Anthropomorphic Stelae of the 4th and 3rd Millennia Between the Caucasus and the Atlantic Ocean

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 111-137
Author(s):  
Angelika Vierzig

Anthropomorphic stone stelae of monumental dimensions dated to the 4th and 3rd millennia BC have been found in southern Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caucasus. They are understood as symbolic human representations the size of which arises out of a new self-awareness of humankind in the world. Anthropomorphic stelae are one of many innovations appearing during this epoch. Other innovations are copper metallurgy and tools, in particular weapons and jewellery, as well as the wheel, the wagon, and the plough drawn by animals. These innovations are depicted on stelae; what is more, the stele itself is an innovation in which the other changes are bundled. Comparable stylistic features of stelae in different areas demonstrate far-reaching contacts. Often the origin of anthropomorphic stelae is seen in the Russian steppes, with the archaeogenetically proven migration from east to west being the cause for the building of stelae in central and western Europe. However, the oldest known stelae apparently originate in western Europe. The impulses behind the dissemination of innovations must have emanated from continuous exchange relations, but the migration in the 3rd millennium bce did not bring with it the idea itself of anthropomorphic stelae. Nowadays the question about the function of stelae is usually answered with the representation of ancestors. When anthropomorphic stones keep the memory of common roots alive, they serve the building of identity.

2019 ◽  
pp. 272-301
Author(s):  
Lydia L. Moland

Hegel’s analysis of poetry’s genres begins with epic poetry, which is the action-based articulation of a nation’s dawning self-awareness. Lyric poetry, by contrast, allows poets to express their deepest subjectivity and interpret the world through their own experience. Drama brings action back into art, allowing actors themselves to emerge as artists and correcting for the vanishing subjectivity in painting and music. Drama also incorporates the two other poetic genres, as well as the other arts. Because it achieves these syntheses, it is, according to Hegel, the highest art. Hegel gives special consideration to tragedy and comedy, assessing both in their ancient and modern forms. His conclusion is that although both subgenres are more difficult to achieve in the modern world, successful examples are possible, ensuring that poetry will continue. With these poetic subgenres, the individual arts reach their conceptual end.


1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. J. Cowdrey

It is not at first sight easy to explain the ever-growing appeal which Cluny had during the tenth and eleventh centuries for clergy and still more for laymen, particularly in Burgundy, France, Christian Spain and North Italy. The basis of Cluniac life was the choir service of the monks and the silence and ordered round of the cloister. By and large the Cluniacs did not seek to work outside the cloister or to become involved in wider pastoral care. They were, indeed, concerned for the Church and for the world at large, but with a view to winning individuals to share spiritually and to support materially the other-worldly ends of the monastic order. Yet, especially under abbots Odilo and Hugh, there was a rapid rise in the number of houses subject to Cluny or otherwise influenced by it; a Cluniac house formed part of the neighbourhood of a large part of the people who lived to the south and west of Lorraine. Cluny itself was well situated to attract travellers, and its dependencies were especially important on the pilgrimage routes. Together with the increasing number of Cluniac houses the long series of charters which record its endowment with monasteries, churches, lands and other wealth testify to its impact upon Church and Society in western Europe.


2006 ◽  
pp. 145-153
Author(s):  
Liudmyla M. Shuhayeva

In the first decades of the XIX century. the territory of the Russian Empire from Western Europe is beginning to penetrate chiliastic ideas. The term "chiliism" refers to the well-known doctrine of the millennial kingdom of Icyca Christ on earth, dating to the first centuries of Christianity. The ideas of chilias became especially popular during the reign of Alexander I, who himself was sympathetic to the mystical-chiliatic teachings. Chilias in the Russian Empire spread in two ways. On the one hand, chiliastic ideas penetrated with the works of German mystics of the late eighteenth - early twentieth centuries. On the other hand, in anticipation of the fast approaching of the millennial kingdom of Christ, the German cultists of the Hiliists moved large parties across southern Russia to the Caucasus, thereby facilitating the spread of their ideas. The religious formations of the Orthodox sectarianism of the chiliastic-eschatological orientation are represented by the Jehovah-Hlinists ("Right Brotherhood"), the Ioannites, and the Malavans.


