The Design of Wing Plan Forms for Transonic Speeds

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Lock
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Surface Theory ◽  
Edge Singularity ◽  
Lifting Surface ◽  
Load Distributions ◽  
Wing Tips

SummaryA method is suggested for designing the shape of the plan form of an unwarped swept-back wing so as to control the magnitude of the singularity that occurs in the chordwise loading distribution at the leading edge. At a Mach number of unity it is possible to do this simply and directly by an approximate application of linearised lifting-surface theory. Details are given of three families of wing plan forms, of varying sweep and aspect ratio, in all of which the strength of the leading-edge singularity is held constant near the wing tips, behind the Mach line from the root trailing edge. The local chordwise load distributions have been calculated in detail for several of these wings and it is found that in all cases the loading curves become effectively independent of spanwise position over that part of the span for which the singularity is constant.

An experimental investigation of resonant interaction of a rectangular jet with a flat plate

2015 ◽  
Vol 779 ◽  
pp. 751-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. B. M. Q. Zaman ◽  
A. F. Fagan ◽  
J. E. Bridges ◽  
C. A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Resonant Interaction ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Resonant Condition ◽  
Direction Parallel ◽  
Rectangular Jet ◽  
Axis Switching

The interaction between an 8:1 aspect ratio rectangular jet and a flat plate, placed parallel to the jet, is addressed in this study. At high subsonic conditions and for certain relative locations of the plate, a resonance takes place with accompanying audible tones. Even when the tone is not audible the sound pressure level spectra are often marked by conspicuous peaks. The frequencies of these peaks, as functions of the plate’s length, its location relative to the jet as well as jet Mach number, are studied in an effort to understand the flow mechanism. It is demonstrated that the tones are not due to a simple feedback between the nozzle exit and the plate’s trailing edge; the leading edge also comes into play in determining the frequency. With parametric variation, it is found that there is an order in the most energetic spectral peaks; their frequencies cluster in distinct bands. The lowest frequency band is explained by an acoustic feedback involving diffraction at the plate’s leading edge. Under the resonant condition, a periodic flapping motion of the jet column is seen when viewed in a direction parallel to the plate. Phase-averaged Mach number data on a cross-stream plane near the plate’s trailing edge illustrate that the jet cross-section goes through large contortions within the period of the tone. Farther downstream a clear ‘axis switching’ takes place for the time-averaged cross-section of the jet that does not occur otherwise for a non-resonant condition.

Some Remarks on Vortex Drag and its Spanwise Distribution in Incompressible Flow

1968 ◽  
Vol 72 (691) ◽  
pp. 623-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Garner
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
List Type ◽  
Surface Theory ◽  
Lifting Surface ◽  
Line Theory ◽  
Lifting Line ◽  
Swept Wings ◽  
Lifting Line Theory ◽  
Drag Factor

Summary Theoretical data from lifting-surface theory are presented to illustrate (i) that the vortex drag factor is closely related to the half-wing spanwise centre of pressure on simple planforms without camber or twist, (ii) that lifting-line theory is useless for predicting the spanwise distribution of vortex drag on swept wings, (iii) that recent numerical improvements in lifting-surface theory help to reconcile the concepts of wake energy and leading-edge suction in relation to vortex drag.

A Theoretical and Experimental Study on the Planform of Superventilated Wings

1974 ◽  
Vol 18 (03) ◽  
pp. 169-184
Author(s):  
L. F. Tsen ◽  
M. Guilbaud
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Numerical Method ◽  
Lower Surface ◽  
Cavitation Number ◽  
Water Tunnel ◽  
Surface Theory ◽  
Lifting Surface ◽  
Measured Force

This study explores the influence of the aspect ratio, the taper ratio, and the sweepback on the flow over trapezoidal superventilated wings with a flat wetted lower surface. The flow is first calculated by a numerical method in the scope of the linearized supercavitating lifting-surface theory. The calculated wings are then made and tested in a water tunnel at zero cavitation number. The measured force and moment coefficients are compared with the prediction.

scholarly journals Dynamic Stall Characteristics of Pitching Swept Finite-Aspect-Ratio Wings

Fluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 457
Author(s):  
Al Habib Ullah ◽  
Kristopher L. Tomek ◽  
Charles Fabijanic ◽  
Jordi Estevadeordal
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Separation Bubble ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Dynamic Stall ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Sweep Angle ◽  
Pitching Motion ◽  
Naca0012 Airfoil ◽  
Phase Average ◽  
Reduced Frequency

