Control of skunk-vine (Paederia foetidaL.) with preemergence and postemergence herbicides in central Florida during the winter season

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-59
Author(s):  
S. Christopher Marble ◽  
Annette Chandler
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Paederia Foetida ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

AbstractSkunk-vine (Paederia foetidaL.) is an invasive vine native to eastern and southern Asia and is widely distributed in Florida, Hawaii, and other southeastern U.S. states; however, little research has focused on herbicide control. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine efficacy of aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, fluroxypyr, glyphosate, imazapic, triclopyr amine, and triclopyr ester at low and high labeled rates when foliar applied toP. foetidaat various growth stages in greenhouse experiments. Longer-term control was evaluated in field experiments in central Florida using the same herbicides. PRE herbicides labeled for use in landscape plantings, including dimethenamid-P, flumioxazin, indaziflam, isoxaben, and prodiamine, were also evaluated in greenhouse trials by seeding containers withP. foetidaseed. In greenhouse experiments, POST herbicides, including aminocyclopyrachlor, aminopyralid, glyphosate, both triclopyr formulations, and the high rate of fluroxypyr (0.24 kg ae ha−1), provided >90% control across all growth stages at 4 mo after treatment with no regrowth observed. Imazapic provided 49% to 89% control, with efficacy decreasing withP. foetidasize, and generally provided less control than other treatments. Field experiments confirmed results from greenhouse studies. In PRE trials, flumioxazin and prodiamine provided better control than all other PRE herbicides evaluated, reducing shoot weights by 99% and 84%, respectively, compared with nontreated controls. Our data suggest all herbicides evaluated POST could potentially be used to manageP. foetida, although less control was achieved with imazapic compared with other herbicides. Further research is needed to determine herbicide efficacy on more mature plants and to develop application methods that would be less injurious to non-target vegetation. In landscapes, flumioxazin or prodiamine could be used for PRE control, but POST options that are labeled for landscape use should be identified in future research.

scholarly journals Chlorophyll Content in Leaves of Wheat as Influenced by Inorganic, Organic and Integrated Sources of Nutrient Application

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Megha Vishwakarma ◽  
P. S. Kulhare ◽  
G. S. Tagore
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Chlorophyll A ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Total Chlorophyll ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Spad Value

Field experiments were conducted during winter season of 2018-19 and 2019-20 with three sources of nutrient  viz., inorganic, organics (FYM, VC and biofertilizers) and their integration as main treatments and five levels [S1-0 (0-0-0 kg NPK ha-1), S2-100% (120-60-40 kg NPK ha-1), S3-150% (180-90-60 kg NPK ha-1), S4-200% (240-120-80 kg NPK ha-1) and S5-Soil Test based (STV) NPK i.e. 149-176-33 kg ha-1 in split plot design with three replications. The chlorophyll content (‘a’, ‘b’ and total) in leaves and Soil Plant Analyzer Development (SPAD) value were recorded at crown root initiation (CRI), tillering, jointing and milking stage of wheat. The pooled data of findings revealed that the treatment with inorganic sources showed significant increase in the SPAD readings (9.62, 15.54, 23.77 and 29.83), chlorophyll ‘a’ (0.76, 0.83, 1.47 and 0.63 mg g-1 leaf tissue), ‘b’ (0.44, 0.78, 0.87 and 0.57 mg g-1 leaf tissue) and total (1.19, 1.64, 2.25 and 1.14 mg g-1 leaf tissue) chlorophyll content in leaves over organic source at all the growth stages. All the levels of nutrient were significantly increased the chlorophyll content and SPAD value over control at all the stages except chlorophyll ‘a’ at jointing and milking stage. However, amongst the levels 150% and 200% NPK were found significantly superior to 100% NPK for SPAD value (8.32 and 8.71 at CRI and 12.56 and 12.19 at tillering), chlorophyll ‘a’ (0.73 and 0.70 mg g-1 leaf tissue at CRI), chlorophyll ‘b’ (0.46 and 0.45 mg g-1 leaf tissue at CRI, 0.68 and 0.71 mg g-1 leaf tissue at tillering and 0.53 and 0.59 mg g-1 leaf tissue at milking), respectively. The interaction results suggested that the 200% NPK with inorganic and integrated sources significantly superior to 100% NPK for chlorophyll ‘a’ content at jointing and milking stage. The application of 150% and 200% NPK with inorganic source were found significantly higher over the same level of NPK with integrated source of nutrient for total chlorophyll content and SPAD value at all the growth stages except 150% NPK for total chlorophyll at jointing and milking stage and SPAD value at milking stage. The correlation between SPAD value and chlorophyll ’a’, ‘b’, total were found significantly and positively at all growth stages. Coefficient of determination values between SPAD and chlorophyll content showed linear relationship at all the growth stages.

