Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures: A preliminary report on the initial evaluation phase of the WHO Collaborative Study on Determinants of Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders

1986 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 909-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Sartorius ◽  
A. Jablensky ◽  
A. Korten ◽  
G. Ernberg ◽  
M. Anker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Symptom Profiles ◽  
Evaluation Phase ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
First Contact

SynopsisIn a context of a WHO collaborative study, 12 research centres in 10 countries monitored geographically defined populations over 2 years to identify individuals making a first-in-lifetime contact with any type of ‘helping agency’ because of symptoms of psychotic illness. A total of 1379 persons who met specified inclusion criteria for schizophrenia and other related non-affective disorders were examined extensively, using standardized instruments, on entry into the study and on two consecutive follow-ups at annual intervals. Patients in different cultures, meeting the ICD and CATEGO criteria for schizophrenia, were remarkably similar in their symptom profiles and 49% of them presented the central schizophrenic conditions as defined by CATEGO class S+. However, the 2-year pattern of course was considerably more favourable in patients in developing countries compared with patients in developed countries, and the difference could not be fully explained by the higher frequency of acute onsets among the former. Age- and sex-specific incidence rates and estimates of disease expectancy were determined for a ‘broad’ diagnostic group of schizophrenic illness and for CATEGO S+ cases. While the former showed significant differences among the centres, the differences in the rates for S+ cases were non-significant or marginal. The results provide strong support for the notion that schizophrenic illnesses occur with comparable frequency in different populations and support earlier findings that the prognosis is better in less industrialized societies.

scholarly journals Biogeographical origin and varicella risk in the adult immigration population in Catalonia, Spain (2004-2006)

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
L Valerio ◽  
J M Escribà ◽  
J Fernández-Vázquez ◽  
C Roca ◽  
J Milozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Autochthonous Population ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Fertile Women

Immigrants to the European Union may have a higher susceptibility to varicella-zoster virus primo-infection than the indigenous population. There is no evidence as yet that this is caused by genetic or social factors. Therefore, susceptibility could be due to a lesser transmission of the virus in their ecosystems of origin. A multicentre observational study was performed from July 2004 to June 2006 in four primary healthcare centres in Catalonia, Spain, monitoring varicella incidences and comparing standardised incidence rates and standardised rate ratios among different populations classified according to their biogeographical origin (holarctic, Asian paleotropical, African paleotropical or neotropical). Overall, 516 varicella cases were recorded. The standardised incidence rates per 1,000 inhabitants per year were: holarctic: 2.17 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.95-2.39); autochthonous 2.26 (95% CI: 2.03-2.49); immigrants 3.59 (95% CI: 2.92-4.26); neotropical 4.50 (95% CI: 3.28-5.71); non-holarctic 5.38 (95% CI: 4.27-6.14); Asian paleotropical 7.03 (95% CI: 4.77-9.28); and African paleotropical 7.05 (95% CI: 1.12-23.58). The difference to the autochthonous population was greatest in immigrants of neotropical origin (standardised rate ratio = 2.07 (95% CI: 1.61-2.64) or 4.5 excess cases per 1,000 inhabitants per year) and Asian paleotropical origin (standardised rate ratio = 3.24 (95% CI: 2.47-4.11) or 9.6 excess cases per 1,000 inhabitants per year). Biogeographical origin may therefore account for the vulnerability of certain immigrant populations to varicella, in particular those from Asian paleotropical (Indostan and Southest Asia) and neotropical (South America and the Caribbean) ecosystems. Vaccination of immigrants at high risk (fertile women, healthcare workers) could be recommendable.

The Demand For Money in Pakistan: Reply (Notes and Comments)

1975 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 370-375
Author(s):  
M. A. Akhtar
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Money Demand ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Demand For Money ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Complementarity Hypothesis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

