Probing electrically driven nanojets by energy and mass analysis in vacuo

2021 ◽  
Vol 931 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Javier Perez-Lorenzo ◽  
Juan Fernandez de la Mora
Keyword(s):  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Bivariate Distribution ◽  
Molecular Ions ◽  
Acceleration Process ◽  
Collector Plate ◽  
In Series ◽  
Jet Velocity ◽  
Energy Dissipated ◽  
Capillary Voltage

Time of flight (TOF) and energy analysis in vacuum are used in series to determine jet velocity Uj, diameter dj, electrical potential Vj and energy dissipated ΔV at the breakup point of electrified nanojets of the ionic liquid 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (EMI-FAP) (Ignat'ev et al., J. Fluorine Chem., vol. 126, issue 8, 2008, pp.1150–1159). The full spray is periodically gated by a grid held at a high voltage Vg, and received at a collector where the measured flight times provide the distribution of drop speeds u. Varying Vg provides the bivariate distribution of drop energies ξ and velocities. The collector plate, centred with the beam axis, is divided into eight concentric rings, yielding the angular distribution of the spray current, and high resolution (u,ξ) values in the whole spray. The energies of various particles of given u are all well defined, but depend uniquely on u, even though u and ξ are in principle independent experimental variables. Slow and fast particles have energies respectively well above and below the capillary voltage Ve (1.64 kV). As previously shown by Gamero-Castaño & Hruby (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 459, 2002, pp. 245–276), this behaviour is due to the 2-stage acceleration process, first jointly in the jet for all particles, and then separately for free flying drops or ions of different mass/charge. The measured two-dimensional distributions of u and ξ provide the jet velocity Uj (~0.44 km s−1) and electrical potential Vj (1.2 kV) at the breakup point. All molecular ions originate near the breakup point rather than the meniscus neck. A measurable fraction of anomalously fast drops is observed that must come from Coulomb fissions of the main drops.

scholarly journals Convective paracellular solute flux. A source of ion-ion interaction in the epithelial transport equations.

1987 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
A M Weinstein
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Epithelial Transport ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Transport Equations ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Reflection Coefficients ◽  
Cross Term ◽  
Parallel Structures ◽  
In Series ◽  
Rat Proximal Tubule

An electrolyte model of an epithelium (a cell and a tight junction in parallel, both in series with a lateral interspace basement membrane) is analyzed using the formalism of nonequilibrium thermodynamics. It is shown that if the parallel structures are heteroporous (i.e., reflection coefficients for two ion species differ between the components), then a cross-term will appear in the overall transport equations of the epithelium. Formally, this cross-term represents an ion-ion interaction. With respect to the rat proximal tubule, data indicating epithelial ionic reflection coefficients less than unity, together with the assumption of no transcellular solvent drag, imply the presence of convective paracellular solute flux. This means that a model applicable to a heteroporous structure must be used to represent the tubule, and, in particular, the cross-terms for ion-ion interaction must also be evaluated in permeability determinations. A series of calculations is presented that permits the estimation of the Na-Cl interaction for rat proximal tubule from available experimental data. One consequence of tubule heteroporosity is that an electrical potential may be substantially less effective than an equivalent concentration gradient in driving reabsorptive ion fluxes.

scholarly journals Moisture-induced autonomous surface potential oscillations for energy harvesting

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Long ◽  
Peisheng He ◽  
Zhichun Shao ◽  
Zhaoyang Li ◽  
Han Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Potential ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Ammonium Hydroxide ◽  
Potential Oscillations ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
In Series ◽  
Chaotic Nature ◽  
The Stability

AbstractA variety of autonomous oscillations in nature such as heartbeats and some biochemical reactions have been widely studied and utilized for applications in the fields of bioscience and engineering. Here, we report a unique phenomenon of moisture-induced electrical potential oscillations on polymers, poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hydroxide-co-acrylic acid), during the diffusion of water molecules. Chemical reactions are modeled by kinetic simulations while system dynamic equations and the stability matrix are analyzed to show the chaotic nature of the system which oscillates with hidden attractors to induce the autonomous surface potential oscillation. Using moisture in the ambient environment as the activation source, this self-excited chemoelectrical reaction could have broad influences and usages in surface-reaction based devices and systems. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, an energy harvester is constructed and achieved the continuous energy production for more than 15,000 seconds with an energy density of 16.8 mJ/cm2. A 2-Volts output voltage has been produced to power a liquid crystal display toward practical applications with five energy harvesters connected in series.

scholarly journals SUMMATION OF ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL OF LIVING MEMBRANES (FROG SKIN): A MODEL OF THE ELECTRICAL ORGAN OF FISHES

1940 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 729-732
Author(s):  
T. Cunliffe Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Frog Skin ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Electrical Fields ◽  
Ringer’S Solution ◽  
In Series

Frog skins arranged "in series" in tubes of Ringer's solution exhibit summation of electrical potential which helps to explain the nature of electrical fields in the organism as a whole and in the electrical organ of fishes. See PDF for Structure

scholarly journals Intestinal Transport of Weak Electrolytes

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Jackson ◽  
Yih-Fu Shiau ◽  
Susan Bane ◽  
Margaret Fox
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Intestinal Transport ◽  
Weak Acid ◽  
Electrical Potential Difference ◽  
Weak Base ◽  
Compartment System ◽  
In Series ◽  
Weak Electrolytes ◽  
Intermediate Compartment