An experimental investigation regarding the dynamic stall of various swept wing models with pitching motion was performed to analyze the effect of sweep on the dynamic stall. The experiments were performed on a wing with a NACA0012 airfoil section with an aspect ratio of AR = 4. The experimental study was conducted for chord-based Reynolds number Rec =2×105 and freestream Mach number Ma=0.1. First, a ‘particle image velocimetry’ (PIV) experiment was performed on the wing with three sweep angles, Λ=0o, 15o, and 30o, to obtain the flow structure at several wing spans. The results obtained at a reduced frequency showed that a laminar separation bubble forms at the leading edge of the wing during upward motion. As the upward pitching motion continues, a separation burst occurs and shifts towards the wing trailing edge. As the wing starts to pitch downward, the growing dynamic stall vortex (DSV) vortex sheds from the wing’s trailing edge. With the increasing sweep angle of the wing, the stall angle is delayed during the dynamic motion of the wing, and the presence of DSV shifts toward the wingtip. During the second stage, a ‘turbo pressure-sensitive paint’ (PSP) technique was deployed to obtain the phase average of the surface pressure patterns of the DSV at a reduced frequency, k=0.1. The phase average of pressure shows a distinct pressure map for two sweep angles, Λ=0o, 30o, and demonstrates a similar trend to that presented in the published computational studies and the experimental data obtained from the current PIV campaign.

An experimental parametric study on planar sheared wings tip devices for low-to-moderate aspect ratio wings

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourelay Moreira dos Santos ◽  
Guilherme Ferreira Gomes ◽  
Rogerio F. Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Parametric Study ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Aerodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Sweep Angle ◽  
Wind Tunnel Tests ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wing Tips ◽  
Wing Tip

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of a low-to-moderate-aspect-ratio, tapered, untwisted, unswept wing, equipped of sheared wing tips. Design/methodology/approach In this work, wind tunnel tests were made to study the influence in aerodynamic characteristics over a typical low-to-moderate-aspect-ratio wing of a general aviation aircraft, equipped with sheared – swept and tapered planar – wing tips. An experimental parametric study of different wing tips was tested. Variations in its leading and trailing edge sweep angle as well as variations in wing tip taper ratio were considered. Sheared wing tips modify the flow pattern in the outboard region of the wing producing a vortex flow at the wing tip leading edge, enhancing lift at high angles of attack. Findings The induced drag is responsible for nearly 50% of aircraft total drag and can be reduced through modifications to the wing tip. Some wing tip models present complex geometries and many of them present benefits in particular flight conditions. Results have demonstrated that sweeping the wing tip leading edge between 60 and 65 degrees offers an increment in wing aerodynamic efficiency, especially at high lift conditions. However, results have demonstrated that moderate wing tip taper ratio (0.50) has better aerodynamic benefits than highly tapered wing tips (from 0.25 to 0.15), even with little less wing tip leading edge sweep angle (from 57 to 62 degrees). The moderate wing tip taper ratio (0.50) offers more wing area and wing span than the wings with highly tapered wing tips, for the same aspect ratio wing. Originality/value Although many studies have been reported on the aerodynamics of wing tips, most of them presented complex non-planar geometries and were developed for cruise flight in high subsonic regime (low lift coefficient). In this work, an exploration and parametric study through wind tunnel tests were made, to evaluate the influence in aerodynamic characteristics of a low-to-moderate-aspect-ratio, tapered, untwisted, unswept wing, equipped of sheared wing tips (wing tips highly swept and tapered).

Some Boundary Layer Measurements on a Slender Wing at Supersonic Speeds

1963 ◽  
Vol 67 (629) ◽  
pp. 291-295
Author(s):  
R. T. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Mach Number ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Flat Plate ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Incompressible Flow ◽  
Boundary Layer Thickness ◽  
Static Pressure ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Slender Wing

SummaryBoundary layer measurements have been made at four positions on a slender gothic wing of aspect ratio 0·75. Test's were made over a range of incidence at M=1·42 and 1·82. With transition fixed by roughness near the leading edge the boundary layer thickness varied little with small positive or negative incidence but was reduced at larger incidences, this being most marked at positive incidence for positions nearest the leading edge due to the influence of the wing vortex. With the exception of positions in the vicinity of the vortex, a good estimate of the boundary layer thickness was given by the theory for incompressible flow over a flat plate and an excellent estimate of the variation of local static pressure and Mach number with incidence was given by not-so-slender wing theory.

