Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 3. Response to differences in levels of both energy and protein

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cooke ◽  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty eight gilts by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females were allocated on the basis of litter relation-ship and initial weight to 16 treatments involving the individual feeding of four dietary protein levels (approximately 15%, 18%, 21% and 24% CP) at each of four energy levels (2830, 3100, 3375 and 3585 kcal DE/kg air-dry feed). Amino acid balance (as% of total CP) was maintained relatively constant, using synthetic lysine and methionine where necessary. Growth performance was measured over a live-weight range of 23 kg to 59 kg, at which latter weight the pigs were slaughtered for carcass evaluation by dissection of the middle ‘joint’ from a half carcass. Linear carcass measure-ments were also taken. There was a significant energy × protein interaction only for killing-out percentage; for all other measures the main effects could be assessed independently. Increase in dietary energy value gave linear increase in growth rate (GR) and improve-ment in efficiency of feed conversion (EFC), accompanied by linear decrease in lean percentage and increase in fat percentage. Increase in dietary protein level gave an increase in GR and improvement in EFC with the first increment (from 15% to 18% CP), but depressions in both these characteristics with the final increment (from 21% to 24% CP). Lean percentage increased and fat percentage decreased with the first protein increment, with no further significant changes. Calculation of daily rates of tissue deposition indicated that maximum rate and efficiency of fat-free carcass gain could be attained with the second lowest energy and protein levels tested (i.e. 3106 kcal DE/kg and 18·2% CP).

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 1. Response to protein intake on a high-energy diet

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Cooke ◽  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYSixty gilts by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females were allocated on the basis of litter relationship and initial weight to six treatments involving the individual feeding of six dietary protein levels, 15·5%, 17·4%, 20·2%, 22·3%, 25·3% and 27·3% crude protein (CP), at a common energy level of approximately 3500 kcal/kg DE, from 23 to 59 kg live weight. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. There were significant increases in growth rate and efficiency of feed conversion from the 15·5% to the 17·4% CP diets and significant reductions in both from the 25·3 % to the 27·3 % CP diets. Carcass lean by dissection increased linearly (r = 0·976) and fat decreased linearly (r = −0·992) with dietary protein increment over the full range studied. As best growth performance and maximum lean content were attained at different dietary CP levels, a combined measure of daily lean deposition was calculated; this indicated that maximum rate of lean growth and efficiency of feed conversion to lean were reached on the 22·3% CP level. In terms of efficiency of utilization of nutrients, maximum retentions of both DE and DCP in the edible part of the carcass appeared to be attained on the two lowest dietary protein levels.

Protein levels in diets for European pigs in the tropics. 1. The effect of methionine supplementation on the protein requirement of growing pigs

1975 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Fetuga ◽  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Dietary Nitrogen ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Cystine Level

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty-eight Landrace and Large White pigs were allocated on the basis of sex, litter origin and initial weight to one of 16 treatments, made up of four basal 16, 18, 20 and 22% protein diets, each supplemented with either 0·00, 0·10, 0·15 or 0·20% synthetic DL-methionine, at a common digestible energy level of 3740 kcal/kg. Pigs were reared between 8 and 50 kg live weight. Growth rate of pigs and efficiency of feed conversion were significantly improved as the protein levels were increased up to the 20% protein level, optimal performance being on the 20% protein diet, with added 0·15% methionine, giving a total methionine+cystine level of 0·65% and a lysine level of 1·07%. Addition of synthetic methionine to the diets resulted in significant improvement in the rate and efficiency of gain only at the 16 and 18% protein levels.Carcass leanness and fatness increased and decreased respectively over the whole range of protein levels. Graded addition of DL-methionine within each protein level did not influence carcass characteristics.Nitrogen retention showed optimal utilization of dietary nitrogen to be at the 18% protein level, with a total dietary methionine + cystine level of 0·61%, which was at variance with the levels indicated by both growth and feed efficiency.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 4. Effects of sex on response to dietary protein level

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
B. Hardy ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYTwo barrows and two gilts from each of 16 litters, by Landrace sires out of Large White × Landrace females, were fed individually one of 4 dietary protein levels (approximately 14%, 17%, 20% and 23% CP) at a common energy level (approximately 3165 kcal/kg DE), from an initial weight of 23 kg to slaughter at 59 kg.The 17% CP diet gave 19% faster growth and 17% better feed conversion than the 14% CP diet (P < 0·01) with no evident change resulting from further increase in protein level, while the 23% CP diet gave 29% more lean than the 14% CP diet (P< 0·01), as assessed by dis-section of a sample joint.There were no significant differences between sexes in growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion or carcass composition. Only depth of backfat on the shoulder and at ‘K’ and carcass length showed significant (P < 0·05) sex differences, and the only sex × diet interaction was in eye-muscle area. The results are discussed in relation to those presented in the previous three papers of the series.