Problemos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Dalius Jonkus

Straipsnis analizuoja Edmundo Husserlio, Jeano-Paulo Sartre’o ir Maurise Merleau-Ponty požiūrį į kūno vaidmenį intersubjektyviuose santykiuose. Jeanas-Paulas Sartre’as atmeta dvigubų jutimų sampratą. Jis neigia galimybę patirti kūną kaip subjektą ir objektą vienu metu. Sartre’as akcentuoja, kad kitas vizualiai pažįstamas tik jį paverčiant objektu. Edmundas Husserlis ir Maurise Merleau-Ponty ieško sąryšio su kitu kūniškumo plotmėje. Atrasdami prisilietimo grįžtamąjį ryšį su savimi, o vėliau išplėtodami šią kvazirefleksijos sampratą ir kitų juslių lygmeniu, Husserlis ir Merleau-Ponty sugriauna tradicinę sąmonės ir savasties sampratą. Sąmonė nebegali būti suprantama kaip vidujybė, o kūnas kaip išorybė. Pats kūnas atrandamas kaip susidvejinęs – patiriantis kitą ir save tuo pat metu. Suskyla ir savasties substanciškumas. Savastis visada pasirodo kitame, kitam ir per kitą. Kartu pasikeičia ir santykio su kitu traktuotė. Kitas nėra kažkoks transcendentiškas objektas, kurį reikia pažinti ar užvaldyti. Santykis su kitu atsiskleidžia kartu kaip santykis su savimi ir santykis su pasauliu. Jei mano kūnas nėra vien mano kūnas, bet jis yra tarp manęs ir kitų, tai tada galime suvokti, kodėl aš negaliu savęs sutapatinti su vieta, kurioje esu. Ir mano vieta, kaip ir mano kūnas, yra mano tiktai kitų atžvilgiu. Mano savastį iš esmės apibrėžia šis tarpkūniškumas, kurio patirtis sudaro sąlygas ne tik įsisąmoninti savąjį socialumą, bet ir suvokti savosios būties tarp – pasauliškumą. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: fenomenologija, intersubjektyvumas, kitas, gyvenamas kūnas, tarpkūniškumas, savipatirtis.   Phenomenology of Intersubjective Body: the Experience of TouchDalius Jonku  Summary The article deals with the conception of intersubjective body in Edmund Husserl’s, Jean-Paul Sartre’s and Maurice Merleau-Ponty philosophy. Jean-Paul Sartre rejects the conception of double sense, i.e. he denies the possibility to have bodily experience as a subject and an object at the same time. He argues that we can know Other visually only as an object. Husserl and Merleau-Ponty are in search of connection with the Other on a new plane. They investigate the preconditions of the openness to the Other. Their attention is focused on the bodily self-awareness in the experience of touch. Both philosophers develop the conception of bodily quasi-reflection. They transform the traditional conception of selfhood and show its paradoxical alienation from itself. The one’s own body is revealed as insisting on the otherness. The analysis of double senses in the experience of the sense of touch reveals the experience of “my” body as an inter-corporality. That’s because both philosophers can reject the prejudice of immanence and transcendence. The experience of a living body is always a relation with “myself”, with the other and with the world. Keywords: phenomenology, intersubjectivity, interreflectivity, Other, living body, self-awareness.ibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"> 


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3580
Author(s):  
Devrim Erginsoy Osmanoğlu ◽  
İbrahim Aksakal ◽  
Adem Dağaşan