Linear stability of the steady flow past rectangular cylinders

2021 ◽  
Vol 929 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Chiarini ◽  
M. Quadrio ◽  
F. Auteri
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Critical Reynolds Number ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Curvature Radius ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
A Value ◽  
Flow Past ◽  
Rectangular Cylinders ◽  
Primary Instability

The primary instability of the flow past rectangular cylinders is studied to comprehensively describe the influence of the aspect ratio $AR$ and of rounding the leading- and/or trailing-edge corners. Aspect ratios ranging between $0.25$ and $30$ are considered. We show that the critical Reynolds number ( $\textit {Re}_c$ ) corresponding to the primary instability increases with the aspect ratio, starting from $\textit {Re}_c \approx 34.8$ for $AR=0.25$ to a value of $\textit {Re}_c \approx 140$ for $AR = 30$ . The unstable mode and its dependence on the aspect ratio are described. We find that positioning a small circular cylinder in the flow modifies the instability in a way strongly depending on the aspect ratio. The rounded corners affect the primary instability in a way that depends on both the aspect ratio and the curvature radius. For small $AR$ , rounding the leading-edge corners has always a stabilising effect, whereas rounding the trailing-edge corners is destabilising, although for large curvature radii only. For intermediate $AR$ , instead, rounding the leading-edge corners has a stabilising effect limited to small curvature radii only, while for $AR \geqslant 5$ it has always a destabilising effect. In contrast, for $AR \geqslant 2$ rounding the trailing-edge corners consistently increases $\textit {Re}_c$ . Interestingly, when all the corners are rounded, the flow becomes more stable, at all aspect ratios. An explanation for the stabilising and destabilising effect of the rounded corners is provided.

Lifting-surface theory for cascade of blades in subsonic shear flow

1969 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masanobu Namba
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Flow Theory ◽  
Fourier Integral ◽  
Uniform Flow ◽  
Surface Theory ◽  
Integral Methods ◽  
Singularity Method ◽  
Lifting Surface ◽  
Significant Difference

A lifting-surface theory is presented for a cascade in subsonic shear flow by applying Fourier integral methods to the expressions of the perturbed flow field. The pressure distribution on the blade surface is determined by means of the socalled singularity method. Some numerical examples are presented and discussed in comparison with the results according to the lifting-line theory.A significant difference is found in the effect of compressibility between a shear flow and a uniform flow. In shear flows with the maximum Mach number close to one, no such great local lift force is found near the sonic station as would be predicted by the linearized subsonic uniform flow theory. The correlation between the local lift and the local effective angle of attack at high Mach number span-stations shows a great deviation from that according to the uniform flow theory.

Estimation of Maximum Lift of Swept Wings at Low Mach Number.

1963 ◽  
Vol 67 (628) ◽  
pp. 227-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Bore ◽  
A. T. Boyd
Keyword(s):  
Reynolds Number ◽  
Mach Number ◽  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Empirical Method ◽  
Low Mach Number ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
Semi Empirical ◽  
Swept Wings

Summary:A semi-empirical method is given, together with systematic data sufficient for estimating the maximum lift characteristics of wings at Mach numbers below 0·6. The method gives the effect of sweep, aspect ratio, taper ratio, camber, leading-edge radius, maximum-thickness position and Reynolds number. The accuracy is good for most wings at full-scale Reynolds numbers, but deteriorates for wings with trailing-edge angles greater than about 12° (which for conventional sections correspond with thickness/chord ratios about 0·140), and for heavily cambered sections.

scholarly journals Transonic flutter characteristics of an airfoil with morphing devices

2020 ◽  
pp. 095441002095304
Author(s):  
Shun He ◽  
Shijun Guo ◽  
Wenhao Li
Keyword(s):  
Shock Wave ◽  
Mach Number ◽  
Aerodynamic Force ◽  
Unsteady Aerodynamics ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Trailing Edge ◽  
Airfoil Surface ◽  
Transonic Flutter ◽  
Morphing Technology ◽  
And Shifts

An investigation into transonic flutter characteristic of an airfoil conceived with the morphing leading and trailing edges has been carried out. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used to calculate the unsteady aerodynamic force in transonic flow. An aerodynamic reduced order model (ROM) based on autoregressive model with exogenous input (ARX) is used in the numerical simulation. The flutter solution is determined by eigenvalue analysis at specific Mach number. The approach is validated by comparing the transonic flutter characteristics of the Isogai wing with relevant literatures before applied to a morphing airfoil. The study reveals that by employing the morphing trailing edge, the shock wave forms and shifts to the trailing edge at a lower Mach number, and aerodynamic force stabilization happens earlier. Meanwhile, the minimum flutter speed increases and transonic dip occurs at a lower Mach number. It is also noted that leading edge morphing has negligible effect on the appearance of the shock wave and transonic flutter. The mechanism of improving the transonic flutter characteristics by morphing technology is discussed by correlating shock wave location on airfoil surface, unsteady aerodynamics with flutter solution.

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