scholarly journals Rich kids of Europe? Social basis and strategic choices in the climate activism of Fridays for Future

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Donatella della Porta ◽  
Martín Portos
Keyword(s):  
World History ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Climate Justice ◽  
Strategic Choices ◽  
Environmental Movements ◽  
European Cities ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Urgent Action

Abstract In 2018, Swedish teenager Greta Thunberg began a school strike that quickly spread across the globe. After a ritual strike every Friday by school pupils to call for urgent action against climate change had gone on for several months, what had become Fridays for Future (FFF) called for various global days of action throughout 2019, bringing millions of people out onto the streets in the largest climate protests in world history. Drawing on unique protest survey data on FFF events across European cities in 2019, this article explores the structural bases of organized collective mobilization for climate justice. Nuancing narratives that focus on either the privileged background of climate justice protesters or the environmentalism of the poor, our results show the heterogeneity of the social composition of the protests, suggesting the need for cross-class alliances for mass mobilizations. Moreover, our analysis reveals that the social background of protesters shaped their attitudes regarding what institutions and approaches can be relied upon to tackle climate and environmental challenges. This suggests an important and under-studied connection between social background and the strategic choices of environmental movements.

From Patriae Amator to Amator Pauperum and Back Again

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Brown
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Gift Giving ◽  
Early Middle Ages ◽  
Social Imagination ◽  
Western Modernity ◽  
European Cities ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Latin West

This chapter examines the ways in which classical, Christian, and Jewish practices of public-spirited gifts, justice, and civic charity converged in European cities between late antiquity and the early middle ages, ca. 300–600. More specifically, it looks at changes in the social imagination of populations of the Roman and post-Roman, Latin West throughout these centuries. It shows how the forms and recipients of gift-giving practices were altered: the poor displaced the citizenry; the horizons of charity expanded out beyond the locality; its social terms grew bleaker even as its spirit grew more exalted. The chapter considers how these shifting practices gave rise to new forms of “pastoral” power and an understanding of wealth, poverty, and society that heralded the beginnings of Western modernity and displaced a “classical,” pointedly civic notion of society.

scholarly journals Socio-Criminological Characteristics of Exemption from Criminal Liability

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 581-592
Author(s):  
Yury Pudovochkin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Social Background ◽  
The State ◽  
General Body ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Court Practice

The article analyzes statistical and other social information on the specifics of using exemptions from criminal liability in court practice, which is underrepresented in modern criminological publications. It is stated that the growth in the total number of people exempt from liability, which was caused by the reform of 2003, now stopped at the level of 180-200 thousand people per year, which is 18-22 % of people for whom judgments on the merits of the charges have been issued. In this connection, it is proven that the potential for the humanization of criminal law through the use of this institute is fully used, while all legislative decisions connected with its improvement only lead to the changes in the general body of individuals exempt from liability; as a result, prominence is given to grounds for exemption connected with the compensation of damage inflicted on the victim and extra payments for the benefit of the state. The share of persons who reconciled with the victims and agreed to pay a court fine comprises over 80 % of the total number of persons exempt from liability. This research also addresses the issue of the correlation between the grounds for exemption from liability and the type of the committed crime, its criminological features and the degree of public danger. Based on this information, three criminological models of exemption from criminal liability have been worked out, they clearly correspond to the prescriptions of Art. 74, 76 and 76.2 of the CC of the RF. The sustainable socio-criminological basis of exemption from liability makes it possible to determine the social background for the existence and future development of this institute. Having analyzed the existing research approaches to the social basis for exemption, the author concludes that this basis consists in the adequate restoration of the interests of the person, the society, and the state violated by the crime through independent and intensive actions of the person who committed this crime and, as a result, the use of criminal liability measures becomes excessive.

scholarly journals De Vlaamse patriotten en de natievorming. Hoe de Vlaamse natie ophield 'klein' te zijn

