scholarly journals INTERSUBJEKTYVAUS KŪNO FENOMENOLOGIJA: PRISILIETIMO PATIRTIS

Problemos ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 129-140
Author(s):  
Dalius Jonkus

Straipsnis analizuoja Edmundo Husserlio, Jeano-Paulo Sartre’o ir Maurise Merleau-Ponty požiūrį į kūno vaidmenį intersubjektyviuose santykiuose. Jeanas-Paulas Sartre’as atmeta dvigubų jutimų sampratą. Jis neigia galimybę patirti kūną kaip subjektą ir objektą vienu metu. Sartre’as akcentuoja, kad kitas vizualiai pažįstamas tik jį paverčiant objektu. Edmundas Husserlis ir Maurise Merleau-Ponty ieško sąryšio su kitu kūniškumo plotmėje. Atrasdami prisilietimo grįžtamąjį ryšį su savimi, o vėliau išplėtodami šią kvazirefleksijos sampratą ir kitų juslių lygmeniu, Husserlis ir Merleau-Ponty sugriauna tradicinę sąmonės ir savasties sampratą. Sąmonė nebegali būti suprantama kaip vidujybė, o kūnas kaip išorybė. Pats kūnas atrandamas kaip susidvejinęs – patiriantis kitą ir save tuo pat metu. Suskyla ir savasties substanciškumas. Savastis visada pasirodo kitame, kitam ir per kitą. Kartu pasikeičia ir santykio su kitu traktuotė. Kitas nėra kažkoks transcendentiškas objektas, kurį reikia pažinti ar užvaldyti. Santykis su kitu atsiskleidžia kartu kaip santykis su savimi ir santykis su pasauliu. Jei mano kūnas nėra vien mano kūnas, bet jis yra tarp manęs ir kitų, tai tada galime suvokti, kodėl aš negaliu savęs sutapatinti su vieta, kurioje esu. Ir mano vieta, kaip ir mano kūnas, yra mano tiktai kitų atžvilgiu. Mano savastį iš esmės apibrėžia šis tarpkūniškumas, kurio patirtis sudaro sąlygas ne tik įsisąmoninti savąjį socialumą, bet ir suvokti savosios būties tarp – pasauliškumą. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: fenomenologija, intersubjektyvumas, kitas, gyvenamas kūnas, tarpkūniškumas, savipatirtis.   Phenomenology of Intersubjective Body: the Experience of TouchDalius Jonku  Summary The article deals with the conception of intersubjective body in Edmund Husserl’s, Jean-Paul Sartre’s and Maurice Merleau-Ponty philosophy. Jean-Paul Sartre rejects the conception of double sense, i.e. he denies the possibility to have bodily experience as a subject and an object at the same time. He argues that we can know Other visually only as an object. Husserl and Merleau-Ponty are in search of connection with the Other on a new plane. They investigate the preconditions of the openness to the Other. Their attention is focused on the bodily self-awareness in the experience of touch. Both philosophers develop the conception of bodily quasi-reflection. They transform the traditional conception of selfhood and show its paradoxical alienation from itself. The one’s own body is revealed as insisting on the otherness. The analysis of double senses in the experience of the sense of touch reveals the experience of “my” body as an inter-corporality. That’s because both philosophers can reject the prejudice of immanence and transcendence. The experience of a living body is always a relation with “myself”, with the other and with the world. Keywords: phenomenology, intersubjectivity, interreflectivity, Other, living body, self-awareness.ibri, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 17px;"> 

2019 ◽  
pp. 272-301
Author(s):  
Lydia L. Moland

Hegel’s analysis of poetry’s genres begins with epic poetry, which is the action-based articulation of a nation’s dawning self-awareness. Lyric poetry, by contrast, allows poets to express their deepest subjectivity and interpret the world through their own experience. Drama brings action back into art, allowing actors themselves to emerge as artists and correcting for the vanishing subjectivity in painting and music. Drama also incorporates the two other poetic genres, as well as the other arts. Because it achieves these syntheses, it is, according to Hegel, the highest art. Hegel gives special consideration to tragedy and comedy, assessing both in their ancient and modern forms. His conclusion is that although both subgenres are more difficult to achieve in the modern world, successful examples are possible, ensuring that poetry will continue. With these poetic subgenres, the individual arts reach their conceptual end.


