theory to examine interactions between several sources of normative influence in a Wikipedia sub-community: local descriptive norms, local injunctive norms, and norms imported from similar sub- communities. We find that exposure to injunctive norms has a stronger effect than descriptive norms, that the likelihood of performing a behavior is higher when both injunctive and descriptive norms are congruent, and that conflicting social norms may negatively impact pro-normative behavior. We contextualize these findings through member interviews, and discuss their implications for both future research on normative influence in online groups and the design of systems that support open collaboration.

scholarly journals How to Solve the Social Norm Conflict Dilemma of Green Consumption: The Moderating Effect of Self-Affirmation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanda Ge ◽  
Guanghua Sheng ◽  
Hongli Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Green Consumption ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
Maximum Utility ◽  
The Social

Social norms are important social factors that affect individual behavioral change. Using social norms to promote green consumption is receiving increasing attention. However, due to the different formation processes and mechanisms of the behavioral influence of the different types of social norms, using social norms to promote green consumption often has social norm conflict situations (injunctive norms + negative descriptive norms). Thus, it is difficult to attain the maximum utility of social norms. The present research found that social norm conflict weakens the role of injunctive norms in promoting green consumption. Specifically, negative descriptive norms weaken the role of injunctive norms in promoting green consumption. Alienation, which manifests through powerlessness and meaninglessness, plays a mediating role in the relationship between social norm conflict and green consumption. Self-affirmation moderates the mediating role of alienation between social norm conflicts and green consumption. Self-affirmation reduces the alienation caused by social norm conflict, thereby alleviating the weakening effect of social norm conflict on green consumption.

scholarly journals Netiquette Between Students and Their Lecturers on Facebook: Injunctive and Descriptive Social Norms

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 205630511878962
Author(s):  
Stephanie B. Linek ◽  
Anika Ostermaier-Grabow
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
The Individual

There is an ongoing discussion if and how students and lecturers should interact with each other on social networks. In this article, we present an empirical study on the so-called netiquette for Facebook contacts between students and their lecturers (hereinafter called SL-contacts). In addition, we investigated the subjective perception of the majority’s behavior. This enabled a comparison between two different kinds of social norms: the injunctive norms (netiquette) and the descriptive norms (majority). Database was an online survey with 2,849 participants (2,550 students and 299 lecturers). SL-contacts were quite rare in our sample and usually initiated by students. Our results showed that the appropriateness of SL-contacts depends on the individual case. In addition, we found that injunctive and descriptive norms are in line with each other. Overall, our results indicate that there is a common ground of understanding, and SL-contacts are less critical than they might appear.

Guilt Enhances the Persuasive Effects of Injunctive But Not Descriptive Social Norms

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062095058
Author(s):  
Ryan P. Jacobson ◽  
Kathryn J. L. Jacobson ◽  
Allecia E. Reid
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
State Level ◽  
Public Service Announcement ◽  
Descriptive Norm ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Norm Violations ◽  
Control Message ◽  
Guilt Proneness

The focus theory of normative conduct asserts that distinct processes are involved in responding to injunctive norms versus descriptive norms. This research tested the prediction that guilt would be more strongly involved in motivating conformity to injunctive than descriptive norms. Study 1 demonstrates that people anticipate feeling guiltier following injunctive than descriptive norm violations. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrate that guilt proneness and state-level guilt enhance the persuasiveness of messages framed with injunctive norms but not control-framed or descriptive norm–framed messages. Finally, Study 4 shows that a guilt-arousing public service announcement is more effective if framed using an injunctive norm than a descriptive norm or a control message. These results augment understanding of the different ways that injunctive and descriptive norms influence behavior and have applied implications for social norms marketing interventions.

How expatriates work in dangerous environments of pervasive corruption

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Greppin ◽  
Bo Carlsson ◽  
Adrian Wolfberg ◽  
Nnaoke Ufere
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Subjective Norms ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Personal Norms

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to help understand how US expatriates living and working in dangerous environments characterized by pervasive corruption deal with the phenomena and make decisions about the degree to which they get involved. Design/methodology/approach To answer this question, 30 US executives who worked in such countries were interviewed. Findings Some executives refused to participate in corrupt practices; others chose to reluctantly succumb to extortion, while others willingly participated in corruption. The study found that social norms played a significant role in their decisions. There are four social norms: personal norms, subjective norms, injunctive norms, and descriptive norms. US executives rely on personal norms and injunctive norms for deciding to refuse to participate in corrupt practices, on descriptive norms and subjective norms for deciding to reluctantly succumb to extortion, and on descriptive norms and personal norms for deciding to willingly participate in corruption. Originality/value These findings illustrate what motivates US executives to make decisions about participating in corruption when living and working in countries with pervasive corruption. This has implications for policy, research, and practice.

