scholarly journals From dust till drowned: the Holocene landscape development at Norderney, East Frisian Islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Schlütz ◽  
Dirk Enters ◽  
Felix Bittmann
Keyword(s):  
Alnus Glutinosa ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Freshwater Lakes ◽  
Salicornia Europaea ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
Reed Beds ◽  
Barrier Region ◽  
Juncus Gerardii ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
Oceanic Precipitation

Abstract Within the multidisciplinary WASA project, 160 cores up to 5 m long have been obtained from the back-barrier area and off the coast of the East Frisian island of Norderney. Thirty-seven contained basal peats on top of Pleistocene sands of the former Geest and 10 of them also had intercalated peats. Based on 100 acclerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dates and analyses of botanical as well as zoological remains from the peats, lagoonal sediments and the underlying sands, a variety of distinct habitats have been reconstructed. On the relatively steep slopes north of the present island, a swampy vegetation fringe several kilometres wide with carrs of alder (Alnus glutinosa) moved in front of the rising sea upwards of the Geest as it existed then until roughly 6 ka, when the sea level reached the current back-barrier region of Norderney at around −6 m NHN (German ordnance datum). From then on for nearly 4000 years a changing landscape with a mosaic of freshwater lakes and fens existed within this area. It was characterised by various stands of Cladium mariscus (fen sedge), alternating with brackish reed beds with Phragmites australis (common reed) and salt meadows with Aster tripolium (sea aster), Triglochin maritima (sea arrowgrass), Juncus gerardii (saltmarsh rush) as well as mudflats with Salicornia europaea (common glasswort). As far as shown by our cores, this highly diverse, and for humans potentially attractive landscape was at least some 4 km wide and followed the coast for about 10 km. Before the rising sea caused diversification of habitats, wet heath as well as dry and dusty sand areas existed. In the course of time, parts of the wet heath turned into raised Sphagnum bogs under an oceanic precipitation regime before this diverse landscape was drowned by the rising sea and finally covered by marine sediments, while the earlier sediments and peats were partly eroded and redeposited.

scholarly journals Purification performances of common reed beds based on the residence time: Case of Benin

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 5682 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEJ Deguenon ◽  
P Hounkpe ◽  
MP Aina ◽  
J Adounkpe ◽  
DCK Sohounhloue
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Reed Beds

scholarly journals Impact of harvesting and fire on Phragmites australis reed quality in Tembe Elephant Park, Maputaland

Koedoe ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M.W. Van Rooyen ◽  
C.A. Tosh ◽  
N. Van Rooyen ◽  
W.S. Matthews ◽  
M.J.S. Kellerman
Keyword(s):  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Reed Beds ◽  
Kwazulu Natal ◽  
The Common ◽  
Communal Areas ◽  
Active Growth Period ◽  
Nutrient Reserves

In Maputaland, South Africa, the common reed (Phragmites australis) is used extensively for hut building, fencing, craftwork and thatching. As a result of over-harvestingmost reed beds in communal areas have been degraded and are no longer producing reeds of the desired quality. At present the most productive reed beds are all found inconservation areas. The KwaMsomi area of the Muzi Swamp in the Tembe Elephant Park has been allocated to the Sibonisweni community for harvesting purposes. Thiscommunity has recently requested Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife for additional areas for harvesting on the grounds that the current site was no longer yielding reeds of suitable quality. The main objective of this study was therefore to determine whether there was a decline in reed quality in the KwaMsomi harvested area. The results of thisstudy suggest that harvested areas contained more thin, short reeds than unharvested areas. Fire can be used to increase reed diameter in harvested areas, but will not significantly affect reed height. Ideally, reeds should only be harvested after the active growth period, when most of the nutrient reserves have been translocated to the rhizomes andthe buds are still dormant. To improve reed quality a three-year rotational harvesting programme should be implemented to allow the reeds to recover fully before being harvested again.

Reed beds for biosolids drying in the arid northwestern United States

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 287-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter S. Burgoon ◽  
K. Frank Kirkbride ◽  
Mike Henderson ◽  
Evan Landon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Phragmites Australis ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Reed Beds ◽  
Standard Operation ◽  
The Common

Reed beds for dewatering biosolids have been successful throughout Europe and in the northeastern temperate United States. This paper reports on the use of reed beds in the arid Columbia Basin in the state of Washington, USA. Native stands of the common reed, Phragmites australis were propagated and planted in the reed beds. The hot, dry, windy, climate has required simple changes in standard operation of the reed beds. The reeds were stressed by the hot dry winds and lost top shoot growth when beds remained drained in the Spring Summer and Fall months. Maintenance of water levels in the cells has reduced symptoms of heat stress in the plants. These operational changes may have an effect on oxidation of organic matter and nitrogen in the filtrate. The operational changes may have effected the dewatering and decomposition of the biosolids. The dry hot summers, and freezing winters enhance the dewatering ability of the reed beds and make them an appropriate solids dewatering technology for the region.

