Confronting Race and Ethnicity: Education and Cultural Identity for Immigrants and Students from Asia

Years ago at graduate school, a fellow student in the American Seminar class asked, “What is the difference between race and ethnicity?” The professor replied, “Asians usually find it hard to distinguish the two.” The student was from an Asian country and the professor did not elaborate the distinction between the concepts. It is no brainer for Americans to tell the difference; however, for people new to American society who have not lived in a racially conscious and divisive society, it is confusing to refer to a minority people as belonging to both a particular race and to a different ethnicity. In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, when millions of immigrants came to America in search of better life and supplied American industries with labor, they were labeled white, yellow, brown, or black. This skin-colored definition of people as different races reflected American racial views of people of different cultures. Even in current mainstream discourse, racial and ethnic minorities are still called people of color or colored people, instead of minorities.

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A New Description of a Healthcare Professional’s Resilience, Incorporating an Eastern Philosophical Perspectives of Self-definition. How to Bridge the Gap between Independent and Interdependent Self-definition in Medical Education

International Journal of Whole Person Care ◽

10.26443/ijwpc.v4i1.124 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Shizuma Tsuchiya ◽

Yusuke Takamiya ◽

Linda Snell

Keyword(s):

Medical Education ◽

North American ◽

The Self ◽

Value Systems ◽

The North ◽

Interdependent Self ◽

Medical Educators ◽

American Society ◽

Definition Of ◽

Different Cultures

Teaching about resilience is one of the biggest challenges in medical education. One of the problems is that medical educators might still ascribe to the individualistic self-definition mainly promoted in the North American society. This definition includes characteristics such as “enduring ongoing hardship,” “thriving on challenges,” “being healthy,” and “being stronger,” which may raise hidden expectations that a healthcare professional’s personality should be strong enough to bounce back to his or her original condition even in a psychologically demanding situation. Psychological theorists describe two broad modes of self-definition in two different cultures: independent self-definition in North American individualism and interdependent self-definition in East Asian collectivism. Despite this seemingly stereotypical discussion on the characteristics of self-definition, a discussion of the two types of self-definition can still encourage medical educators to propose a broader model of resilience in medical education. More specifically, a person using an independent self-definition may become be a complete, whole, autonomous entity, without others, and thus tends to achieve more and become more productive in a competitive society. In contrast, a person using an interdependent self-definition is more likely to be open to another aspect of the context and thus might be able to find and value the self in different ways even in the same context. However, these two self-definitions may not be dichotomous or mutually exclusive but occur in varying ratios in any one individual, particularly as trends of increased globalization, immigration, and technology call for changes in an individual’s value systems in countries. From this standpoint, this review proposes a new definition of resilience in medical education, which is ‘a person’s capacity to be aware of the aspects of the self differently identified in each context, and to consciously value oneself and others in the context’. This is the first article that incorporates the concept of the two self-definitions into resilience education in healthcare. The proposed definition may provide a broader model of resilience in a healthcare professional for educators as well as trainees in medical education.

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An Analysis of American Multiculturalism

Journal of Contemporary Educational Research ◽

10.26689/jcer.v5i3.1940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Lanxi Chen

Keyword(s):

National Culture ◽

Common Ground ◽

The Disabled ◽

Cultural Ideology ◽

American Society ◽

Definition Of ◽

Mainstream Culture ◽

Different Cultures ◽

The Relationship ◽

Homogeneous Culture

Multiculturalism has received fierce controversy and discussion upon its proposal for its complexity in definition and in practice. This research discusses the definition of multiculturalism focusing on the comparison between the term “cultural pluralism” and “multiculturalism”, its influence on American society and its distinct characteristics, which is the claims of equality and identification between different cultures. It is argued that multiculturalism is not only a cultural ideology and a cultural war between the WASP-based mainstream culture and the cultures of the disadvantaged groups, but also a political and economic movement. The research also analyzes the practice of multiculturalism in the fields of political participation, education, race, media and the practice of multiculturalism that targets the disabled people and women. Moreover, the problems arise during the proposal and practice of multiculturalism are presented in the research. It is argued that the relationship between multiculturalism and homogeneous culture is not contradictory but united. A mature, sustainable and energetic national culture needs to seek common ground while recognizing and reserving the differences.