Activating and Aligning two Kinds of Norms in Persuasive Communications

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Cialdini
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Persuasive Communications ◽  
Undesirable Behavior

Communicators often try to reduce undesirable behavior in an audience by warning that the behavior is alarmingly prevalent. However, in the process of pointing out the regrettable frequency of the unwanted action, such warnings may send a mixed motivational message to the audience by simultaneously engaging the action of two types of social norms: injunctive norms, which can suppress undesirable action by describing what most people disapprove, and descriptive norms, which can stimulate undesirable action by describing what most people do. In one study, individuals whose attention was drawn to the widespread littering of others littered more, not less, as a consequence.

The Influence of Normative Perceptions on the Uptake of Digital Contact Tracing Device for COVID-19: Findings from Singapore (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeong Kyu Lee ◽  
Lavinia Lin ◽  
Hyunjin Kang
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Device Use

BACKGROUND In 2020, the Singapore government rolled out the TraceTogether (TT) Programme, a digital system to facilitate contact tracing efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This system is available as a smartphone app and Bluetooth-enabled token to help identify close contacts. As of February 1 2021, more than 80% of the population have either downloaded the mobile app or collected the token in Singapore. Despite the high adoption rate of the TT mobile app and token (i.e. device), it is unclear about the uptake and usage by the public, which is the key to contain the spread of COVID-19 in the community. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the normative influences on the TT device use for contact tracing purposes, informed by the Theory of Normative Social Behaviour (TNSB). METHODS Cross-sectional data (n = 1,137) were collected from January to February 2021 by a local research company through sending invitation emails to their panel members about participation in an online survey. Multivariate (linear and ordinal logistic) regression analyses were carried out to assess the relationships of the outcome variables (TT device usage and behavioural intentions) to potential predictors including perceived social norms, perceive community and interpersonal communication. RESULTS Regression analyses indicated that descriptive norms (unstandardized regression coefficient, β = 0.31, SE = 0.29, P < .001) and injunctive norms (β = 0.16, SE = 0.16, P < .001) were significantly, positively associated with intentions to use TT device. It was also found that descriptive norms was a significant predictor of TT device use frequency (adjusted odds ratio, OR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.66 – 2.61, P < .001). Although injunctive norms was not significantly related to TT device use frequency, it moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and the outcome variable (OR = 1.12, 95% CI: 1.03 – 1.21, P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Findings provide theoretical and practical implications for norm-based communication interventions to increase the uptake of the digital contact tracing device and other preventive behaviours for COVID-19. CLINICALTRIAL N/A

scholarly journals Parents’ misperceptions of social norms for pre-school children's snacking behaviour

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1678-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phillippa Lally ◽  
Lucy Cooke ◽  
Laura McGowan ◽  
Helen Croker ◽  
Naomi Bartle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Descriptive Norms ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Children’S Centres ◽  
Unhealthy Snacks

AbstractObjectiveMisperception of social norms may result in normalising unhealthy behaviours. The present study tested the hypothesis that parents overestimate both the frequency of unhealthy snacking in pre-school children other than their own (descriptive norms) and its acceptability to other parents (injunctive norms).DesignA cross-sectional, self-report community survey. Questions assessed the frequency with which respondents’ own child ate unhealthy snacks and their beliefs about the appropriate frequency for children to snack. Perceived descriptive norms were assessed by asking parents to estimate how often other 2–4 year-old children in their area ate snacks. Perceived injunctive norms were assessed by asking them about other parents’ beliefs regarding the appropriate frequency for snacks. Misperceptions were assessed from (i) the difference between the prevalence of daily snacking and parents’ perceived prevalence and (ii) the difference between acceptability of daily snacking and parents’ beliefs about its acceptability to others.SettingPre-schools and children's centres in one borough of London, UK.SubjectsParents (n 432) of children age 2–4 years.ResultsOn average, parents believed that more than half of ‘other’ children had snacks at least daily, while prevalence data indicated this occurred in only 10 % of families. The same discrepancy was observed for perceived injunctive norms: parents overestimated other parents’ acceptance of frequent snacking, with two-thirds of parents having a self v. others discrepancy.ConclusionsMisperceptions were identified for descriptive and injunctive norms for children's snacking. Accurate information could create less permissive norms and motivate parents to limit their child's intake of unhealthy snacks.

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