I am grateful to Abe, Fry, Min, Vongvipanond, and Yu (hereafter re¬ferred to as AFMVY) [1] for obliging me to reconsider my article [2] on the demand for money in Pakistan. Upon careful examination, I find that the AFMVY results are, in parts, misleading and that, on the whole, they add very little to those provided in my study. Nevertheless, the present exercise as well as the one by AFMVY is useful in that it furnishes us with an opportunity to view some of the fundamental problems involved in an empi¬rical analysis of the demand for money function in Pakistan. Based on their elaborate critique, AFMVY reformulate the two hypo¬theses—the substitution hypothesis and the complementarity hypothesis— underlying my study and provide us with some alternative estimates of the demand for money in Pakistan. Briefly their results, like those in my study, indicate that income and interest rates are important in deter¬mining the demand for money. However, unlike my results, they also suggest that the price variable is a highly significant determinant of the money demand function. Furthermore, while I found only a weak support for the complementarity between money demand and physical capital, the results obtained by AFMVY appear to yield a strong support for that rela¬tionship.1 The difference in results is only a natural consequence of alter¬native specifications of the theory and, therefore, I propose to devote most of this reply to the criticisms raised by AFMVY and the resulting reformulation of the two mypotheses.

scholarly journals Analysis of National Healthcare Safety Network Clostridioides difficile Infection Standardized Infection Ratio by Test Type

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s116-s118
Author(s):  
Qunna Li ◽  
Andrea Benin ◽  
Alice Guh ◽  
Margaret A. Dudeck ◽  
Katherine Allen-Bridson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Adjustment ◽  
Healthcare Facility ◽  
Directional Pattern ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Test Type ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

Background: The NHSN has used positive laboratory tests for surveillance of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) LabID events since 2009. Typically, CDIs are detected using enzyme immunoassays (EIAs), nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs), or various test combinations. The NHSN uses a risk-adjusted, standardized infection ratio (SIR) to assess healthcare facility-onset (HO) CDI. Despite including test type in the risk adjustment, some hospital personnel and other stakeholders are concerned that NAAT use is associated with higher SIRs than are EIAs. To investigate this issue, we analyzed NHSN data from acute-care hospitals for July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2018. Methods: Calendar quarters for which CDI test type was reported as NAAT (includes NAAT, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH)+NAAT and GDH+EIA followed by NAAT if discrepant) or EIA (includes EIA and GDH+EIA) were selected. HO CDI SIRs were calculated for facility-wide inpatient locations. We conducted the following analyses: (1) Among hospitals that did not switch their test type, we compared the distribution of HO incident rates and SIRs by those reporting NAAT vs EIA. (2) Among hospitals that switched their test type, we selected quarters with a stable switch pattern of 2 consecutive quarters of each of EIA and NAAT (categorized as pattern EIA-to-NAAT or NAAT-to-EIA). Pooled semiannual SIRs for EIA and NAAT were calculated, and a paired t test was used to evaluate the difference of SIRs by switch pattern. Results: Most hospitals did not switch test types (3,242, 89%), and 2,872 (89%) reported sufficient data to calculate SIRs, with 2,444 (85%) using NAAT. The crude pooled HO CDI incidence rates for hospitals using EIA clustered at the lower end of the histogram versus rates for NAAT (Fig. 1). The SIR distributions of both NAAT and EIA overlapped substantially and covered a similar range of SIR values (Fig. 1). Among hospitals with a switch pattern, hospitals were equally likely to have an increase or decrease in their SIR (Fig. 2). The mean SIR difference for the 42 hospitals switching from EIA to NAAT was 0.048 (95% CI, −0.189 to 0.284; P = .688). The mean SIR difference for the 26 hospitals switching from NAAT to EIA was 0.162 (95% CI, −0.048 to 0.371; P = .124). Conclusions: The pattern of SIR distributions of both NAAT and EIA substantiate the soundness of NHSN risk adjustment for CDI test types. Switching test type did not produce a consistent directional pattern in SIR that was statistically significant.Disclosures: NoneFunding: None

THE GROWTH OF IQ AMONG ESTONIAN SCHOOLCHILDREN FROM AGES 7 TO 19

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
HELLE PULLMANN ◽  
JÜRI ALLIK ◽  
RICHARD LYNN
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Maturation Process ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference

The Standard Progressive Matrices test was standardized in Estonia on a representative sample of 4874 schoolchildren aged from 7 to 19 years. When the IQ of Estonian children was expressed in relation to British and Icelandic norms, both demonstrated a similar sigmoid relationship. The youngest Estonian group scored higher than the British and Icelandic norms: after first grade, the score fell below 100 and remained lower until age 12, and after that age it increased above the mean level of these two comparison countries. The difference between the junior school children and the secondary school children may be due to schooling, sampling error or different trajectories of intellectual maturation in different populations. Systematic differences in the growth pattern suggest that the development of intellectual capacities proceeds at different rates and the maturation process can take longer in some populations than in others.