Mesotrione, Topramezone, and Amicarbazone Combinations for Postemergence Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Control

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew T. Elmore ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden ◽  
Aaron J. Patton
Keyword(s):  
Photosystem Ii ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Complementary Nature ◽  
Synergistic Increase

Selective annual bluegrass (ABG) control with mesotrione is often inconsistent, and sequential applications might be required for complete control. The complementary nature ofp-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)- and photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides is well documented. The HPPD-inhibiting herbicide mesotrione and the PSII-inhibiting herbicide amicarbazone both have efficacy against annual bluegrass and safety on certain cool-season turfgrasses. Topramezone is a HPPD-inhibiting herbicide being investigated for use in turfgrass. Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to examine single applications of topramezone and mesotrione alone or in combination with amicarbazone for POST ABG control in spring. In greenhouse experiments, the combination of mesotrione (280 g ai ha−1) and amicarbazone (75 g ai ha−1) controlled ABG 70% by 21 d after treatment, > 29% more than either herbicide applied alone; these combinations were determined to be synergistic. Amicarbazone combined with topramezone (14.5 g ai ha−1) provided < 10% ABG control and was not synergistic. When combined with mesotrione, increasing amicarbazone rate to 150 or 255 g ha−1did not increase ABG control compared to 75 g ha−1in field experiments. Combining mesotrione with amicarbazone resulted in a synergistic increase in POST ABG control at 1 and 2 wk after treatment (WAT). When applied alone or in combination with amicarbazone, increasing the mesotrione rate from 90 to 280 g ha−1increased efficacy on ABG in field experiments. The combination of mesotrione at 280 g ha−1and amicarbazone at 75 g ha−1provided > 90% ABG control in field experiments. Future research should focus on sequential applications of mesotrione–amicarbazone combinations for ABG control in locations where ABG is historically more difficult to control.

Carinata Tolerance to Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicides

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 877-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon G. Leon ◽  
Jason A. Ferrell ◽  
Michael J. Mulvaney
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Canopy Closure ◽  
Winter Crop ◽  
Control Volunteer ◽  
Summer Temperatures ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Postemergence Herbicides

Carinata is a new biofuel crop that was recently introduced in the southeastern USA as a winter crop. This crop is competitive after canopy closure, but there is a need for weed control options at earlier growth stages. Field experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 to determine the safety of several PRE and POST herbicides in carinata. Pendimethalin at 1080 g ai ha−1 applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and PRE caused no carinata injury, or plant density and yield reductions. S-metolachlor was also safe at 694, 1070, 1390, and 2780 g ai ha−1 applied at PRE, 3 d after planting (DAP) and at the 2- to 6-leaf stage. Flumioxazin at 72 g ai ha−1 applied PRE was highly injurious on carinata preventing its establishment. Among the POST herbicides evaluated, clopyralid at 210 g ae ha1 and clethodim at 136 g ai ha−1 caused minor injury to carinata but did not reduce yield compared to the nontreated control. Acifluorfen at 420 g ai ha−1, bentazon at 840 g ai ha−1, and carfentrazone at 18 g ai ha−1 applied POST to carinata caused 75 to 100% injury. Under stressful conditions (i.e. high summer temperatures) all POST herbicides caused more injury than under more favorable conditions for growth in Florida (i.e. winter). The present study identified pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, clopyralid and clethodim as potential herbicides for weed control in carinata, and flumioxazin, acifluorfen, bentazon, and carfentrazone as herbicides that can be used to control volunteer carinata plants in rotational crops.

scholarly journals Comparison of Application Methods of Systemic Fungicides to Suppress Branch Cankers in Clementine Trees Caused by Phytophthora citrophthora

Plant Disease ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 92 (9) ◽  
pp. 1357-1363 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Alvarez ◽  
A. Vicent ◽  
J. M. Soler ◽  
E. De la Roca ◽  
J. Bascón ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Phytophthora Citrophthora ◽  
Mature Trees ◽  
Systemic Fungicides ◽  
Foliar Sprays ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Branch Canker

