scholarly journals SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF CHANGING VEHICLE EXTERIOR DIMENSIONS AND RELEVANT VEHICLE PROPORTIONS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 2921-2930
Author(s):  
Daniel Holder
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Technological Changes ◽  
User Perception ◽  
Automated Driving ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Disruptive Technologies ◽  
Automobile Design ◽  
Evolutionary Changes

AbstractFor the user perception of vehicles and consequently the success of automobile design, the body layout and especially the proportions of vehicles are pivotal. In the present study, the SAE main dimensions length (L108), wheelbase (L101), height (H100) and width (W103) of 697 vehicles from different OEMs were examined. The analysis reveals a tendency of increasing length, wheelbase and especially width of vehicles in recent years. Regarding the ratios of these dimensions there are clear correlations, as revealed by an analysis with linear regression. We find particular strong synchrony in the increases of the pairs W103 - L108 and L101 - L108 and lesser so between the ratio E = L108/L101 and the vehicle length. The latter can be explained by vehicles with a high L108 being less compact, i.e. the proportion E increases. Finally, it is discussed whether technological changes lead to revolutionary or evolutionary changes in dimensions. The historical development and the moderate proportional changes of BEVs indicate a measurable but evolutionary development. In contrast, disruptive technologies such as automated driving can significantly change the vehicle layout and thus encourage a more revolutionary change in proportions.

Evolution of the Internet’s Support for Chinese Enterprises’ Innovation Based on Big Data

2021 ◽  
pp. 2159042
Author(s):  
Cuilan Wang ◽  
Deji Wang ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Fangyuan Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Organizational Innovation ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Innovation System ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Recall Rate ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Chinese Enterprises ◽  
Enterprise Innovation

In order to study the development trend of the Internet’s role in supporting enterprise innovation, a new method based on deep learning algorithm and knowledge graph technology is proposed. Experiments show that the accuracy, F1 value, recall rate and precision of the algorithm are distinctly improved compared with the existing algorithms. A new algorithm is applied to analyze the innovation evolution of Chinese enterprises, using papers, patents and other documents between 1905 and 2020 as data sources. Based on the experimental results, the development stages can be divided into five stages. The research focus is on product R&D innovation, manufacturing innovation, marketing innovation, resource allocation innovation and organizational innovation. It can be seen that the development process of the Internet supporting enterprise innovation system is an evolutionary development process from point to line, to surface, to the body, and to the ecosystem.

Inert gas-exchange theory using an electric analogue

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1193-1198 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Mapleson
Keyword(s):  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Inert Gas ◽  
Respiratory Pattern ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
High Solubility ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Inhaled Anesthetics

When an inert gas of moderate or high solubility in blood is inhaled, the rate at which the alveolar concentration rises toward the inspired concentration increases as the inspired concentration is increased. The only previous systematic analysis of whole-body uptake of inert gases to allow for this effect was restricted to a single, artificial, respiratory pattern and the numerical calculations had to be made on a digital computer. This paper develops the theory for a range of respiratory patterns and shows how the computations may be made on a slightly modified form of a simple electric analogue. It is shown that the rate of saturation of the body increases less markedly with inspired concentration if the inspired alveolar ventilation, rather than the expired alveolar ventilation, is kept constant during the saturation process. Conversely, washout is more rapid with a constant inspired ventilation than with a constant expired ventilation. The theory is extended to show how the uptake of one inert gas may substantially affect the uptake of another, administered simultaneously. uptake, distribution and elimination; induction; recovery; drugs; inhaled anesthetics; nitrous oxide; diethyl ether; halothane; computers; ventilation; concentration effect; alveolar ventilation Submitted on February 13, 1964

On the life history of Ascaris devosi and its development in the white mouse and the domestic ferret

Parasitology ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 244-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. A. Sprent
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Intermediate Host ◽  
White Mouse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Food Material ◽  
Mature Adult ◽  
Mouse Tissues ◽  
History Of