scholarly journals A Sociolinguistic Study of Choosing Names for Newborn Children in Jordan

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abeer Harb Al-Qawasmi ◽  
Fawwaz Al-Abed Al-Haq
Keyword(s):  
Random Sample ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
The People ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Civil Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Clear Change

<p>This study aims at the study of newborn names in Jordan of a sociolinguistic perspective. This study tries to detect the difference in naming newborns in Jordan over the decades - from the seventies to 2015 due to the result of some factors that may have affected the Jordanian society, whether historical, religious and/or social. The data necessary to complete the study was obtained from the Civil Status Department and the Department of Statistics. The data obtained consisted of names of both sexes during the time period from the seventies until the early year of 2015, a random sample of personal names within the same family were also provided. The data was analyzed quantitatively. The study revealed that there is a clear change in the choice of newborn names-male and female-in Jordan, whether a change in sounds or in morphemes. In specific, names during the seventies were strongly linked to the culture and the values, religious or social, in which the people believed in. During the eighties and nineties, names were associated with certain social values, however, some names were shown to be affected by urbanization or modernization. And with the beginning of 2000 up to 2015, peoples directions towards naming newborns changed due to the advent of globalization, associating with development and urbanization, and moreover, the influence of different cultures on the community.</p>

High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Fensulfothion: Collaborative Study

1983 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 801-803
Author(s):  
Margie E Owen ◽  
◽  
O O Bennett ◽  
L T Chenery ◽  
C J Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Variation ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Peak Height ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Standard Material ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic Determination ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

Abstract A method for analyzing fensulfothion was tested by 10 collaborators. Formulations were dissolved, or extracted from inerts, in methanol. Benzophenone was used as an internal standard. The solution was diromatographed on a Partisil-10 ODS-2, or equivalent, reverse phase column, and detected at 230 nm. A mobile phase of methanol-water-phosphoric acid was used. The ratio of fensulfothion peak height to benzophenone peak height was calculated from the UV response and compared to the standard material for quantitation. A 15% granular formulation was analyzed as a matched pair. The results of one collaborator were outliers by the Dixon test. The coefficient of variation for the granular formulation was 1.6%. A matched pair of 63% spray concentrate samples was analyzed by 10 collaborators. The difference in results was an outlier for one collaborator; the coefficient of variation for the other collaborators was 1.5%. The method has been adopted official first action.

scholarly journals AVAILMENT OF FUNERAL PLANNING MANAGEMENT SERVICE AMONG CHINESE AND FILIPINO: PREPARATION OF A SERVICE DEVELOPMENT PACKAGE FOR A FUNERAL EVENT BUSINESS

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jojo M. Villamin
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Service Development ◽  
Chinese Society ◽  
Management Service ◽  
Care Services ◽  
After Care ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Comparative Study ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Funeral Industry

The funeral industry has grown rapidly over the years.  It is very evident that in the Philippines, many funeral parlors are sprouting all over the country as well funeral insurance policy companies.  The funeral industry has taken more major roles in the burial rituals, funeral arrangements, body disposition procedures, last rites, and after care services to attend to the special needs. One of the richest customs in celebrating a funeral event was the Chinese society.  Chinese was well known for their custom of following a lot of superstitions.  Filipinos also believed in superstitions like the Chinese, but their way of celebrating the funeral rites was different.  These customs make managing a funeral event difficult. That is why seeking professional guidance and support is a good idea. The study looks into the comparative study of the availment of the funeral planning management service among Chinese and Filipino to observe the difference and similarities on the level of awareness, interest, the desire and actions of the two different cultures regarding the funeral planning management service. The researcher’s purpose was to make a basis for developing an event strategy that would facilitate the acceptability of the funeral planning management service in the Philippines. 

scholarly journals Hospital Based Cancer Statistics as an Initial Step towards Establishment of Effective Cancer Intervention in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Khamis Othman Amour ◽  
Khamza Kibwana Maunda ◽  
Peter Kitau Msaki
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Kaposi Sarcoma ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Cancer Statistics ◽  
Cancer Of The Cervix ◽  
Cancer Intervention