Author(s):  
Christina Howells

Sartre was a philosopher of paradox: an existentialist who attempted a reconciliation with Marxism, a theorist of freedom who explored the notion of predestination. From the mid-1930s to the late-1940s, Sartre was in his ‘classical’ period. He explored the history of theories of imagination leading up to that of Husserl, and developed his own phenomenological account of imagination as the key to the freedom of consciousness. He analysed human emotions, arguing that emotion is a freely chosen mode of relationship to the outside world. In his major philosophical work, L’Être et le Néant(Being and Nothingness) (1943a), Sartre distinguished between consciousness and all other beings: consciousness is always at least tacitly conscious of itself, hence it is essentially ‘for itself’ (pour-soi) – free, mobile and spontaneous. Everything else, lacking this self-consciousness, is just what it is ‘in-itself’ (en-soi); it is ‘solid’ and lacks freedom. Consciousness is always engaged in the world of which it is conscious, and in relationships with other consciousnesses. These relationships are conflictual: they involve a battle to maintain the position of subject and to make the other into an object. This battle is inescapable. Although Sartre was indeed a philosopher of freedom, his conception of freedom is often misunderstood. Already in Being and Nothingness human freedom operates against a background of facticity and situation. My facticity is all the facts about myself which cannot be changed – my age, sex, class of origin, race and so on; my situation may be modified, but it still constitutes the starting point for change and roots consciousness firmly in the world. Freedom is not idealized by Sartre; it is always within a given set of circumstances, after a particular past, and against the expectations of both myself and others that I make my free choices. My personal history conditions the range of my options. From the 1950s onwards Sartre became increasingly politicized and was drawn to attempt a reconciliation between existentialism and Marxism. This was the aim of the Critique de la raison dialectique (Critique of Dialectical Reason) (1960) which recognized more fully than before the effect of historical and material conditions on individual and collective choice. An attempt to explore this interplay in action underlies both his biography of Flaubert and his own autobiography.


Philosophies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 100
Author(s):  
Brentyn J. Ramm

Douglas Harding developed a unique first-person experimental approach for investigating consciousness that is still relatively unknown in academia. In this paper, I present a critical dialogue between Harding, Sartre and Merleau-Ponty on the phenomenology of the body and intersubjectivity. Like Sartre and Merleau-Ponty, Harding observes that from the first-person perspective, I cannot see my own head. He points out that visually speaking nothing gets in the way of others. I am radically open to others and the world. Neither does my somatic experience establish a boundary between me and the world. Rather to experience these sensations as part of a bounded, shaped thing (a body), already involves bringing in the perspectives of others. The reader is guided through a series of Harding’s first-person experiments to test these phenomenological claims for themselves. For Sartre, the other’s subjectivity is known through The Look, which makes me into a mere object for them. Merleau-Ponty criticised Sartre for making intersubjective relations primarily ones of conflict. Rather he held that the intentionality of my body is primordially interconnected with that of others’ bodies. We are already situated in a shared social world. For Harding, like Sartre, my consciousness is a form of nothingness; however, in contrast to Sartre, it does not negate the world, but is absolutely united with it. Confrontation is a delusion that comes from imagining that I am behind a face. Rather in lived personal relationships, I become the other. I conclude by arguing that for Harding all self-awareness is a form of other-awareness, and vice versa.


2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 3580
Author(s):  
Devrim Erginsoy Osmanoğlu ◽  
İbrahim Aksakal ◽  
Adem Dağaşan

