Design, numerical simulation and experimental testing of a controlled electrical actuation system in a real aircraft morphing wing model

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (1219) ◽  
pp. 1047-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Botez ◽  
M. J. Tchatchueng Kammegne ◽  
L. T. Grigorie
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Theoretical Simulation ◽  
Actuation Mechanism ◽  
Wing Model ◽  
Actuation System ◽  
Structural Rigidity ◽  
Bench Testing ◽  
And Control

AbstractThe paper focuses on the modelling, simulation and control of an electrical miniature actuator integrated in the actuation mechanism of a new morphing wing application. The morphed wing is a portion of an existing regional aircraft wing, its interior consisting of spars, stringers, and ribs, and having a structural rigidity similar to the rigidity of a real aircraft. The upper surface of the wing is a flexible skin, made of composite materials, and optimised in order to fulfill the morphing wing project requirements. In addition, a controllable rigid aileron is attached on the wing. The established architecture of the actuation mechanism uses four similar miniature actuators fixed inside the wing and actuating directly the flexible upper surface of the wing. The actuator was designed in-house, as there is no actuator on the market that could fit directly inside our morphing wing model. It consists of a brushless direct current (BLDC) motor with a gearbox and a screw for pushing and pulling the flexible upper surface of the wing. The electrical motor and the screw are coupled through a gearing system. Before proceeding with the modelling, the actuator is tested experimentally (stand alone configuration) to ensure that the entire range of the requirements (rated or nominal torque, nominal current, nominal speed, static force, size) would be fulfilled. In order to validate the theoretical, simulation and standalone configuration experimental studies, a bench testing and a wind-tunnel testing of four similar actuators integrated on the real morphing wing model are performed.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Logic-Based Control for a Morphing Wing Tip Actuation System: Design, Numerical Simulation, and Wind Tunnel Experimental Testing

Biomimetics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Khan ◽  
Grigorie ◽  
Botez ◽  
Mamou ◽  
Mébarki
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Brushless Dc ◽  
Wing Model ◽  
Actuation System ◽  
Prime Concern

The paper presents the design, numerical simulation, and wind tunnel experimental testing of a fuzzy logic-based control system for a new morphing wing actuation system equipped with Brushless DC (BLDC) motors, under the framework of an international project between Canada and Italy. Morphing wing is a prime concern of the aviation industry and, due to the promising results, it can improve fuel optimization. In this idea, a major international morphing wing project has been carried out by our university team from Canada, in collaboration with industrial, research, and university entities from our country, but also from Italy, by using a full-scaled portion of a real aircraft wing equipped with an aileron. The target was to conceive, manufacture, and test an experimental wing model able to be morphed in a controlled manner and to provide in this way an extension of the laminar airflow region over its upper surface, producing a drag reduction with direct impact on the fuel consumption economy. The work presented in the paper aims to describe how the experimental model has been developed, controlled, and tested, to prove the feasibility of the morphing wing technology for the next generation of aircraft.

Novel morphing wing actuator control-based Particle Swarm Optimisation

2019 ◽  
Vol 124 (1271) ◽  
pp. 55-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Khan ◽  
T. L. Grigorie ◽  
R. M. Botez ◽  
M. Mamou ◽  
Y. Mébarki
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Experimental Model ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Particle Swarm ◽  
Particle Swarm Optimisation ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Software Model ◽  
Actuation System

AbstractThe paper presents the design and experimental testing of the control system used in a new morphing wing application with a full-scaled portion of a real wing. The morphing actuation system uses four similar miniature brushless DC (BLDC) motors placed inside the wing, which execute a direct actuation of the flexible upper surface of the wing made from composite materials. The control system of each actuator uses three control loops (current, speed and position) characterised by five control gains. To tune the control gains, the Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) method is used. The application of the PSO method supposed the development of a MATLAB/Simulink® software model for the controlled actuator, which worked together with a software sub-routine implementing the PSO algorithm to find the best values for the five control gains that minimise the cost function. Once the best values of the control gains are established, the software model of the controlled actuator is numerically simulated in order to evaluate the quality of the obtained control system. Finally, the designed control system is experimentally validated in bench tests and wind-tunnel tests for all four miniature actuators integrated in the morphing wing experimental model. The wind-tunnel testing treats the system as a whole and includes, besides the evaluation of the controlled actuation system, the testing of the integrated morphing wing experimental model and the evaluation of the aerodynamic benefits brought by the morphing technology on this project. From this last perspective, the airflow on the morphing upper surface of the experimental model is monitored by using various techniques based on pressure data collection with Kulite pressure sensors or on infrared thermography camera visualisations.

scholarly journals Design and experimental testing of a control system for a morphing wing model actuated with miniature BLDC motors

