scholarly journals Analyzing decision records from committees

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Moritz Marbach
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Likelihood Function ◽  
Posterior Density ◽  
State Supreme Court ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Record Data ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Committee Decision Making ◽  
Using Data

Abstract In the absence of a complete voting record, decision records are an important data source to analyze committee decision-making in various institutions. Despite the ubiquity of decision records, we know surprisingly little about how to analyze them. This paper highlights the costs in terms of bias, inefficiency, or inestimable effects when using decision instead of voting records and introduces a Bayesian structural model for the analysis of decision-record data. I construct an exact likelihood function that can be tailored to many institutional contexts, discuss identification, and present a Gibbs sampler on the data-augmented posterior density. I illustrate the application of the model using data from US state supreme court abortion decisions and UN Security Council deployment decisions.

Educational Homogamy Among Married and Unmarried Couples in Europe

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Hamplova
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Married Couples ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Educational Homogamy ◽  
Educational Barriers ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Log Linear

In this article, educational homogamy among married and cohabiting couples in selected European countries is examined. Using data from two waves (2002 and 2004) of the European Social Survey, this article compares three cultural and institutional contexts that differ in terms of institutionalization of cohabitation. Evidence from log-linear models yields two main conclusions. First, as cohabitation becomes more common in society, marriage and cohabitation become more similar with respect to partner selection. Second, where married and unmarried unions differ in terms of educational homogamy, married couples have higher odds of overcoming educational barriers (i.e., intermarrying with other educational groups).

Projection Bias in Catalog Orders

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 1217-1249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Conlin ◽  
Ted O'Donoghue ◽  
Timothy J Vogelsang
Keyword(s):  
Field Data ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Cold Weather ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Laboratory Evidence ◽  
Return Probability ◽  
Projection Bias ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Evidence suggests that people understand qualitatively how tastes change over time, but underestimate the magnitudes. This evidence is limited, however, to laboratory evidence or surveys of reported happiness. We test for such projection bias in field data. Using data on catalog orders of cold-weather items, we find evidence of projection bias over the weather—specifically, people's decisions are overinfluenced by the current weather. Our estimates suggest that if the order-date temperature declines by 30°F, the return probability increases by 3.95 percent. We also estimate a structural model to measure the magnitude of the bias. (JEL D12, L81)

scholarly journals Multi-Platform Social Media Use: Little Evidence of Impacts on Adult Well-Being

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Lohmann ◽  
Emilio Zagheni
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Using Data

Social media have become a near-ubiquitous part of our lives. The growing concern that their use may alter our well-being has been met with elusive scientific evidence. Existing literature often simplifies social media use as a homogeneous process. In reality, social media use and functions vary widely depending on platform and demographic characteristics of users, and there may be qualitative differences between using few versus many different social media platforms. Using data from the General Social Survey, an underanalyzed data source for this purpose, we characterize intensive social media users and examine how differential platform use impacts well-being. We document substantial heterogeneity in the demography of users and show that intensive users tend to be young, female, more likely to be Black than Hispanic, from high SES backgrounds, from more religious backgrounds, and from families with migration background, compared to both non-users and moderate users. The intensity of social media use seemed largely unrelated to well-being in both unadjusted models and in propensity-score models that adjusted for selection bias and demographic factors. Among middle-aged and older adults, however, intensive social media use may be slightly associated with depressive symptoms. Our findings indicate that although mediums of communication have changed with the advent of social media, these new mediums are not necessarily detrimental to well-being.