All of the beliefs that we have about who we are, are called self-conception. In the first few months of life, the baby learns that it is a separate entity from the surrounding people and objects. Self-awareness, also defined as the ability to self-knowledge and self-understanding occurs when we begin to think that we have a separate existence from every object in the world. In line with standards set by community members on criterias like physical appearance, ability or morality, people compare themselves to others and people try to achieve these standards. The relationship between them is a dialectical relationship that mutually brings both sides into existence. We categorize everything and everyone that we perceive as different and assume that they are not like we are. However, these categories can give positive results as well as negative results. The stereotypes that affect our perceptions and interpretations about other people having language, religion, gender or physical differences restrain the use of fundamental rights and freedoms of many people living around the world on equal footing, and bring along any kind of discrimination, exclusion and restriction.The main goal of this research, according to age group of 18 to 24 ocuurence of the self and the other perception and process of change is examine. The changes in this period which have great importance in personality formation classified nation, race, political opinion, religion, gender, physical differences or in the form of other categories that will arise during the study. Research is designed according to qualitative pattern. The universe of the research is formed of 177 the srudents of the Kafkas University. The study asked question "define to other concept" after participants were asked to write autobiographies. In the analysis of data was used content analysis method.When the data of the research is considered, it is seem that the most obvious factor, which creates self-perception, are the personal characteristics in both gender (women participants more than men participants are). The following characteristics are "education", "hometown", and "family". From the obtained qualitative data, the most remarkable finding is when the women participants were talking abaut rhemselves in other words define themselves; they mentioned their personel characteristics more than participants. Men participants compare to women participants gave less information abaout themselves anf prefer giving explanation abaout the team they support.In the other dimension of the research, the participants what understood from the other concept and what characteristics perceived the other was tried to determine. The findings show that female participants give more importance to personal traits than male participants. Later, they defined groups with different races, nations and political views as the other. It is a surprising finding that religion/sectarian differences come in the last order while the other is defined. Findings include that the gender factor is in the last order, while the other is identified.Extended English abstract is in the end of PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBenlik kavramı kişinin kendine dair inançların toplamına denir. Yaşamın ilk birkaç ayında bebek, etrafında var olan insan ve nesnelerden ayrı bir varlık olduğunu öğrenir. Kendini bilme ve anlama yetisi olarak da tanımlanan Benlik farkındalığı dünyada varolan her objeden ayrı bir varoluşu taşıdığımızı düşünmeye başladığımızda oluşur.  Fiziksel görünüm, yetenek ya da ahlak gibi birçok alanda toplumun oluşturduğu standartlar doğrultusunda insanlar kendilerini ötekilerle karşılaştırır ve bu standartları yakalamaya çalışır.Ben ve öteki arasındaki ilişki bir diğerini var kılan, diyalektik bir ilişkidir. Öteki olarak algıladığımız her şeyi ve herkesi kategorilere ayırırız. Fakat bu kategoriler olumlu sonuç verebileceği gibi olumsuz sonuçlar da verebilmektedir. Zaman zaman olumsuz olarak değerlendirilen farklılıklar, sahip olduğumuz algılarımızı ve yorumlarımızı etkilemekte, öteki olarak değerlendirilen kişilerin, her türlü ayrım, dışlama veya ön yargıyı beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle bireylerde (18-24 yaş arası) öteki ve algısının nasıl vücut bulduğu ortaya konulmaya çalışılmıştır.Bu araştırmada amaç, 18-24 yaş grubunun ben ve öteki algısını cinsiyet ve yaşadığı bölgeye göre incelemektir. Bireyin kişilik oluşumunda büyük öneme sahip olan bu dönemdeki  “ben” ve “öteki” algısı millet, ırk, siyasi görüş, din, cinsiyet, bedensel farklılıklar ya da çalışma sırasında ortaya çıkacak diğer kategoriler şeklinde sınıflandırılmıştır. Araştırma nitel yönteme göre desenlemiştir ve verilerin analizinde, içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma evreni Kafkas Üniversitesinde eğitim gören 177 öğrencilerinden oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmada “öteki ya da diğeri kavramını tanımlayınız” şeklinde açık uçlu tek bir soru sorulmuş, ardından katılımcılardan otobiyografi yazmaları istenmiştir.Araştırmanın verileri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda her iki cinsiyetin de (daha fazla kadın katılımcıların) benlik algısını oluşturan en belirgin faktörün “kişisel özellikler” olduğu ifade edilebilir. Bunu takip eden ve dikkate değer bir yaygınlıkta ifade edilen özelliklerin ise “eğitim”, “memleket” ve “aile” olduğu gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen nitel verilerde kadın katılımcıların kendilerini anlatırken kişisel özelliklerinden, erkeklerden daha fazla bahsetmeleri en dikkat çekici bulgudur. Erkek katılımcılar kadın katılımcılara göre kendileri hakkında daha az bilgi vermiş kişisel başarıları ve tuttukları takım konusunda açıklamalar yapmayı tercih etmişlerdir.Çalışmanın diğer boyutunda katılıcıların öteki kavramından ne anladığı, ötekini hangi özelliklerine göre algıladığı tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular kadın katlımcılar kişisel özelliklere, erkek katılımcılardan daha fazla önem verdiğini göstermiştir. Daha sonra farklı ırk, millet ve siyasal görüşe sahip olan grupları öteki olarak tanımlamışlardır. Öteki tanımlanırken din/mezhep farklılıklarının son sıralarda gelmesi şaşırtıcı bir bulgudur. Öteki tanımlanırken cinsiyet faktörünün son sıralarda olması da bulgular arasındadır.