Continental and oceanic precipitation régime in Europe

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Mikolaskova
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Summer Precipitation ◽  
Winter Precipitation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Precipitation Regime ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Maximum Precipitation ◽  
Winter Half ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Oceanic Precipitation

AbstractThis work considers continentality from the point of view of an annual course of precipitation. It assesses continentality according to percentage of precipitation in summer and winter half year, ratio of precipitation in summer to winter half year and the period of half year precipitation in the area of WMO Region VI (Europe). Region VI can be divided into five main regions according to their annual course of precipitation. These regions are: Northwestern Europe with precipitation in all seasons, a predominance of winter precipitation and maximum precipitation in December and January; Central Europe with precipitation in all seasons, a predominance of summer precipitation and maximum precipitation in July; Eastern Europe with less precipitation over the year than in Northwestern Europe, a predominance of summer precipitation and maximum precipitation in July; the Mediterranean region with a predominance of winter precipitation, a dry season in summer and maximum precipitation in November and December; and Western Asia with a variable climate, a predominance of winter precipitation and maximum precipitation in December and January. Continentality from the point of view of precipitation rises towards the east. In comparison with thermal continentality, according to Gorczynski, it unexpectedly reaches its maximum in the centre of Europe (especially in northeast of the Czech Republic and south of Poland).

scholarly journals Analysis of heavy metal content in the dry matter of different energy crops

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Edgars Cubars ◽  
Liena Poisa ◽  
Gotfrids Noviks ◽  
Rasma Platace ◽  
Skaidrite Bumane
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Heavy Metal Content ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Reed Canary Grass ◽  
Reed Beds ◽  
Solid Biofuel ◽  
Canary Grass

<p class="Standard">The study shows results of research on heavy metals concentration in biomass of common reed, hemp and Reed canary grass. The research of common reed was performed during winter period from 2010 until 2012 in 11 natural and artificial water bodies of Latvia. For the harvested biomass in the spring of 2009 and 2010, hemp and reed canary grass samples were investigated.</p><p class="Standard">For the collected common reed samples the heavy metal content (Cd, Pb, Cu, Ni, Fe) was established in the biomass. For the hemp and reed canary grass samples, Cd and Pb content were established in the biomass. On the basis of the findings of this research, the suitability of the plant biomass for energy production was analyzed.</p><p class="Standard">The heavy metal content in the common reed biomass is suitable for the requirements of solid biofuel. Common reed from all the reed beds of the Latgale (region of Latvia) can be collected in one place and used for the production of fuel. The removal of common reed will help to reduce the heavy metal content in the natural waters and sediment of the reed beds.</p><p class="Standard">In the hemp and reed canary grass samples the heavy metals were ascertained periodically. It was found that in some of the research samples they exceeded the MAC for fuel.</p>

scholarly journals Natural and economic factors of shrinkage of lakes of the Wielkopolska Lakeland

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogumił Nowak ◽  
Barbara Brodzińska ◽  
Izabela Gezella-Nowak
Keyword(s):  
Riparian Vegetation ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Common Reed ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Reed Beds ◽  
Conditioning Factors ◽  
Reed Bed ◽  
Vegetation Encroachment

Natural and economic factors of shrinkage of lakes of the Wielkopolska LakelandThe paper discusses the issue of plant overgrowth in the littoral zone of lakes. It presents the plant encroachment process and its environmental and economic consequences based on the example of selected lakes of the Wielkopolska Lakeland. In order to estimate changes of quantity in the riparian vegetation structure, historical records of changes of reed bed areas were compared with their present areas. Historical data included bathymetric plans from the 1960's created by the Institute of Inland Fisheries and information obtained from interviews with the inhabitants of settlements located in the vicinity of the studied lakes. Present-day boundaries of reed bed zones were identified using orthophotos, aerial photographs and in situ inspections. In the course of the field research, identification of plant species and estimates of plant condition in the studied stands were carried out. Obtained data combined with data on local hydrological-meteorological conditions, water quality and land use in the direct vicinity of lakes allowed the authors to determine the conditioning factors of riparian vegetation encroachment. The collected evidence allowed the authors to establish that in the last five decades, the area of reed beds around the studied lakes increased by an average of 15-20%. This process was usually accompanied by the encroachment of hydrophytic plants consequently leading to the shrinkage of supralittoral zones. In the last 20 years, these two phenomena intensified considerably, particularly during two low water periods noted during this period. However, the encroachment of riparian vegetation proceeded differently in the case of each lake and it was most protrusive in highly eutrophicated reservoirs and those with a history of permanent or long-term lowering of the water table. The qualitative structure of the studied plant communities was conditioned mostly by nutrient inflow and the type of growing medium. In large clean lakes and in zones of sandy lake bottom, the reed beds were dominated by the common reed (Phragmitetum australis). In smaller, polluted lakes and shielded bays of larger lakes with stagnant water, beside multi-species reed beds, floating-leaf hydrophytic macrophyte plants of the genus Nymphaea, tall stands of sedges and helophytes were observed.

DEVELOPING AND SELECTING SLOPE STABILIZATION TECHNIQUES IN MANAGING SLOPE FAILURES

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Sandyavitri
Keyword(s):  
Retaining Wall ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Rating Systems ◽  
Slope Stabilization ◽  
Rockfall Hazard ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Hazard Rating ◽  
Hazard Rating Systems ◽  
Steep Slopes

This paper objectives are to; (i) identification of risky slopes (within 4 Provinces in Sumatra including Provinces of Riau, West Sumatra, Jambi and South Sumatra encompassing 840 kms of the “Jalan Lintas Sumatra” highway) based on Rockfall Hazard Rating Systems (RHRS) method; (ii) developing alternatives to stabilize slope hazards, and (iii) selecting appropriate slopes stabilization techniques based on both proactive approach and value engineering one. Based on the Rockfall Hazard Rating Systems (RHRS) method, it was identified 109 steep slopes prone to failure within this highway section. Approximately, 15 slopes were identified as potential high-risk slopes (RHRS scores were calculated >200 points). Based on the proactive approach, seven riskiest slopes ware identified. The preferred stabilization alternatives to remedy most of these slopes are suggested as follow; either (i) a combination of retaining wall and drainage, or (ii) gabion structure and drainage. However, different approaches may yield different results, there are at least 2 main consideration in prioritizing slope stabilization; (i) based on the riskiest slopes, and(ii) the least expensive stabilization alternatives.

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