All of the beliefs that we have about who we are, are called self-conception. In the first few months of life, the baby learns that it is a separate entity from the surrounding people and objects. Self-awareness, also defined as the ability to self-knowledge and self-understanding occurs when we begin to think that we have a separate existence from every object in the world. In line with standards set by community members on criterias like physical appearance, ability or morality, people compare themselves to others and people try to achieve these standards. The relationship between them is a dialectical relationship that mutually brings both sides into existence. We categorize everything and everyone that we perceive as different and assume that they are not like we are. However, these categories can give positive results as well as negative results. The stereotypes that affect our perceptions and interpretations about other people having language, religion, gender or physical differences restrain the use of fundamental rights and freedoms of many people living around the world on equal footing, and bring along any kind of discrimination, exclusion and restriction.The main goal of this research, according to age group of 18 to 24 ocuurence of the self and the other perception and process of change is examine. The changes in this period which have great importance in personality formation classified nation, race, political opinion, religion, gender, physical differences or in the form of other categories that will arise during the study. Research is designed according to qualitative pattern. The universe of the research is formed of 177 the srudents of the Kafkas University. The study asked question "define to other concept" after participants were asked to write autobiographies. In the analysis of data was used content analysis method.When the data of the research is considered, it is seem that the most obvious factor, which creates self-perception, are the personal characteristics in both gender (women participants more than men participants are). The following characteristics are "education", "hometown", and "family". From the obtained qualitative data, the most remarkable finding is when the women participants were talking abaut rhemselves in other words define themselves; they mentioned their personel characteristics more than participants. Men participants compare to women participants gave less information abaout themselves anf prefer giving explanation abaout the team they support.In the other dimension of the research, the participants what understood from the other concept and what characteristics perceived the other was tried to determine. The findings show that female participants give more importance to personal traits than male participants. Later, they defined groups with different races, nations and political views as the other. It is a surprising finding that religion/sectarian differences come in the last order while the other is defined. Findings include that the gender factor is in the last order, while the other is identified.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBenlik kavramı kişinin kendine dair inançların toplamına denir. Yaşamın ilk birkaç ayında bebek, etrafında var olan insan ve nesnelerden ayrı bir varlık olduğunu öğrenir. Kendini bilme ve anlama yetisi olarak da tanımlanan Benlik farkındalığı dünyada varolan her objeden ayrı bir varoluşu taşıdığımızı düşünmeye başladığımızda oluşur.  Fiziksel görünüm, yetenek ya da ahlak gibi birçok alanda toplumun oluşturduğu standartlar doğrultusunda insanlar kendilerini ötekilerle karşılaştırır ve bu standartları yakalamaya çalışır.Ben ve öteki arasındaki ilişki bir diğerini var kılan, diyalektik bir ilişkidir. Öteki olarak algıladığımız her şeyi ve herkesi kategorilere ayırırız. Fakat bu kategoriler olumlu sonuç verebileceği gibi olumsuz sonuçlar da verebilmektedir. Zaman zaman olumsuz olarak değerlendirilen farklılıklar, sahip olduğumuz algılarımızı ve yorumlarımızı etkilemekte, öteki olarak değerlendirilen kişilerin, her türlü ayrım, dışlama veya ön yargıyı beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle bireylerde (18-24 yaş arası) öteki ve algısının nasıl vücut bulduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.Bu araştırmada amaç, 18-24 yaş grubunun ben ve öteki algısını cinsiyet ve yaşadığı bölgeye göre incelemektir. Bireyin kişilik oluşumunda büyük öneme sahip olan bu dönemdeki  “ben” ve “öteki” algısı millet, ırk, siyasi görüş, din, cinsiyet, bedensel farklılıklar ya da çalışma sırasında ortaya çıkacak diğer kategoriler şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Araştırma nitel yönteme göre desenlemiştir ve verilerin analizinde, içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma evreni Kafkas Üniversitesinde eğitim gören 177 öğrencilerinden oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada “öteki ya da diğeri kavramını tanımlayınız” şeklinde açık uçlu tek bir soru sorulmuş, ardından katılımcılardan otobiyografi yazmaları istenmiştir.Araştırmanın verileri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda her iki cinsiyetin de (daha fazla kadın katılımcıların) benlik algısını oluşturan en belirgin faktörün “kişisel özellikler” olduğu ifade edilebilir. Bunu takip eden ve dikkate değer bir yaygınlıkta ifade edilen özelliklerin ise “eğitim”, “memleket” ve “aile” olduğu gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen nitel verilerde kadın katılımcıların kendilerini anlatırken kişisel özelliklerinden, erkeklerden daha fazla bahsetmeleri en dikkat çekici bulgudur. Erkek katılımcılar kadın katılımcılara göre kendileri hakkında daha az bilgi vermiş kişisel başarıları ve tuttukları takım konusunda açıklamalar yapmayı tercih etmişlerdir.Çalışmanın diğer boyutunda katılıcıların öteki kavramından ne anladığı, ötekini hangi özelliklerine göre algıladığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular kadın katlımcılar kişisel özelliklere, erkek katılımcılardan daha fazla önem verdiğini göstermiştir. Daha sonra farklı ırk, millet ve siyasal görüşe sahip olan grupları öteki olarak tanımlamışlardır. Öteki tanımlanırken din/mezhep farklılıklarının son sıralarda gelmesi şaşırtıcı bir bulgudur. Öteki tanımlanırken cinsiyet faktörünün son sıralarda olması da bulgular arasındadır.