The development of Ascaris devosi, a parasite of the fisher and marten, was followed from the egg to the adult stage using the white mouse and the ferret as the intermediate and final hosts respectively. The eggs contained motile 1st stage larvae 6 days after cleavage and were infective at 12 days, the 1st moult having already occurred. The eggs remained infective for at least 1 year. The 2nd stage larva after hatching from the egg in the intestine of the mouse passes through the intestinal wall to the liver and mesenteric tissues. At 3 days after infection they were recovered from the heart, lungs, brain, kidneys and from the carcass. The larvae grow and store food material during the 2nd stage and between 8 and 12 days after infection they undergo the 2nd moult. The mouse shows the most severe pulmonary symptoms on the 3rd and 4th days after infection, the lungs showing complete red hepatization at this time. The 3rd stage larva is relatively inactive and becomes encapsulated in various tissues, particularly in the muscular and subcutaneous tissues of the neck, shoulders and thorax. The chief developmental changes, apart from growth, which occur in the 2nd and 3rd stage larvae are: (i) the intestine develops from a single row of cells to a multi-cellular tube; (ii) the body cavity appears; (iii) the excretory lobes appear, the nucleus on the left side becoming prominent at the end of the 2nd stage; (iv) the cuticle shows transverse striations at the end of the 2nd stage; (v) the lateral lines become prominent.The encapsulated 3rd stage larvae remained alive for at least six months in the tissues of mice and at 25 days after infection of the mouse they were able to develop in the young ferret following killing and ingestion of the mouse. No infection of ferrets was obtained through oral administration of embryonated eggs or 3rd stage larvae digested from mouse tissues.The 3rd moult occurred in the intestine of the young ferret 3–4 days after infection; in adult ferrets the 3rd stage larvae were evidently unable to gain a hold and were passed out in the faeces. In the next 2–3 weeks the larva grew from about 2 to 16 mm. the 4th moult occurring between 2 and 3 weeks after infection. During the 4th stage the lips develop into the adult form and sexual differentiation occurs. In the female the genital rudiment moves forward and becomes differentiated into the vagina, uteri and ovaries. The vulva remains closed throughout the 4th stage.The adult parasites had developed to sexual maturity by 56 days after infection, but they continued to grow and were considerably longer at 6 months after infection. The position of the vulva relative to the body length was found to move from about midway along the body in the 4th stage larva to a position at the junction of the anterior and middle third of the body in the mature adult.The life history of this parasite is discussed in relation to that of A. lumbricoides and other species. It is considered that the life history of A. devosi, requiring as it does a true intermediate host for its completion, provides further information on the evolutionary development of the ascaris group. This work accordingly supports the hypothesis that the earliest members of this group utilized an intermediate host and does not support that which supposes that ascaris parasites are descended from skin-penetrating forms.During this investigation the writer has benefited considerably from correspondence with Dr J. D. Tiner, Department of Zoology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U.S.A. His thanks are also due to Dr H. B. Speakman and Dr A. M. Fallis for their encouragement, guidance and help.This work was supported by the Province of Ontario on the recommendation of the Research Council of Ontario.Grateful acknowledgement is made to Mr Cliff Smith of the Connaught Medical Research Laboratories of the University of Toronto for photographic work.

Gastropod Feeding Systems: Evolution of Neural Circuits that Generate Diverse Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Benjamin ◽  
Michael Crossley
Keyword(s):  
Neural Control ◽  
Evolutionary Relationship ◽  
Neural Circuitry ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Feeding Behaviors ◽  
Behavioral Switching ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Feeding Systems

It is conceptually reasonable to explore how the evolution of behavior involves changes in neural circuitry. Progress in determining this evolutionary relationship has been limited in neuroscience because of difficulties in identifying individual neurons that contribute to the evolutionary development of behaviors across species. However, the results from the feeding systems of gastropod mollusks provide evidence for this concept of co-evolution because the evolution of different types of feeding behaviors in this diverse group of mollusks is mirrored by species-specific changes in neural circuitry. The evolution of feeding behaviors involves changes in the motor actions that allow diverse food items to be acquired and ingested. The evolution in neural control accompanies this variation in food and the associated changes in flexibility of feeding behaviors. This is present in components of the feeding network that are involved in decision making, rhythm generation, and behavioral switching but is absent in background mechanisms that are conserved across species, such as those controlling arousal state. These findings show how evolutionary changes, even at the single neuron level, closely reflect the details of behavioral evolution.

scholarly journals The problem of choosing anesthesia method for surgical interventions on the lower limbs in young patients

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Marine Georgiyants ◽  
Olexii Popsuishapka ◽  
Victor Ryndenko ◽  
Sergiy Kursov ◽  
Volodymyr Babalian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Vital Functions ◽  
Working Age