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-248
Author(s):  
Bruno De Wever ◽  
Frans-Jos Verdoodt ◽  
Antoon Vrints
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Social Basis ◽  
Socioeconomic Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Influential Theory

Het artikel toetst de invloedrijke theorie van Miroslav Hroch over de ontwikkeling van ‘kleine’ naties in het territorium van een dominante natie toe aan de hand van de casus Vlaanderen. Er wordt met name aandacht besteed aan de sociale achtergrond van de Vlaamse patriotten en aan het sociaal programma dat ze ontwikkelen in relatie tot de Vlaamse natie. Het essayistische betoog verdedigt de hypothese dat de Vlaamse beweging er lange tijd niet in slaagde de arbei-dersbeweging en de werkgevers te integreren in de Vlaamse natie, waardoor die in de opvattingen van Hroch ‘gedesintegreerd’ bleef en dus ‘klein’. De sociale achtergrond van de Vlaamse patriotten bleef beperkt tot de middengroepen; hun programma was niet of slechts in beperkte mate gericht op de integratie van andere sociale groepen. Dit veranderde pas vanaf de jaren 1960, toen enerzijds als gevolg van sociaaleconomische veranderingen de middengroepen expandeerden en anderzijds door sociaal-culturele veranderingen het Vlaams natieproject een ruimere sociale basis kreeg. De Vlaamse patriotten slaagden er in een proces van staatshervormingen op gang te brengen waardoor de Vlaamse natie zich reproduceerde in de dagelijkse realiteit. In die omstandigheden voltrok zich dan toch de massificatie van de Vlaamse natie waardoor die ophield ‘klein’ te zijn ten opzichte van de Belgische.________Flemish Patriots and Nation-Forming. How the Flemish Nation Ceased to Be “Small”This article tests the influential theory of Miroslav Hroch concerning the development of ‘small’ nations within the territory of a dominant nation on the basis of the case of Flanders. Namely, attention is paid to the social background of the Flemish patriots and the social program that they developed in relation to the Flemish nation. The argument of this essay defends the hypothesis that, for a long time, the Flemish Movement did not succeed in integrating the workers’ movement and employers into the Flemish nation, and thus in Hroch’s conception it remained ‘disintegrated’ and thus ‘small’. The social background of the Flemish patriots remained restricted to the middle classes; their program was barely, if at all, geared toward the integration of other social groups. This did not change until the 1960s, when, on the one hand, the middle classes expanded as a result of socioeconomic changes and, on the other hand, the Flemish national project obtained a larger social basis through sociocultural changes. Flemish patriots succeeded in getting a process of devolution underway, by which the Flemish nation reproduced itself in day-to-day life. In these circumstances, the massification of the Flemish nation happened, whereby it ceased to be ‘small’ with regard to the Belgian.

scholarly journals MEMBONGKAR KESALAHAN POLA ASUH ANAK DALAM MITOS-MITOS DI INDONESIA

Diksi ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Else Liliani
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Social Conflict ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Father Figures ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Background ◽  
Rearing Pattern

This article is about a research conducted to clarify (1) the structuralcharacteristics of myths in Indonesia, (2) the child-rearing patterns found in themyths, (3) errors in child rearing reflected in the myths, and (4) the relevance of themyths and child-rearing patterns to the contemporary realities in Indonesia.With the myths in Indonesia as the objects of the research, by means ofpurposive random sampling, 15 myths were selected for study. The data wereobtained by means of a read-and-write technique and they were analyzed by (1)reading the myths and seeking the story units and (2) organizing the story units inaccordance with the story development. The validity of the data was tested throughsemantic validity and their reliability was tested by repeated readings.The research results indicate that (1) the structural characteristics of mythsin Indonesia are, among others, that (a) in child rearing the mother figures have thecharacteristic of being gentle and a part of the father figures have the characteristicof being stern, (b) most of the myths have the social background of the lower classand the economic background of the poor, (c) the child figures possess asufficiently good need of achievement and a sufficiently good emotional quotient,(d) the child figures experience considerable social conflict, (e) the parent figuresplay minimum parts in the story, and (f) most of the child figures receivepunishments and experience dehumanization, (2) the patterns of child rearing arefound to have enough variety but they are mostly dominated by authoritarian,neglectful, and indulgent ones, (3) the errors of child rearing reflected are, amongothers, the minimum roles of parents and a disproportional child-rearing pattern ofgiving more punishments than rewards, and (4) the myths put under study haverelevance to today’s matters related to child rearing such as education, health, andchild abuse.Keywords: myths, structure and pattern of child rearing