1939 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-443
Author(s):  
Christopher Hollis

WESTERN Europe—what we may call the Roman world—is an wessential unit. The nations that go to make it up share a common culture. They have no cause either to despise or to quarrel with other nations. Yet their first business is to preserve unity among themselves and to show a common front to the rest of the world. In unity lies their security, whereas, if they quarrel among themselves, the true victory goes neither to the one group nor to the other of quarrelling Europeans but to the tertius gaudens outside Europe who profits from their divisions.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-468
Author(s):  
Gangapriya Chakraverti

In over 30 years as a corporate professional, mostly with multinational organisations, Gangapriya has worked closely with Indian, non-Indian managers and co-workers. These interactions allowed her to dig deeper on what being ‘Indian’ means. In this article, she writes about how working with employees from across the world, in multinational organisations, gives us the advantage to look critically at ourselves, while also having the opportunity to observe and learn from ‘the other’. Based entirely on her observations, experiences and inferences, she focuses on typical aspects of ‘Indian-ness’ that stand out—the abiding regard for hierarchy, the inexplicable relationship with time, how competitive Indians can be and how it drives them, and how Indians contend with conflicts of interest and deal with issues about data privacy and the general unease with compliance. It is her firm belief that with reflection, self-awareness and confidence arising out of knowing oneself, Indians may be better placed to deal with the underlying confusion and anxiety around whether to ‘stand out’ or ‘fit in’ and navigate with ease in a multinational and multicultural environment. For Indians employed in multinational, global organisations, she believes that such experiences provide a valuable opportunity to become better versions of ourselves. Similarly, organisations get to appreciate the differences that Indians bring to the table, while, at the same time, understanding the common characteristics that come with such a diverse workforce. Through this article, she explores what ‘Indian-ness’ means to her and how in this ‘flat’ world, it is imperative and important for us to retain our identity as an ‘Indian’ yet be comfortable in a globalised environment so that we feel connected with the larger team without being lost at an individual level.


2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-438
Author(s):  
Mathieu E. Courville

In this essay, I begin by examining arguments concerning “Orientalism” from the work of the late Edward W. Said. I then highlight the way that Kurban Said’s novella Ali and Nino is indebted to this tradition, the author relying upon it in order to create a complex world within a few pages. On the one hand, this novella is a wonderful work of art with which to work out some of Edward Said’s key ideas, and on the other hand, appreciating Edward Said’s key ideas is also crucial for a better appreciation of this novella’s complexity. The second part of the paper focuses on the novella itself, so as to think of Ali and Nino with Edward Said’s critique of Orientalism in the foreground of one’s mind. In conclusion, I not only highlight why this also sheds light on art and literature, religion and politics, history and current affairs, in such a geopolitically important area as the Caucasus as well as elsewhere the world over; I also point out parallels between the Orientalist stereotypes examined in this essay and key ideas from ascetic religious traditions.


1969 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 24-39

There was another substantial rise in output in industrial countries between the second and third quarters. But during the third quarter the deceleration of economic growth in the United States became more marked and showed signs of spreading to Canada and Western Europe. Developments have been broadly consistent with our August forecast and we still expect the aggregate national output of the industrial countries to be higher by about 4½ per cent in 1969 than it was in 1968 and to rise by another 3-4 per cent in 1970. It now looks as though we were rather too optimistic about prospects in the United States, where the increase is unlikely to exceed 3 per cent this year and may not reach 2 per cent in 1970. On the other hand growth in Western Europe is still tending to surpass expectations. Despite the Italian strikes it will probably be over 5½ per cent this year; and it may exceed 4½ per cent in 1970.


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