scholarly journals Characterization and selection of Japanese electronic health record databases used as data sources for non-interventional observational studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yumi Wakabayashi ◽  
Masamitsu Eitoku ◽  
Narufumi Suganuma
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Health Record ◽  
Observational Studies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Flow Diagram ◽  
Health Record ◽  
Medical Institutions ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Electronic Health ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Background Interventional studies are the fundamental method for obtaining answers to clinical question. However, these studies are sometimes difficult to conduct because of insufficient financial or human resources or the rarity of the disease in question. One means of addressing these issues is to conduct a non-interventional observational study using electronic health record (EHR) databases as the data source, although how best to evaluate the suitability of an EHR database when planning a study remains to be clarified. The aim of the present study is to identify and characterize the data sources that have been used for conducting non-interventional observational studies in Japan and propose a flow diagram to help researchers determine the most appropriate EHR database for their study goals. Methods We compiled a list of published articles reporting observational studies conducted in Japan by searching PubMed for relevant articles published in the last 3 years and by searching database providers’ publication lists related to studies using their databases. For each article, we reviewed the abstract and/or full text to obtain information about data source, target disease or therapeutic area, number of patients, and study design (prospective or retrospective). We then characterized the identified EHR databases. Results In Japan, non-interventional observational studies have been mostly conducted using data stored locally at individual medical institutions (713/1463) or collected from several collaborating medical institutions (351/1463). Whereas the studies conducted with large-scale integrated databases (195/1463) were mostly retrospective (68.2%), 27.2% of the single-center studies, 46.2% of the multi-center studies, and 74.4% of the post-marketing surveillance studies, identified in the present study, were conducted prospectively. Conclusions Our analysis revealed that the non-interventional observational studies were conducted using data stored local at individual medical institutions or collected from collaborating medical institutions in Japan. Disease registries, disease databases, and large-scale databases would enable researchers to conduct studies with large sample sizes to provide robust data from which strong inferences could be drawn. Using our flow diagram, researchers planning non-interventional observational studies should consider the strengths and limitations of each available database and choose the most appropriate one for their study goals. Trial registration Not applicable.

scholarly journals KOMPETENSI KEPRIBADIAN GURU PPKN MELALUI KETELADANAN DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER DISIPLIN SISWA (STUDI DI SMP NEGERI 1 MOJOLABAN KABUPATEN SUKOHARJO)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 93
Author(s):  
Nur Indah Dwi Susanti ◽  
Rima Vien Permata Hartanto ◽  
Mohammad Muchtarom
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Role Model ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Analysis Data ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Education Teacher ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Type Data ◽  
Using Data

<p><em>The objectives of research were (1) to find out the forms of modelling in Personality Competency of Civic Education teacher in SMP Negeri 1 Mojolaban, and (2) to find out the implication of Civic Education teacher’s modelling to creating the students’ discipline character in SMP Negeri 1 Mojolaban. This research employed a qualitative research approach, with descriptive qualitative research type. Data source derived from informant, place, event, and document. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling one. Techniques of collecting data used were interview, observation, and document analysis. Data validation was carried out using data and method triangulations. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model of analysis.  Considering the result of research, the following conclusions could be drawn. (1) The forms of role model in personality competency of Civic Education teacher were as follows: The personality of a disciplined teacher, democratic, patient, tolerant, broad-insight teacher personalities. (2) The implication of Civic Education teachers to the creation of students’ discipline character was as follows: the students could receive and imitate one of Civic Education teachers’  modelling, indicated with their coming early to classroom when the lesson began, students completing school attribute and uniform, students attending the lesson in the classroom and no truancy, students always attending flag ceremony, and maintaining the cleanliness at school. However, role model is the most decisive factor in creating the students’ discipline; it could be seen from the students showing the discipline character only in the classroom Civic Education teachers class VII while the other teacher’s class had not shown the discipline character yet.   </em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords:</em></strong><em> Personality Competency, Civic Education, Modelling, Discipline                                      Chara</em>

Using social distancing technology in hotels: a social exchange perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Morosan ◽  
Agnes DeFranco
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Social Rewards

Purpose As social distancing procedures can be facilitated by various hotel technologies, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the extent to which consumers develop perceptions of value regarding the use of certain hotel technologies for social distancing in hotels. Design/methodology/approach Drawing from the social exchange theory, this study conceptualized the benefits of using technologies for social distancing, health risks, social rewards and privacy concerns as antecedents of value of using technologies for social distancing in hotels. The structural model was validated by using data from more than 1,000 nationwide US consumers. Findings Benefits and consumers’ privacy concerns of using technologies for social distancing in hotels were the strongest predictors of value. Social rewards also had a significant but relatively lower effect on value. Health risks was found to have no influence on value. Originality/value The study is the first to examine the role of technologies in mitigating the effects of coronavirus. Thus, it extends the information technology and hospitality literature by examining the role of these technologies in safeguarding individual and public health.