There is an increasing public awareness that cancer in terms of increasing incidence rates and low curability become a serious problem in Tanzania. Due to limited human and physical resources in Tanzania, cancer interventions that address high incidences, curability and socio-economic impact must be given top priority. This information is often obtained in Population Based Cancer Registry (PBCR) which is not only lacking in Tanzania but its production requires relatively long period of follow-up and high cost of registration. Since establishment of effective cancer intervention is urgent, the desired information needed to accord this priority has been obtained from Hospital Based Cancer Statistics at Ocean Road Cancer Institute (ORCI). From this study, it was found that interventions of cancer of the cervix, breast, kaposi sarcoma, esophageal and head and neck has to be given high priority. It was also observed that treatment outcome for cervical cancer patients of all stages ranged between 34.2 % and 39.1% in the year 2010 and 2015 respectively. Using incidence, curability and socio-economic indices, the cancer type which require effective intervention are cancer of the cervix, breast and kaposi sarcoma. Implicitly, in the low cure rate of each detected cervical cancer in Tanzania compared to high cure rate reported in developed countries, early detection interventions and dose delivery accuracy should be improved.

scholarly journals Anticoagulant effects of different calcium supplementation pathways in calcium-free RCA-CVVH: a study protocol for a prospective randomized cross-over trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biantong JIANG ◽  
Zhigang ZHANG ◽  
Xiu JIN ◽  
Haiye WANG ◽  
Yuchen WU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Replacement Therapy ◽  
Calcium Ions ◽  
Calcium Supplementation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Regional Citrate Anticoagulation ◽  
Citrate Anticoagulation ◽  
Catheter Dysfunction ◽  
Calcium Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Key Aspects

Abstract Background When regional citrate anticoagulation used in continuous renal replacement therapy, one of the key aspects to achieve safe and effective extracorporeal circulation is the management of calcium ions. For calcium-free RCA-CVVH, the anticoagulant effects of different calcium supplementation pathways have not yet been explored. In this trial, we would test our hypothesis that compared with the SCV, when calcium was infused through the VL-FV, the arterial iCa2+ was lower. Methods This is a prospective randomized cross-over trial involving 24 patients undergoing RCA-CVVH. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: VL-FV—SCV group and SCV—VL-FV group. The difference of iCa2+ between arterial iCa2+ and post-filtration iCa2+ was compared. Secondary indicators included the incidence rates of catheter dysfunction and hypocalcemia. Discussion This is the first trial on the anticoagulant effects of calcium-free RCA-CVVH through different calcium supplement routes. We will confirm that the arterial iCa2 + level is slightly lower when calcium is infused in the VL-FV than in the SCV, and the incidence rates of catheter dysfunction and hypocalcemia will help us to determine which site is safer. Trial Registration CHiCTR registry: ChiCTR1800020046. Registered on 12 December 2018. (http://www.chictr.org.cn/listbycreater.aspx). Keywords: Continuous venous-venous hemofiltration, regional citrate anticoagulation, calcium, effect, safety, cross-over trial

The prevalence of ethnocentric tendencies in Bangladesh

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamgid Ahmed Chowdhury
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Rigorous Study ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Made In

Purpose – This paper aims to argue that the traditional belief that “consumer ethnocentrism is a phenomenon of the developed countries only” is no longer true. To establish this argument, our study assesses the applicability of the Consumer Ethnocentric Tendencies Scale (CETSCALE) in Bangladesh by judging the unidimensionality feature of the same. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology is based on sample of 788 respondents collected from 27 border and non-border districts of Bangladesh. Findings – Statistically significant results show that for the consumers of border and non-border districts, the original CETSCALE is, to a great extent, applicable as those groups have shown positive attitudes in retaining 12-14 items out of the 17 items of the original scale. However, the groups and the respondents as a whole did not agree with the unidimensionality feature of the CETSCALE. Practical implications – The results of the study show that Bangladeshi consumers prefer to see “Made in Bangladesh” tags when buying consumer products – a significant potential threat that the multinational companies need to address while planning to expand business in Bangladesh. Originality/value – This type of rigorous study on Bangladesh has never been done before. Moreover, the study identifies the difference in ethnocentric behavior of the consumers living in border and non-border areas – a study of ethnocentrism from a different point of view.

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