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Race and Ethnicity in U.S. Social Policy

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838509.013.025 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Robert Lieberman

Keyword(s):

Social Policy ◽

Race And Ethnicity ◽

American Politics ◽

The United States ◽

Social Citizenship ◽

Full Inclusion ◽

Dynamic Relationship ◽

Late Twentieth ◽

American Society ◽

Definition Of

The racial character of American society has shaped social policy-making in the United States and structured the American welfare state. At the same time, the structure of American social policy has affected the welfare state’s capacity to incorporate members of different racial and ethnic groups, shaping their access to social citizenship and their opportunities for full inclusion in (or isolation from) the American political economy. This dynamic relationship has increasingly been at the center of work on American social policy, and much recent research explores important new issues that reflect both the changing reality of race in American politics and society and trends in political science, particularly regarding the changing definition of “race” in American politics and society, the new contours of inequality in American life, and the urban crisis of the late twentieth century and its impact on broader transformations of American politics.

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The Distinction between [P] and [S]

10.23943/princeton/9780691161006.003.0018 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Galen Strawson

Keyword(s):

Personal Identity ◽

Radical Change ◽

Legal Responsibility ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Over Time

This chapter examines the difference between John Locke's definition of a person [P], considered as a kind of thing, and his definition of a subject of experience of a certain sophisticated sort [S]. It first discusses the equation [P] = [S], where [S] is assumed to be a continuing thing that is able to survive radical change of substantial realization, as well as Locke's position about consciousness in relation to [P]'s identity or existence over time as [S]. It argues that Locke is not guilty of circularity because he is not proposing consciousness as the determinant of [S]'s identity over time, but only of [S]'s moral and legal responsibility over time. Finally, it suggests that the terms “Person” and “Personal identity” pull apart, in Locke's scheme of things, but in a perfectly coherent way.

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L'anglicisme dans la langue française

Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities ◽

10.29037/digitalpress.43286 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

pp. 00013

Author(s):

Danny Susanto

Keyword(s):

English Language ◽

Oil Industry ◽

English Word ◽

Public Institutions ◽

Font Size ◽

The World ◽

French Speaking ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of ◽

Bibliographic Study

The purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon known as “anglicism”: a loan made to the English language by another language. Anglicism arose either from the adoption of an English word as a result of a translation defect despite the existence of an equivalent term in the language of the speaker, or from a wrong translation, as a word-by-word translation. Said phenomenon is very common nowadays and most languages of the world including making use of some linguistic concepts such as anglicism, neologism, syntax, morphology etc, this article addresses various aspects related to Anglicisms in French through a bibliographic study: the definition of Anglicism, the origin of Anglicisms in French and the current situation, the areas most affected by Anglicism, the different categories of Anglicism, the difference between French Anglicism in France and French-speaking Canada, the attitude of French-speaking society towards to the Anglicisms and their efforts to stop this phenomenon. The study shows that the areas affected are, among others, trade, travel, parliamentary and judicial institutions, sports, rail, industrial production and most recently film, industrial production, sport, oil industry, information technology, science and technology. Various initiatives have been implemented either by public institutions or by individuals who share concerns about the increasingly felt threat of the omnipresence of Anglicism in everyday life.

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Middle class ideologies: Norms and historical changes.

10.31234/osf.io/25ctk ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Alex Huynh ◽

Igor Grossmann

Keyword(s):

Middle Class ◽

Central Feature ◽

Intergroup Dynamics ◽

Social Scientists ◽

Historical Trends ◽

Societal Norms ◽

Norms And Values ◽

Behavioral Tendencies ◽

American Society ◽

Definition Of

Ever since social scientists became interested in understanding intergroup dynamics, the topic of the “middle class” and its distinction from other groups in society became the central feature of a theoretical and empirical research enterprise. In this overview essay we discuss the beliefs, values and behavioral tendencies attributed to American middle class beliefs, and discuss their implications for understanding class-related norms and values. We end with a reflection over the historical trends that impact societal norms and the definition of middle class in the American society.