A study has been made of the transmural fluxes of benzoic, phenylacetic, and pentanoic acids, benzylamine, hexylamine, and D-amphetamine across rat jejunum incubated in vitro. The M to S fluxes of the weak acids were greater than their corresponding S to M fluxes, and the S to M fluxes of the weak bases were larger than their M to S fluxes. These patterns of asymmetric movements were observed when the transmural electrical potential difference was clamped at 0 mV, and when the pH values of the mucosal and serosal fluids were identical. The effects of a weak acid on the fluxes of other weak electrolytes were qualitatively similar when the effector weak acid was added to the mucosal fluid, and when it was added to the serosal fluid. But the effects of a weak base on the fluxes of other weak electrolytes were dependent upon its location, and the interactions observed when the effector weak base was added to the mucosal fluid were qualitatively different than those seen when it was added to the serosal fluid. The interactions between weak electrolytes could readily be explained in terms of the function of a system of three compartments in series, in which the pH of the intermediate compartment is greater than that of the bulk phases. But these observations could not be explained in terms of an analogous system involving an intermediate compartment of low pH, or in terms of a carrier mediated system. The transport function of the three-compartment system can be described in the form of an equation, and it is found that a pH difference of less than 0.5 unit may explain our observations on weak electrolyte transport.

Acceleration Control for a Plug-in Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle

2013 ◽  
Vol 380-384 ◽  
pp. 499-503
Author(s):  
Ze Yu Chen ◽  
Ying Yang ◽  
Guang Yao Zhao ◽  
Xue Jiao Li
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Electric Vehicle ◽  
Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Torque Control ◽  
Acceleration Process ◽  
Matlab Simulation ◽  
Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Acceleration ◽  
In Series ◽  
Hybrid Electric

Acceleration control using fuzzy logic is investigated in this paper for a plug-in series hybrid electric vehicle in order to improve the vehicle response to drivers demand. The transient process of acceleration is mainly considered in this research. Fuzzy logic is used for motor transient torque control according to drivers input and vehicle velocity, outputting a regulatory factor to increase motor torque transiently when drivers acceleration pedal is pushed down deeply and to reduce the torque increment when acceleration process is close to over. Performance of fuzzy control is tested by MATLAB simulation. Simulation results indicate that the presented fuzzy algorithm is feasible and effective for improving vehicle acceleration ability without damaging stable velocity control characteristic; in simulation, vehicle acceleration time of 0-100km/h has been reduced by 2.4 seconds.

scholarly journals Moisture-induced autonomous surface potential oscillations for energy harvesting

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Long ◽  
Peisheng He ◽  
Zhichun Shao ◽  
Han Kim ◽  
Archie Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Energy Harvester ◽  
Liquid Crystal Display ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Water Molecules ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Potential Oscillations ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Energy Harvesters ◽  
In Series

Abstract A variety of autonomous oscillations in nature such as heartbeats and biochemical reactions have been widely studied and utilized for applications in the fields of bioscience and energy technology, etc. Here, we report a unique phenomenon of moisture-induced electrical potential oscillations on P(MEDSAH-co-AA) polymers during the diffusion of water molecules. Using the moisture in the ambient environment as the activation source, this self-excited chemoelectrical reaction could have broad influences and usages in surface-reaction based devices and systems. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, an energy harvester is constructed to demonstrate the continuous energy production for more than 15000 seconds with an energy density of 16.8 mJ/cm2. A 2-Volts output voltage has been produced to power a liquid crystal display (LCD) with five energy harvesters connected in series toward practical applications.

Energy analysis of in-series biohydrogen and methane production from organic wastes

2014 ◽  
Vol 39 (29) ◽  
pp. 16587-16594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Escamilla-Alvarado ◽  
María Teresa Ponce-Noyola ◽  
Héctor Mario Poggi-Varaldo ◽  
Elvira Ríos-Leal ◽  
Jaime García-Mena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
In Series

A General Method for Spectrometer Design in the Scoff Approximation

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
J. R. Fields
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Energy Analysis ◽  
Incident Beam ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Identification ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
General Method

The energy analysis of electrons scattered by a specimen in a scanning transmission electron microscope can improve contrast as well as aid in chemical identification. In so far as energy analysis is useful, one would like to be able to design a spectrometer which is tailored to his particular needs. In our own case, we require a spectrometer which will accept a parallel incident beam and which will focus the electrons in both the median and perpendicular planes. In addition, since we intend to follow the spectrometer by a detector array rather than a single energy selecting slit, we need as great a dispersion as possible. Therefore, we would like to follow our spectrometer by a magnifying lens. Consequently, the line along which electrons of varying energy are dispersed must be normal to the direction of the central ray at the spectrometer exit.

Measurement of solute segregation to grain boundaries in the AEM: A review

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 606-607
Author(s):  
D. B. Williams ◽  
A. D. Romig
Keyword(s):  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Grain Boundaries ◽  
Boundary Migration ◽  
Grain Boundary Migration ◽  
Boundary Misorientation ◽  
Collector Plate ◽  
Segregation Process ◽  
Grain Boundary Misorientation ◽  
Structure Boundary ◽  
Equilibrium Segregation

The segregation of solute or imparity elements to grain boundaries can occur by three well-defined processes. The first is Gibbsian segregation in which an element of minimal matrix solubility confines itself to a monolayer at the grain boundary. Classical examples include Bi in Cu and S or P in Fe. The second process involves the depletion of excess matrix solute by volume diffusion to the boundary. In the boundary, the solute atoms diffuse rapidly to precipitates, causing them to grow by the ‘collector-plate mechanism.’ Such grain boundary diffusion is thought to initiate “Diffusion-Induced Grain Boundary Migration,” (DIGM). This process has been proposed as the origin of eutectoid transformations or discontinuous grain boundary reactions. The third segregation process is non-equilibrium segregation which result in a solute build-up around the boundary because of solute-vacancy interactions.All of these segregation phenomena usually occur on a sub-micron scale and are often affected by the nature of the grain boundary (misorientation, defect structure, boundary plane).

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