The Social Origins and Provenance of the English Bishops during the Reign of Edward II

1959 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 51-79
Author(s):  
K. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Early Career ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Origins ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Edward Ii ◽  
The Social ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
History Of

During the last twenty or twenty-five years medieval historians have been much interested in the composition of the English episcopate. A number of studies of it have been published on periods ranging from the eleventh to the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A further paper might well seem superfluous. My reason for offering one is that most previous writers have concentrated on analysing the professional circles from which the bishops were drawn, and suggesting the influences which their early careers as royal clerks, university masters and students, secular or regular clergy, may have had on their later work as bishops. They have shown comparatively little interest in their social background and provenance, except for those bishops who belonged to magnate families. Some years ago, when working on the political activities of Edward II's bishops, it seemed to me that social origins, family connexions and provenance might in a number of cases have had at least as much influence on a bishop's attitude to politics as his early career. I there fore collected information about the origins and provenance of these bishops. I now think that a rather more careful and complete study of this subject might throw further light not only on the political history of the reign, but on other problems connected with the character and work of the English episcopate. There is a general impression that in England in the later middle ages the bishops' ties with their dioceses were becoming less close, and that they were normally spending less time in diocesan work than their predecessors in the thirteenth century.

Voluntary Associations and the Social Integration of the Poor

1971 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-357
Author(s):  
Russell L. Curtis, Jr. ◽  
Louis A. Zurcher, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Voluntary Associations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Social

Similarities and differences in the social background of female medical, nursing and health visitor students

2008 ◽  
Vol 149 (24) ◽  
pp. 1137-1142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helga Judit Feith ◽  
Zsuzsanna Soósné Kiss ◽  
Ágnes Kovácsné Tóth ◽  
Péter Balázs
Keyword(s):  
Social Background ◽  
Health Visitor ◽  
The Social ◽  
Similarities And Differences

Ismereteink szerint ez idáig nem történt olyan átfogó vizsgálat Magyarországon, amely egészségügyi felsőoktatásban tanuló hallgatók szociokulturális hátterét vizsgálta volna. Célkitűzés: Keresztmetszeti kutatásunk fő célkitűzése az volt, hogy megismerjük és elemezzük a leendő orvosnők, diplomás ápolónők és védőnők társadalmi hátterében megmutatkozó különbségeket. Módszer: Jelen kutatásunk orvostanhallgató-nők, valamint egészségügyi főiskolai karon tanuló hallgatónők között készült, a Semmelweis Egyetemen. Összesen 295 hallgatónőt vontunk be a kutatásba, értékelhető választ adott 68,08% ( n = 201). Az eredményeket az SPSS programcsomag segítségével elemeztük, leíró statisztikai megközelítésben. Eredmények: A felmérésben részt vevő hallgatónők számos szociodemográfiai jellemzőjében meghatározó különbséget tapasztaltunk. Az orvostanhallgató-nők nagyobb hányada diplomás szülők gyermeke, ugyanakkor a főiskolai szintű képzésben részt vevő hallgatónők esetében ennek jóval kisebb az esélye. Nem találtunk ugyan statisztikailag alátámasztható különbséget a három hallgatói csoport családi állapotában, de megállapítható, hogy kevesebb diplomásápoló-hallgatónő volt férjezett, illetve élt élettársi kapcsolatban. Következtetések: A főiskolai hallgatónők, valamint az orvostanhallgatók szociokulturális hátterében megmutatkozó különbségek, az ebből következő társadalmi hátrányok nagyobb mértékben sújtják az ápoló- és védőnőhallgatókat, mint az orvostanhallgató-nőket.