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SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENT FEATURES OF HAND GESTURES IN AMERICAN AND KYRGYZ CULTURES

Vestnik Bishkek Humanities University ◽

10.35254/bhu.2019.49.23 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

Avtandil kyzy Ya

Keyword(s):

Everyday Life ◽

Facial Expressions ◽

Main Part ◽

Body Language ◽

Hand Gestures ◽

Common Definition ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Definition Of ◽

Different Cultures

Abstract: This paper highlights similarities and different features of the category of kinesics “hand gestures”, its frequency usage and acceptance by different individuals in two different cultures. This study shows its similarities, differences and importance of the gestures, for people in both cultures. Consequently, kinesics study was mentioned as a main part of body language. As indicated in the article, the study kinesics was not presented in the Kyrgyz culture well enough, though Kyrgyz people use hand gestures a lot in their everyday life. The research paper begins with the common definition of hand gestures as a part of body language, several handshake categories like: the finger squeeze, the limp fish, the two-handed handshake were explained by several statements in the English and Kyrgyz languages. Furthermore, this article includes definitions and some idioms containing hand, shake, squeeze according to the Oxford and Academic Dictionary to show readers the figurative meanings of these common words. The current study was based on the books of writers Allan and Barbara Pease “The definite book of body language” 2004, Romana Lefevre “Rude hand gestures of the world”2011 etc. Key words: kinesics, body language, gestures, acoustics, applause, paralanguage, non-verbal communication, finger squeeze, perceptions, facial expressions. Аннотация. Бул макалада вербалдык эмес сүйлѳшүүнүн бѳлүгү болуп эсептелген “колдордун жандоо кыймылы”, алардын эки башка маданиятта колдонулушу, айырмачылыгы жана окшош жактары каралган. Макаланын максаты болуп “колдордун жандоо кыймылынын” мааниси, айырмасы жана эки маданиятта колдонулушу эсептелет. Ошону менен бирге, вербалдык эмес сүйлѳшүүнүн бѳлүгү болуп эсептелген “кинесика” илими каралган. Берилген макалада кѳрсѳтүлгѳндѳй, “кинесика” илими кыргыз маданиятында толугу менен изилденген эмес, ошого карабастан “кинесика” илиминин бѳлүгү болуп эсептелген “колдордун жандоо кыймылы” кыргыз элинин маданиятында кѳп колдонулат. Андан тышкары, “колдордун жандоо кыймылынын” бир нече түрү, англис жана кыргыз тилдеринде ма- селен аркылуу берилген.Тѳмѳнкү изилдѳѳ ишин жазууда чет элдик жазуучулардын эмгектери колдонулду. Түйүндүү сѳздѳр: кинесика, жандоо кыймылы, акустика,кол чабуулар, паралингвистика, вербалдык эмес баарлашуу,кол кысуу,кабыл алуу сезими. Аннотация. В данной статье рассматриваются сходства и различия “жестикуляции” и частота ее использования, в американской и кыргызской культурах. Следовательно, здесь было упомянуто понятие “кинесика” как основная часть языка тела. Как указано в статье, “кинесика” не была представлена в кыргызской культуре достаточно хорошо, хотя кыргызский народ часто использует жестикуляцию в повседневной жизни. Исследовательская работа начинается с общего определения “жестикуляции” как части языка тела и несколько категорий жестикуляции, таких как: сжатие пальца, слабое рукопожатие, рукопожатие двумя руками, были объяснены несколькими примерами на английском и кыргызском языках. Кроме того, эта статья включает определения слов “рука”, “рукопожатие”, “сжатие” и некоторые идиомы, содержащие данных слов согласно Оксфордскому и Академическому словарю, чтобы показать читателям их образное значение. Данное исследование было основано на книгах писателей Аллана и Барбары Пиз «Определенная книга языка тела» 2004 года, Романа Лефевра «Грубые жестикуляции мира» 2011 года и т.д. Ключевые слова: кинесика, язык жестов, жесты, акустика, аплодисменты, паралингвистика, невербальная коммуникация, сжатие пальца, чувство восприятия, выражение лиц.