scholarly journals Gender (in)equality within the household and business start-up among mothers

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Naldi ◽  
Massimo Baù ◽  
Helene Ahl ◽  
Magdalena Markowska
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Career Choices ◽  
Paternity Leave ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
The Government ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Parental Benefits ◽  
What Matters

Abstract Using data on all businesses started by mothers of young children in Sweden between 2000 and 2014, we explore which factors are associated with entrepreneurship among mothers. We find that being unemployed or being an immigrant is positively associated with business start-up by mothers; however, our findings show that what matters more is the paternity leave taken by the mothers’ partners. These findings suggest that in institutional contexts such as Sweden, gender inequality is not a persistent feature of most households and that women can make career choices by negotiating with their partners who will make use of the parental benefits offered by the government.

Bayesian Estimation of Normal Ogive Item Response Curves Using Gibbs Sampling

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
James H. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Gibbs Sampling ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Estimates ◽  
Posterior Density ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Mathematics Placement ◽  
Item Parameters ◽  
Normal Ogive Model ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Placement Exam

The problem of estimating item parameters from a two-parameter normal ogive model is considered. Gibbs sampling (Gelfand & Smith, 1990) is used to simulate draws from the joint posterior distribution of the ability and item parameters. This method gives marginal posterior density estimates for any parameter of interest; these density estimates can be used to judge the accuracy of normal approximations based on maximum likelihood estimates. This simulation technique is illustrated using data from a mathematics placement exam.

scholarly journals A Structural Model of the Retail Market for Illicit Drugs

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. 858-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manolis Galenianos ◽  
Alessandro Gavazza
Keyword(s):  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Crack Cocaine ◽  
Retail Market ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Using Data ◽  
First Time ◽  
Relative Profitability

We estimate a model of illicit drugs markets using data on purchases of crack cocaine. Buyers are searching for high-quality drugs, but they determine drugs' quality (i.e., their purity) only after consuming them. Hence, sellers can rip off first-time buyers or can offer higher-quality drugs to induce buyers to purchase from them again. In equilibrium, a distribution of qualities persists. The estimated model implies that if drugs were legalized, in which case purity could be regulated and hence observable, the average purity of drugs would increase by approximately 20 percent and the dispersion would decrease by approximately 80 percent. Moreover, increasing penalties may raise the purity and affordability of the drugs traded by increasing sellers' relative profitability of targeting loyal buyers versus first-time buyers. (JEL D12, K42, L15, L65)

scholarly journals ANALYTICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF DEVELOPING A PHENOTYPIC AGING MEASURE: THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK MUST COME FIRST!

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S579-S580
Author(s):  
Michelle Shardell ◽  
Michelle Shardell ◽  
Pei-Lun Kuo ◽  
Jennifer Schrack ◽  
Eleanor M Simonsick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Construct Validity ◽  
Latent Variable ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Model Framework ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Genes And Environment ◽  
Convergent Construct Validity ◽  
Baltimore Longitudinal Study ◽  
Using Data

Abstract We propose a latent structural model framework where phenotypic aging is a latent variable influenced by chronological age, genes and environment. Within this framework, phenotypic age influences aging-related outcomes and is reflected by latent domains of aging (body composition, energetics, homeostasis, and neural functioning) reflected by biomarkers. First, we validate the framework by selecting age-associated domain-specific biomarkers and assessing internal consistency and convergent construct validity (Cronbach’s alpha). Using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, within-domain Cronbach’s alphas ranged from 0.80 to 0.92, supporting convergent construct validity. Second, we evaluate two broad methods for combining biomarkers into one phenotypic age measure customized to different objectives: 1) confirmatory factor analysis of chronological age-adjusted biomarkers to create a measure to identify pleiotropic genetic and environmental mechanisms, and 2) machine-learning methods to create a measure optimizing predictive and concurrent criterion validity. This framework will enable evaluation of candidate biological mechanisms of aging.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document