The relevance of the topic is due to the prevalence of lower limbs injuries in people of working age, the complexity of the methods of their surgical treatment and the problem of finding the optimal method of anesthesia in terms of efficiency and safety. Objective of the study: to conduct a systematic analysis of modern scientific literature data on the possibility of using anesthesia methods during surgical interventions and in the case of anesthesia for injuries of the lower limbs in people of working age. Materials and methods. A search for scientific sources was carried out in the scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science, Google Scholar, archives of journals using the keywords "general anesthesia", "regional anesthesia", "injuries of the lower limbs", "young people", "general anesthesia". The search depth was 8 years. Conclusions. The problem of choosing the method of anesthesia during traumatological surgeries in people of working age has no final solution. In general, both general and regional anesthesia can be used, despite their advantages and the possibility of complications in each case. However, in clinical practice over the past decade, general anesthesia is not always the best method of pain relief. But regional methods have less effect on the vital functions of the body, and the use of ultrasound navigation and modern local anesthetics in a minimum sufficient amount makes anesthesia conduction more effective and safe. The disadvantages of regional anesthesia can be avoided by combining it with general anesthesia. However, in the available literature, there are no recommendations on the differentiated choice of the method of anesthesia for surgical interventions on the lower limbs in people of working age and the factors that influence this

scholarly journals Transport and logistic infrastructure of the Eurasian union: principles and factors of evolutional development

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-241
Author(s):  
N. A. Podobed ◽  
Yu. I. Enin
Keyword(s):  
Open Economies ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Small Open Economies ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Logistics Services ◽  
Transport Complex

The article is devoted to a wide range of problems associated with the processes of evolutionary development of the infrastructure of the Eurasian Union. The essence, classification, principles and tools of the evolutionary development of transport and logistics infrastructure are considered, factors contributing to evolutionary changes in the transport complex, as well as the key benefits of creating a single transport and logistics infrastructure for small open economies are identified. The main tools and basic elements of the development of the digital market of transport and logistics services are structured. A special role in attracting and retaining transit cargo flows assigned to the objects of transport and logistics infrastructure has been identified and designated.

scholarly journals GENESIS AND EVOLUTION OF ONE MYTHOPOETIC MOTIVE (COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE KABARDIAN AND KARACHAY-BALKARIAN VERSIONS)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
З.Ж. КУДАЕВА
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Patron Saint ◽  
Evolutionary Changes ◽  
National Science ◽  
Spatial Level ◽  
Main Plot ◽  
The Subject

Исследование мифопоэтических представлений, лежащих в основе фольклорных мотивов и образов, сравнительно-типологическоеизучение семантики основных знаков и символов, принадлежащих к различным этническимтрадиция, наблюдение над процессом трансформации образов мифологических божественных персонажей являются одними из наиболее актуальных направлений исследованийв отечественной науки о фольклоре. Выявление типологически сходных явлений в традиционной этнической культуре адыгов, карачаевцев и балкарцев,исследование образов божества плодородия и покровителя овец, анализ «зооморфного кода»,присущего данным этническим культурным традициям, сопоставительное изучение эволюционных изменений мотивов и образов в адыгском и карачаево-балкарском фольклоре – все эти вопросы не становились предметом отдельного исследования в отечественной науке о фольклоре. В соответствии с этим основная цель и задача данной работы – сравнительное изучение различных этнических версий сюжета легенды об озерах (кабардинской легенды об озере Шатхурей и карачаево-балкарских легенд об озерах Хурла-кель, Чирик-кель, Тюпсюз-кель), выявление мифопоэтических воззрений, лежащих в основе схожих мотивов и образов,и изменений, происходящих в процессе эволюционного развитияосновного сюжетообразующего мотива и образа. В статье также прослеживается процесс формирования различных жанровых воплощений исследуемого архаического сюжета. Комплексный, системный подход к изучаемым явлениямобусловил необходимость использованиясравнительно-исторического и структурно-семиотического методов исследования. Выявлено, что в исследуемых этнических вариантах и версиях сюжета легенд воплощены представления, связанные с образами божеств (Амыша и Аймуша), покровителей овец и мелкого рогатого скота; выяснена знаковая семантика образов «белых баранов» (кабардинская версия) и «златорогого барана» (карачаево-балкарская версии) в различных его модификациях. Баран в исследуемых этнических традициях предстают символами жизни и плодородия, выступает в функции медиаторов между различными пространственными уровневыми структурами мифопоэтической модели мира. The study of mythopoetic representations underlying folklore motifs and images, the comparative typological study of the semantics of the main signs and symbols belonging to different ethnic traditions, the observation of the process of transformation of images of mythological divine characters are one of the most relevant areas of research in the national science of folklore. The identification of typologically similar phenomena in the traditional ethnic culture of the Circassians, Karachais and Balkars, the study of the images of the deity of fertility and the patron saint of sheep, the analysis of the “zoomorphic code” inherent in these ethnic cultural traditions, a comparative study of the evolutionary changes in motives and images in Adyghe and Karachay-Balkarian folklore – all these questions did not become the subject of a separate study in the national science of folklore. In accordance with this, the main goal and objective of this work is a comparative study of various ethnic versions of the plot of the legend of lakes (Kabardian legend of Lake Shathurei and Karachay-Balkarian legends of Lakes Khurla-kel, Chirik-kel, Tupsuz-kel), the identification of mythological and poetic views underlying similar motives and images, and changes occurring in the process of evolutionary development of the main plot-forming motive and image. The article also traces the process of formation of various genre incarnations of the investigated archaic plot. An integrated, systematic approach to the phenomena under study necessitated the use of comparative-historical and structural-semiotic research methods. It was revealed that in the studied ethnic variants and versions of the plot of legends representations associated with the images of deities (Amysh and Aymush), patrons of sheep and small cattle are embodied; the semantic semantics of the images of “white rams” (Kabardian version) and “golden-horned ram” (Karachay-Balkar version) in its various modifications are clarified. In the studied ethnic traditions, the ram appears as symbols of life and fertility, acts as mediators between various spatial level structures of the mythopoetic model of the world.