The Paradox of Poverty: Socio-Economic Aspects of Population Growth.— By T. Scarlett Epstein and Darrell Jackson. The Macmillan of India Limited Delhi, 1975. pp.127.

1978 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-382
Author(s):  
M. Javed Akbar Zaki
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Rural India ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Fertility Decision ◽  
The Social

To many social theoreticians, the population explosion, particularly in the developing nations presents a crippling threat to their developmental pro¬cesses. Their argument's validity rests mainly on the assumption that expected economic progress is swallowed up by unbalanced rise of numbers in the population. The book being reviewed deals mainly with this subject matter and is divided into two parts, each containing three articles contributed by various researchers. Part one, 'The Social context of Fertility Decision' is focused on analyzing the role of factors affecting fertility at the micro-level decision making process. The first article 'Fertility decision in rural India' by Vinod Jainath, examines the applicability to rural India of various models of the process of fertility decision making and finds most of these wanting with respect to the Indian social situation. While analyzing the fertility patterns of Rural India, he points out the positive need for larger families among the poor small farmers mainly due to labour supply considerations. The author argues that unemployment and under¬employment actually motivate the poor to have more children as it better ensures their economic security in their old age. As the chances of gaining employ¬ment for their offspring diminish, they are induced to increase the total number of children in order that atleast one will be able to support them. Thus a vicious circle of poverty arises in large families because of each of the parents wanting to increase their children's chances of employment by ultimately reducing the overall employment opportunities even further and exacerbating their poverty.

The inspection of actual runoff control facilities five years after construction

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 373-377
Author(s):  
Yuzo Akagawa ◽  
Yasutoshi Matsumoto ◽  
Mitsuyoshi Zaizen
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Groundwater Table ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Design Rainfall ◽  
The Social ◽  
Athletic Field ◽  
Runoff Control

This report describes runoff control facilities (five years after construction) which are basically an athletic field consisting of tennis courts, constructed in an area of about four hectares in Tokyo. The report is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the social background of the fact that the athletic field has come to have runoff control functions. The second part concerns the summary of these facilities, and then the last part relates to the effects of runoff control. Concerning the effects of the facilities, the return period of design rainfall for runoff control facilities is ten years, but stormwater has been stored on the tennis courts twice in five years after construction. Though these two cases of rainfall were very extraordinary, as the outcome of the inspection of the runoff control facilities we were able to confirm the effects of runoff control by means of simulating under the condition of those two cases of rainfall. In addition, we were able to confirm the effect of groundwater cultivation by means of researching the transition of the groundwater table.

Social Environment and Creativity

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-58
Author(s):  
Jiří Semrád ◽  
Milan Škrabal
Keyword(s):  
High School Students ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Family Influence ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
School Students ◽  
Cultural Legacy ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family

The paper deals with issues connected with the motivation of high school students to participate in activities aimed at professional creative activity and, in this context, issues of environmental influences, especially from school and the family. It is responding to some of the growing efforts of neoliberalism to over individualize creative expression and activities and completely ignore social influences. It also takes into account the cultural legacy of past generations and the sources of creative power that have taken root in society and from which individuals draw and process their inspiration. Presented within are the results of an empirical probe focused on the influence of the social environment on the creative activity of teenagers. The paper follows the relations to the existing body of knowledge on the relationship between social environment and creativity, with an effort to capture the social conditionality of creative performances—to capture their roots. The results of the probe have confirmed the initial hypothesis that the creative efforts of secondary school students taking part in vocational training is based on the social background of the family and school. However, the family influence on the students’ creativity is not as significant as one would expect. It is the indirect effect of the family environment that has a larger influence.

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