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 1272-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teodor Lucian GRIGORIE ◽  
Shehryar KHAN ◽  
Ruxandra Mihaela BOTEZ ◽  
Mahmoud MAMOU ◽  
Youssef MÉBARKI
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Wing Model

scholarly journals Therapeutic effectiveness of modern antihelminthic drugs for geese capillariasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (93) ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
V. О. Yevstafieva ◽  
V. I. Yeresko
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Therapeutic Effectiveness ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Years Of Experience ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Domestic Production ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
And Control ◽  
Effective Drugs

Many years of experience in fighting and preventing of helminthiasis in waterfowl shows that the successful elimination of parasitic diseases is possible under the conditions of a complex of organizational and economic, veterinary and sanitary and special anti-parasitic measures, which must necessarily include deworming of poultry. The purpose of the work was to study the effectiveness of modern antihelminthic drugs for the spontaneous capillariasis geese. Experimental testing of antihelminthic preparations of domestic production was performed: piperazine 45% (DR – piperazine adipinat), 22% phenzole (DR – fenbendazole) and brovadazole plus (DR – piperazine adipinat, phenbendazole). The efficacy of the drugs was determined by the results of helminthic autopsy and coproscopicof the geese of the experimental and control groups. The main indicators of the action of drugs were extensiveness and intensive. It was established that according to the results of helminthocoproscopic investigations, the most effective drugs for capillariasis geese were phenzole 22% and brovadazole plus, their effectiveness at day 15 of the experiment was 100.0%. Efficiency (EE and IE) of piperazine 45% was slightly lower and at day 5 of treatment, according to the results of the coproscopy, was 40.0% and 65.0% respectively, for 10 days – 70.0% and 76.0%, for 15 days – 70% , 0 and 82.0%. At the same time, according to the results of helminthic autopsy geese in the process of their treatment, the effectiveness of the preparations of phenzole 22% and piperazine 45% were lower. EI of experimental geese for 15 days with the use of phenzole 22% was 40.0%, and II decreased from 21.20 ± 1.16 to 2.00 ± 1.00 ex./head. In the application of piperazine, 45% of the experimental poultry EI for 15 days reached 60.0%, II decreased from 22.40 ± 1.12 to 3.67 ± 0.58 ex./head. Extens- and intensefficiency of piperazine 45% was 40.0 and 86.0%, phenzole 22% – 60.0 and 92.0%, respectively. It was determined that the most effective preparation for geese capillariasis is brovadazole plus (EE, IE – 100.0%), which is confirmed by the results of coproscopic studies and helminthic autopsy. Based on the data obtained, confirmed by experimental studies, we recommend the use of the drug brovadazol plus in the control and prevention of capillariasis geese.

scholarly journals Sensing, Actuation, and Control of the SmartX Prototype Morphing Wing in the Wind Tunnel

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Nakash Nazeer ◽  
Xuerui Wang ◽  
Roger M. Groves
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Single Mode ◽  
Fiber Optic Sensor ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
Morphing Wing ◽  
Actuator Dynamics

This paper presents a study on trailing edge deflection estimation for the SmartX camber morphing wing demonstrator. This demonstrator integrates the technologies of smart sensing, smart actuation and smart controls using a six module distributed morphing concept. The morphing sequence is brought about by two actuators present at both ends of each of the morphing modules. The deflection estimation is carried out by interrogating optical fibers that are bonded on to the wing’s inner surface. A novel application is demonstrated using this method that utilizes the least amount of sensors for load monitoring purposes. The fiber optic sensor data is used to measure the deflections of the modules in the wind tunnel using a multi-modal fiber optic sensing approach and is compared to the deflections estimated by the actuators. Each module is probed by single-mode optical fibers that contain just four grating sensors and consider both bending and torsional deformations. The fiber optic method in this work combines the principles of hybrid interferometry and FBG spectral sensing. The analysis involves an initial calibration procedure outside the wind tunnel followed by experimental testing in the wind tunnel. This method is shown to experimentally achieve an accuracy of 2.8 mm deflection with an error of 9%. The error sources, including actuator dynamics, random errors, and nonlinear mechanical backlash, are identified and discussed.

Elevated levels of activin A in clinical and experimental pulmonary hypertension

2009 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 1356-1364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Yndestad ◽  
Karl-Otto Larsen ◽  
Erik Øie ◽  
Thor Ueland ◽  
Camilla Smith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Activin A ◽  
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 ◽  
And Control

Activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, is involved in regulation of tissue remodeling and inflammation. Herein, we wanted to explore a role for activin A in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Circulating levels of activin A and its binding protein follistatin were measured in patients with PH ( n = 47) and control subjects ( n = 14). To investigate synthesis and localization of pulmonary activin A, we utilized an experimental model of hypoxia-induced PH. In mouse lungs, we also explored signaling pathways that can be activated by activin A, such as phosphorylation of Smads, which are mediators of TGF-β signaling. Possible pathophysiological mechanisms initiated by activin A were explored by exposing pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in culture to this cytokine. Elevated levels of activin A and follistatin were found in patients with PH, and activin A levels were significantly related to mortality. Immunohistochemistry of lung autopsies from PH patients and lungs with experimental PH localized activin A primarily to alveolar macrophages and bronchial epithelial cells. Mice with PH exhibited increased pulmonary levels of mRNA for activin A and follistatin in the lungs, and also elevated pulmonary levels of phosphorylated Smad2. Finally, we found that activin A increased proliferation and induced gene expression of endothelin-1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, mediators that could contribute to vascular remodeling. Our findings in both clinical and experimental studies suggest a role for activin A in the development of various types of PH.

Crashworthiness Performance of Mass-Efficient Extruded Structures

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert R. Mayer ◽  
Weigang Chen ◽  
Anil Sachdev
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Single Cell ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Nonlinear Material ◽  
Dynamic Strain ◽  
Cell Design ◽  
Explicit Finite Element ◽  
The One ◽  
Crushing Behavior

Theoretical, numerical and experimental studies were conducted on the axial crushing behavior of traditional single-cell and innovative four-cell extrusions. Two commercial aluminum alloys, 6061 and 6063, both with two tempers (T4 and T6), were considered in the study. Testing coupons taken from the extrusions assessed the nonlinear material properties. A theoretical solution was available for the one-cell design, and was developed for the mean crushing force of the four-cell section. Numerical simulations were carried out using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA. The aluminum alloy 6063T4 was found to absorb less energy than 6061T4, for both the one-cell and four-cell configurations. Both 6061 and 6063 in the T6 temper were found to have significant fracture in the experimental testing. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulations predicted a greater number of folds for the four-cell design, as compared to the one-cell design, and this was confirmed in the experiments. The theoretical improvement in energy absorption of 57% for the four-cell in comparison with the one-cell design was confirmed by experiment. The good agreement between the theoretical, numerical and experimental results allows confidence in the application of the theoretical and numerical tools for both single-cell and innovative four-cell extrusions. It was also demonstrated that these materials have very little dynamic strain rate effect.

scholarly journals Experimental Issues in Testing a Semiactive Technique to Control Earthquake Induced Vibration

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Caterino ◽  
Mariacristina Spizzuoco ◽  
Julian M. Londoño ◽  
Antonio Occhiuzzi
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Structural Testing ◽  
Frame Structure ◽  
Semiactive Control ◽  
Electrical Currents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
And Control ◽  
Steel Frame Structure

This work focuses on the issues to deal with when approaching experimental testing of structures equipped with semiactive control (SA) systems. It starts from practical experience authors gained in a recent wide campaign on a large scale steel frame structure provided with a control system based on magnetorheological dampers. The latter are special devices able to achieve a wide range of physical behaviours using low-power electrical currents. Experimental activities involving the use of controllable devices require special attention in solving specific aspects that characterize each of the three phases of the SA control loop: acquisition, processing, and command. Most of them are uncommon to any other type of structural testing. This paper emphasizes the importance of the experimental assessment of SA systems and shows how many problematic issues likely to happen in real applications are also present when testing these systems experimentally. This paper highlights several problematic aspects and illustrates how they can be addressed in order to achieve a more realistic evaluation of the effectiveness of SA control solutions. Undesired and unavoidable effects like delays and control malfunction are also remarked. A discussion on the way to reduce their incidence is also offered.

Drag optimisation of a wing equipped with a morphing upper surface

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (1225) ◽  
pp. 473-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Koreanschi ◽  
O. Sugar-Gabor ◽  
R. M. Botez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Drag Coefficient ◽  
Open Source ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Shape Reconstruction ◽  
Laminar To Turbulent Transition ◽  
Wing Model ◽  
Turbulent Transition ◽  
Transition Delay

ABSTRACTThe drag coefficient and the laminar-to-turbulent transition for the aerofoil component of a wing model are optimised using an adaptive upper surface with two actuation points. The effects of the new shaped aerofoils on the global drag coefficient of the wing model are also studied. The aerofoil was optimised with an ‘in-house’ genetic algorithm program coupled with a cubic spline aerofoil shape reconstruction and XFoil 6.96 open-source aerodynamic solver. The wing model analysis was performed with the open-source solver XFLR5 and the 3D Panel Method was used for the aerodynamic calculation. The results of the aerofoil optimisation indicate improvements of both the drag coefficient and transition delay of 2% to 4%. These improvements in the aerofoil characteristics affect the global drag of the wing model, reducing it by up to 2%. The analyses were conducted for a single Reynolds number and speed over a range of angles of attack. The same cases will also be used in the experimental testing of the manufactured morphing wing model.

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