Since 2002, considerable losses of Clementine trees (Citrus clementina) have been observed in Spain due to Phytophthora branch canker of citrus caused by Phytophthora citrophthora. Due to the low efficiency of the available cultural and genetic control measures, application of fungicides is required for economic management of the disease. Fosetyl-Al, metalaxyl, and its enantiomer mefenoxam are the only systemic fungicides registered for control of Phytophthora diseases in Spain. However, their efficacy has not been tested against Phytophthora branch canker. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted for 3 years in Spain to evaluate the ability of these fungicides and application methods to reduce lesion expansion. Nevertheless, with the inoculation technique used, it was not possible to evaluate the protective activity of fungicides, which can play an important role in their performance under field conditions. None of the fungicide treatments inhibited lesion expansion when applications were made on a curative basis. The residual effect was better on young than on mature trees. Paint treatments were generally more effective in reducing lesion expansion that drip chemigation or foliar sprays. However, this application method is laborious and becomes uneconomical in Spain. Trunk and branch sprays as well as long-term programs of foliar sprays or drip chemigation for control of spring and autumn infections are proposed as targets for future research.

EFFECTS OF SOIL ACIDITY ON RHIZOBIA NUMBERS, NODULATION AND NITROGEN FIXATION BY ALFALFA AND RED CLOVER

1977 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. RICE ◽  
D. C. PENNEY ◽  
M. NYBORG
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidity ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Acid Soils ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments

The effects of soil acidity on nitrogen fixation by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were investigated in field experiments at 28 locations, and in greenhouse experiments using soils from these locations. The pH of the soils (limed and unlimed) varied from 4.5 to 7.2. Rhizobia populations in the soil, nodulation, and relative forage yields (yield without N/yield with N) were measured in both the field and greenhouse experiments. Rhizobium meliloti numbers, nodulation scores, and relative yields of alfalfa decreased sharply as the pH of the soils decreased below 6.0. For soils with pH 6.0 or greater, there was very little effect of pH on any of the above factors for alfalfa. Soil pH in the range studied had no effect on nodulation scores and relative yields of red clover. However, R. trifolii numbers were reduced when the pH of the soil was less than 4.9. These results demonstrate that hydrogen ion concentration is an important factor limiting alfalfa growth on acid soils of Alberta and northeastern British Columbia, but it is less important for red clover. This supports the continued use of measurements of soil pH, as well as plant-available Al and Mn for predicting crop response to lime.

A Descriptive Analysis of Music Therapy Employment from 2013 to 2019

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathon Oden
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
American Music ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Music Therapists ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Therapy Services

Abstract The purpose of this study was to descriptively analyze music therapy employment data from 2013 to 2019, including years in the field, gender, age, ethnicity, hours worked, jobs created, number of new board-certified music therapists (MT-BCs), funding sources, and wages. A database was created to analyze descriptive data from the 2013–2019 American Music Therapy Association Workforce Analysis Surveys as well as data from the Certification Board for Music Therapists. Results indicate a large portion of music therapists (MTs) have been in the field for five years or less. Though the majority of MTs work full time, there is a high rate of part-time employment. An estimate of the total number of new full-time jobs represented a ratio of 57% of new MT-BCs during the period. Private pay was the most reported funding source for music therapy services. Music therapy wages tended to be higher for those with higher levels of education. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are provided.

Interaction of Bentazon and Imazethapyr Applied Postemergence to Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.)

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-154
Author(s):  
Alan C. York ◽  
John W. Wilcut
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Sodium Salt ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Pyridinecarboxylic Acid ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments

Abstract Field and greenhouse experiments evaluated purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundas L.) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus L.) control with mixtures of bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] and imazethapyr {2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-5-ethyl-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid} applied postemergence. Mixtures of the sodium salt of bentazon at 0.6 or 1.1 kg ae/ha and the ammonium salt of imazethapyr at 35 or 70 g ae/ha were antagonistic on purple nutsedge in field and greenhouse experiments. Mixtures of bentazon at 0.6 kg/ha and imazethapyr at 35 or 70 g/ha were additive on yellow nutsedge in field experiments but antagonistic in greenhouse experiments. Mixtures of bentazon at 1.1 kg/ha and imazethapyr at 35 or 70 g/ha were antagonistic on yellow nutsedge in field and greenhouse experiments.