scholarly journals Choose your own adventure: Vocal jazz improvisation, conceptual metaphor, and cognitive embodiment

2021 ◽  
pp. 102986492110627
Author(s):  
Melissa Forbes ◽  
Kate Cantrell
Keyword(s):  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
Conceptual Structure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Jazz Improvisation ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Vocal Jazz ◽  
Embodied Experiences ◽  
Musical Improvisation

Creativity in the form of musical improvisation has received growing attention from researchers informed by the literature on embodiment. To date, this research has focused on the embodied experiences of improvising instrumentalists rather than those of improvising singers. This article investigates the experience of embodiment during improvisation through a systematic analysis of the metaphorical language used by an artist-level jazz singer in her reflections on practice. Extensive interview data with the participant were analyzed to identify and reconstruct metaphorical expressions into conceptual metaphors. In this process, the metaphor of IMPROVISATION IS AN ADVENTURE was identified as the overarching conceptual structure that the participant used to make sense of her experiences of improvisation. This metaphor and its mappings illuminate the cognitively embodied dimension of vocal jazz improvisation. These findings will be of interest to jazz singers and vocal jazz educators who are encouraged to explore more fully the role of the body–mind’s interactions with its environment in order to establish expertise in improvisational ways of knowing. This research illuminates the multidimensional nature of an expert singer’s experiences of improvisation and is presented as a provocation for future research to include singers as participants when investigating musical improvisation and cognitive embodiment.

The Ban on Polygamy in Polish Rabbinic Thought

1997 ◽  
pp. 66-84
Author(s):  
Elimelech Westreich
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Family Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ashkenazi Jewish ◽  
Legal Tradition ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Jewish Family ◽  
Jewish Culture

This chapter investigates Polish rabbinical treatments of the medieval Ashkenazi ban on polygamy. The Ban of Rabbenu Gershom forbade both polygamy and divorcing a woman against her will. Its promulgation brought about a revolutionary change in Ashkenazi Jewish family life and in the body of law that regulated it. This Ban has been seen by historians as a key determinant of the singularity of Ashkenazi Jewish culture. Hence, analysis of its fate in Poland is a most appropriate means of examining how far Polish rabbis adhered to the Ashkenazi legal tradition. In sixteenth-century Poland, there were two approaches among halakhic scholars. One adheres strictly to the Ashkenazi tradition, while the other is more open to the influence of other Jewish cultural spheres.

Our Body Is the Measure

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-74
Author(s):  
Colin Chamberlain
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Body ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Bodily Awareness ◽  
External Objects ◽  
The World ◽  
The Senses ◽  
The Way

Malebranche holds that sensory experience represents the world from the body’s point of view. The chapter argues that Malebranche gives a systematic analysis of this bodily perspective in terms of the claim that the five external senses and bodily awareness represent nothing but relations to the body. The external senses represent relations between external objects and the perceiver’s body. Bodily awareness represents relations between parts of the perceiver’s body and her body as a whole, and the way she is related to her body. The senses thus represent the perceiver’s body as standing in two very different sets of relations. The external senses relate the body to a world of external objects, while bodily awareness relates this same body to the perceiver herself. The perceiver’s body, for Malebranche, is the center of the system of relations that make up her sensory world, bridging the gap between self and external objects.

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