Author(s):  
Nick Ceramella

<strong><strong></strong></strong><p align="LEFT">I<span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">n the Introduction to this article, I deal with the importance of speaking one’s </span>own language as a way to assert one’s identity. Then I pass on to the evolution of the English language from its start as Old English, spoken by only a few thousand Angles and Saxons.</p><p align="LEFT"><span style="font-family: DejaVuSerifCondensed; font-size: small;">I remark how, at fi rst, it was contaminated by thousands of </span>Latin, French and Scandinavian words, of which contemporary English still bears many clear traces, but nobody has ever thought that English was ever in danger of disappearing. By contrast, in the long run, it became the mother tongue of the speakers in comparatively newly founded countries, such as the USA, Australia, and New Zealand, and owing to the spread of the British Empire, it has dramatically increased its appeal becoming the most spoken and infl uential language in the world. Thus, according to some linguists, it has led several languages virtually to the verge of disappearance. Therefore, I argue whether English has really vampirised them, or has simply contributed to make people understand each other, sometimes even in the same country where lots of diff erent tongues are spoken (e.g. Nigeria).</p><p align="LEFT">It is self-evident that English has gradually been taking the role of a common unifying factor in our globalised world. In this view, I envisage a scenario where English may even become the offi cial l anguage o f the E U with the c ontributions &amp; coming, though in varying doses, from all the speakers of the other EU languages.</p>


Author(s):  
Giovanni Stanghellini

This chapter discusses how the world the Other lives in is other with respect to mine. What must be assumed is not analogy, but a ‘different normality’ (i.e. hetero-logy)—a norm that is valid within another framework of experience. Understanding another person requires reconstructing her framework of experience. A fortiori, understanding a patient’s symptom requires reconstructing the framework of experience in which it is embedded. Reconstructing the other’s framework of experience needs a preliminary deconstruction. This deconstruction is made through a phenomenological unfolding of the experiential characteristics of the life-world inhabited by the other person. We need to identify, beyond the symptoms that the Other manifests, the fundamental structures of his existence. The experience of time, space, body, self, and others, and their modifications, are indexes of the patient’s basic structures of subjectivity within which each single abnormal experience is situated.


2020 ◽  
Vol 86 ◽  
pp. 111-137
Author(s):  
Angelika Vierzig

Anthropomorphic stone stelae of monumental dimensions dated to the 4th and 3rd millennia BC have been found in southern Europe between the Atlantic Ocean and the Caucasus. They are understood as symbolic human representations the size of which arises out of a new self-awareness of humankind in the world. Anthropomorphic stelae are one of many innovations appearing during this epoch. Other innovations are copper metallurgy and tools, in particular weapons and jewellery, as well as the wheel, the wagon, and the plough drawn by animals. These innovations are depicted on stelae; what is more, the stele itself is an innovation in which the other changes are bundled. Comparable stylistic features of stelae in different areas demonstrate far-reaching contacts. Often the origin of anthropomorphic stelae is seen in the Russian steppes, with the archaeogenetically proven migration from east to west being the cause for the building of stelae in central and western Europe. However, the oldest known stelae apparently originate in western Europe. The impulses behind the dissemination of innovations must have emanated from continuous exchange relations, but the migration in the 3rd millennium bce did not bring with it the idea itself of anthropomorphic stelae. Nowadays the question about the function of stelae is usually answered with the representation of ancestors. When anthropomorphic stones keep the memory of common roots alive, they serve the building of identity.