A Synthesis of Knowns, Unknowns, and Policy Recommendations from the Sea Lamprey International Symposium

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (11) ◽  
pp. 2202-2208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl J. Walters ◽  
George Spangler ◽  
W. J. Christie ◽  
Patrick J. Manion ◽  
James F. Kitchell
Keyword(s):  
International Symposium ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
Sea Lamprey ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fish Stock ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Pilot Studies

The Sea Lamprey International Symposium (SLIS) has provided a broad spectrum of facts and speculations for consideration in future research and management programs. Many aspects of the laboratory biology and field life history of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) are now well understood. There is little question that it can now be controlled by chemical larvicides, and perhaps in the future by more efficient integrated control programs. There is correlative evidence (wounds, scars, catch curves) that lamprey caused major mortalities in some fish species, and that control in conjunction with stocking has lead to remarkable recoveries of salmonid stocks in the Great Lakes. However, there are great gaps in understanding about just what the lamprey does under field conditions, and it is not yet possible to reject several hypotheses that assign lamprey a minimum or transient role in fish stock changes. Further studies on details of lamprey biology are, in themselves, unlikely to fill the gaps; one alternative is to conduct a large-scale field experiment involving cessation of lamprey control while holding other factors (fishing, stocking) as steady as possible. If it is decided to proceed with management on the assumption that lamprey are important, without the major field experiments to confirm it, then at least the following steps should be taken: (1) the chemical treatment program should be reviewed in detail, with a view to finding treatment schedules that will minimize frequency and dose rates for lampricide applications; (2) pilot studies on alternative control schemes (sterile male, attractants, barriers) should only be funded if they are statistically well designed (several replicate and control streams), and involve quantitative monitoring of lamprey spawning success and subsequent total production of transforming larvae; (3) the lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) stocking program should be maintained at its present level, and should involve diverse genotypes rather than a few hatchery strains; (4) growth in the sport fisheries for lake trout should be curtailed, and commercial fisheries should not yet be permitted; (5) a multispecies harvesting policy should be designed that takes into account the buffering effect of each species on lamprey mortality suffered by others (i.e. should some species not be harvested at all, and viewed instead as buffers for more valuable species?); and (6) a program should be developed for restoring, by culture if necessary, native forage species in case the introduced smelt and alewife should collapse under pressure from fishing and prédation by the growing salmonid community.Key words: sea lamprey, proposed research, fishery management, mathematical models, population dynamics

Do applications of sulfur or sulfate influence infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola?

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Dosdall ◽  
R. -C. Yang ◽  
P. M. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Delia Radicum ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
Root Maggot ◽  
Sulfur Nutrition

While the importance of sulfur nutrition for the development of healthy stands of canola is well documented, the role of sulfur in the management of insect pest infestations has not previously been investigated in this crop. Field experiments were conducted at three sites in central Alberta in 1997 and 1998 to determine the influence of sulfur and sulfate applications on infestations of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) in canola (Brassica rapa L.). Different formulations (granules, powder, prills, and sprays), application methods (either drilled in with the seed or top-dressed on the soil surface), and application rates were evaluated. To assess the degree of root maggot infestation, oviposition throughout the season and damage to taproots at the end of the season were monitored. Sulfur contents were analyzed from leaf samples collected mid-season and seed yields were measured from all treatment plots. Root maggot responses to the different sulfur treatments and application methods varied among years and sites, indicating that environmental factors have great importance in determining infestation levels by these pests, and the oxidation rate of elemental sulfur in soil. Sulfur formulation and application rate had significant effects on root maggot egg deposition and root damage for some sites and years, but even at high rates of application (112 kg ha-1) reductions in infestation levels were not substantial relative to the controls. While sulfur additions alone will not greatly reduce root maggot infestation levels in canola, growers should employ adequate sulfur nutrition for optimum crop health to enable plants to better compensate for damage by these pests. Key words: Brassica rapa, Delia radicum, Delia floralis, elemental sulfur, sulfate, canola

Spinetoram Is Compatible with the Key Natural Enemy of Frankliniella Species Thrips in Pepper

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrittunjai Srivastava ◽  
Lara Bosco ◽  
Joe Funderburk ◽  
Anthony Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Natural Predator ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Risk

Feeding by the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, causes damage to the fruits of pepper, and the species is the key vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus. Effective management integrates conservation of populations of the natural predator, Orius insidiosus, with the use of reduced-risk insecticides, namely spinosad. We conducted field experiments in northern Florida in 2005 and 2006 and in central Florida in 2006 to evaluate the new reduced-risk insecticide spinetoram for control of thrips and to determine the impact on natural populations of O. insidiosus. Spinetoram at 61 g ai/ha was as effective as spinosad at 140 g ai/ha against the western flower thrips and the other common thrips in Florida, Frankliniella tritici and Frankliniella bispinosa. The mean numbers of the predator were very high in all treatments in each experiment, and their numbers relative to the numbers of thrips indicated that predation was sufficient to suppress thrips populations in all treatments. Broad-spectrum insecticides when included in the experiments provided little or no control; sometimes, they flared thrips numbers compared to untreated pepper. Accepted for publication 25 October 2007. Published 18 January 2008.

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