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Rethinking Southern Europe: Society, Networks and Politics

Contemporary European History ◽

10.1017/s0960777320000557 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Alan Granadino ◽

Eirini Karamouzi ◽

Rinna Kullaa

Keyword(s):

Cold War ◽

Southern Europe ◽

Eurozone Crisis ◽

Development Education ◽

Family Structures ◽

Conceptual Clarity ◽

Welfare Systems ◽

The Status ◽

Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽

Definition Of

Writing and researching Southern Europe as a symbiotic area has always presented a challenging task. Historians and political scientists such as Stanley Payne, Edward Malefakis, Giulio Sapelli, and Roberto Aliboni have studied the concept of Southern Europe and its difficult paths to modernity. They have been joined by sociologists and anthropologists who have debated the existence of a Southern European paradigm in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries and the arduous transformation of the region's welfare systems, economic development, education and family structures. These scholarly attempts to understand the specificities of Southern Europe date back to the concerns of Western European Cold War strategists in the 1970s, many of whom were worried about the status quo of the region in the aftermath of the fall of the dictatorships. But this geographical and geopolitical definition of the area did not necessarily follow existing cultural, political and economic patterns. Once the Eurozone crisis hit in the 2000s these questions came back with renewed force but with even less conceptual clarity, as journalists and pundits frequently gestured towards vague notions of what they considered to be ‘Southern Europe’.

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Identity, Community and Belonging in gcc States

Sociology of Islam ◽

10.1163/22131418-00604004 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 401-428

Author(s):

Miriam R. Lowi

Keyword(s):

Religious Affiliation ◽

Protective Role ◽

The Other ◽

National Project ◽

Scholarly Literature ◽

National Community ◽

The Difference ◽

Definition Of

Studies of identity and belonging in Gulf monarchies tend to privilege tribal or religious affiliation, if not the protective role of the ruler as paterfamilias. I focus instead on the ubiquitous foreigner and explore ways in which s/he contributes to the definition of national community in contemporary gcc states. Building upon and moving beyond the scholarly literature on imported labor in the Gulf, I suggest that the different ‘categories’ of foreigners impact identity and the consolidation of a community of privilege, in keeping with the national project of ruling families. Furthermore, I argue that the ‘European,’ the non-gcc Arab, and the predominantly Asian (and increasingly African) laborer play similar, but also distinct roles in the delineation of national community: while they are differentially incorporated in ways that protect the ‘nation’ and appease the citizen-subject, varying degrees of marginality reflect Gulf society’s perceptions or aspirations of the difference between itself and ‘the other(s).’

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Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures: A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291700011910 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 909-928 ◽

Cited By ~ 578

Author(s):

N. Sartorius ◽

A. Jablensky ◽

A. Korten ◽

G. Ernberg ◽

M. Anker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Collaborative Study ◽

Strong Support ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Symptom Profiles ◽

Evaluation Phase ◽

Different Populations ◽

The Difference ◽

Different Cultures ◽

First Contact

SynopsisIn a context of a WHO collaborative study, 12 research centres in 10 countries monitored geographically defined populations over 2 years to identify individuals making a first-in-lifetime contact with any type of ‘helping agency’ because of symptoms of psychotic illness. A total of 1379 persons who met specified inclusion criteria for schizophrenia and other related non-affective disorders were examined extensively, using standardized instruments, on entry into the study and on two consecutive follow-ups at annual intervals. Patients in different cultures, meeting the ICD and CATEGO criteria for schizophrenia, were remarkably similar in their symptom profiles and 49% of them presented the central schizophrenic conditions as defined by CATEGO class S+. However, the 2-year pattern of course was considerably more favourable in patients in developing countries compared with patients in developed countries, and the difference could not be fully explained by the higher frequency of acute onsets among the former. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates and estimates of disease expectancy were determined for a ‘broad’ diagnostic group of schizophrenic illness and for CATEGO S+ cases. While the former showed significant differences among the centres, the differences in the rates for S+ cases were non-significant or marginal. The results provide strong support for the notion that schizophrenic illnesses occur with comparable frequency in different populations and support earlier findings that the prognosis is better in less industrialized societies.

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