Author(s):  
Hanne Jacobs

Phenomenology is an approach to consciousness that originates at the beginning of the twentieth century in the work of Edmund Husserl. A phenomenological account of consciousness begins from a first-person reflection on consciousness that puts out of play our everyday or natural-scientific preconceptions about consciousness and the world and describes the structural features of our consciousness of the world. This project is carried on in the phenomenological works of authors such as Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, albeit with sometimes quite different emphases and aims. Insofar as phenomenology describes the structures of consciousness by virtue of which there is a world for us, phenomenology is a form of transcendental philosophy. Specifically, phenomenologists describe how the structures of intentionality, self-awareness, temporality, attention, embodiment, and intersubjectivity make possible our consciousness of worldly things, situations, and events. According to them, the world is not just an objective nature comprised of spatiotemporally extended and causally connected things; it is also always an intersubjectively accessible world that is shot through with values and organized in light of practical projects, due to which the world appears with a significance that is variable across time and space. Husserl maintains that phenomenological descriptions of the essential structures of consciousness that make possible the experience and knowledge of the world—that is, of transcendental consciousness—can also be taken as psychological descriptions of consciousness conceived as a natural event in the world. In this way, a number of contemporary philosophers draw on specific descriptive insights from the phenomenological tradition to address issues in contemporary philosophy of mind and drive the empirical investigation of consciousness forward (such as Gallagher and Schmicking 2010; Dahlstrom et al. 2015; Petitot et al. 1999; Thompson 2007; Zahavi and Gallagher 2012; Zahavi 2012). Alternatively, both Sartre and Merleau-Ponty explicitly draw on insights from psychology and psychopathology to inform their phenomenology of consciousness, which is a strategy that has also been employed by some contemporary phenomenologists (see Zahavi 2000).


Author(s):  
Adriana Yañez Vilalta

This essay is a brief historical review of the concepts of the “double”, the “other”, the “alter ego”. The metaphorical search for identity spreads out through dreams, imagination and creativity. Jean-Paul Richter, Gérard de Nerval, Goethe, Arthur Rimbaud, Thomas Mann, Robert Musil, Rainer Maria Rilke and the french surrealists are some of the authors studied. They contribute to the development of a new conception of the world and of the human being, asserting at each step the power of freedom and action and, at the same time, responsibility, devotion and engagement. Everything implies negation and its double: love and betrayal, ingenuity and grotesqueness, fantasy and pain, sublimity and evil. A universe of echoes and reflections, where one plays with the most secret intimacy. The interior world is a labyrinth and the labyrinth a looking glass.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-468
Author(s):  
Gangapriya Chakraverti

In over 30 years as a corporate professional, mostly with multinational organisations, Gangapriya has worked closely with Indian, non-Indian managers and co-workers. These interactions allowed her to dig deeper on what being ‘Indian’ means. In this article, she writes about how working with employees from across the world, in multinational organisations, gives us the advantage to look critically at ourselves, while also having the opportunity to observe and learn from ‘the other’. Based entirely on her observations, experiences and inferences, she focuses on typical aspects of ‘Indian-ness’ that stand out—the abiding regard for hierarchy, the inexplicable relationship with time, how competitive Indians can be and how it drives them, and how Indians contend with conflicts of interest and deal with issues about data privacy and the general unease with compliance. It is her firm belief that with reflection, self-awareness and confidence arising out of knowing oneself, Indians may be better placed to deal with the underlying confusion and anxiety around whether to ‘stand out’ or ‘fit in’ and navigate with ease in a multinational and multicultural environment. For Indians employed in multinational, global organisations, she believes that such experiences provide a valuable opportunity to become better versions of ourselves. Similarly, organisations get to appreciate the differences that Indians bring to the table, while, at the same time, understanding the common characteristics that come with such a diverse workforce. Through this article, she explores what ‘Indian-ness’ means to her and how in this ‘flat’ world, it is imperative and important for us to retain our identity as an ‘Indian’ yet be comfortable in a globalised environment so that we feel connected with the larger team without being lost at an individual level.


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