Influence of energy and protein concentration in the diet on the performance of growing pigs 2. Differing nutrient density at a constant energy: protein ratio

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Lodge ◽  
M. E. Cundy ◽  
R. Cooke ◽  
D. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Amino Acid Balance

SUMMARYForty-eight gilts by Landrace sires on Large White × Landrace females were randomly allocated to eight pens and within pens to six treatment groups involving three diets and two levels of feeding from 23 to 59 kg live weight. All diets were formulated to have approximately the same ratio of digestible energy to crude protein (160 kcal DE/unit % CP) but different energy and protein concentrations: (A) 3500 kcal/kg DE and 21 % CP, (B) 3150 kcal/kg DE and 19% CP, and (C) 2800 kcal/kg DE and 17% CP. Amino acid balance was maintained relatively constant with synthetic lysine, methionine and tryptophan. The levels of feeding were such that the lower level of diet A allowed an intake of energy and protein similar to the higher level of diet B, and the lower level of B was similar to the higher level of C.On the lower level of feeding, growth rate, efficiency of feed conversion and carcass fat content increased linearly with each increment in nutrient concentration; on the higher level of feeding growth rate and EFC increased from diet C to B but not from B to A, whereas carcass fat content increased linearly with diet from the lowest to the highest concentration. There was a non-significant tendency for the higher density diets at a similar level of nutrient intake to give better EFC and fatter carcasses than the lower density diets.

The use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Livingstone ◽  
D. M. S. Livingston
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Large White ◽  
Large White Breed ◽  
White Breed

SUMMARYA total of 156 pigs of the Large White breed were used in a series of four experiments to test the suitability of barley which had been stored with a high moisture content as an ingredient in the diets of growing pigs. Barleys with mean moisture contents of 26·3%, 28·1% and 21·2% and a range from 19·6% to 30·5%, from three successive harvests were used.In all the trials there was evidence that the use of moist barley in diets for growing pigs had an adverse effect on live-weight gain and feed conversion ratio, the effect being independent of whether feed intakes were equated on the basis of the dry-matter content of the diets. In one of the experiments performance was depressed to the extent of causing changes in carcass characteristics. The performance of pigs given rolled barley was similar to that of others given ground barley.

scholarly journals Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jener Alexandre Sampaio Zuanon ◽  
Ana Lúcia Salaro ◽  
Sofia Simões Silveira Moraes ◽  
Leandro Moreno de Oliveira Alves ◽  
Eric Márcio Balbino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Energy Levels ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Dietary Crude Protein ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Final Length ◽  
Pterophyllum Scalare

Dietary protein and energy requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare) were evaluated. A 3 × 2 factorial design was used, with three dietary crude protein levels being tested (26, 30, and 34% of CP) combined with two digestible energy levels (3,100 and 3,300 kcal DE/kg of diet) in three replicates. Juveniles averaging 2.33 ± 0.26 g were reared in a 25L-aquarium with controlled temperature (26 ± 1ºC), biological filter and stocking density of six fish/aquarium. Fish were fed ad libitum at 09:00 a.m., 2:00 p.m. and 4:30 p.m. The following performance parameters were evaluated: final weight, final length, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor. Fish fed diets with 26% CP showed greater protein efficiency values when compared to those fed diets with 34% CP. Diets with 26% of CP and 3100 kcal DE/kg could meet the nutritional requirements of juvenile freshwater angelfish.

Determination of the optimum crude protein requirement of pigs in a tropical environment

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Babatunde ◽  
M. J. Olomu ◽  
V. A. Oyenuga
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Large White ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Protein Levels

SUMMARYFeeding trials were carried out at different times of the year to determine the optimum crude protein requirements of weaner and growing pigs, using principally the locally available ingredients. The animals used were 96 weaners and 113 growing pigs of the Large White and Landrace breeds of average initial weights of about 9 kg and 41 kg respectively. Test diets contained protein levels ranging from 12% to 24% on a dry-matter basis, and the pigs were mostly group-fed ad libitum except for one trial. Average daily gains, efficiency of feed utilization, apparent nitrogen retention and digestibility, and feed cost per kg of body gain were measured. In a humid tropical environment, such as Ibadan, the optimum crude protein requirement for weaner pigs from 9 kg to 34 kg live weight is between 22 % and 24 % of dry matter, while that for the fattening pigs from 41 kg to 82 kg live weight is between 18% and 21% of dry matter.

scholarly journals Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs Fed Diets Containing Amarula (Sclerocarya Birrea A. Rich) Nut Cake as Replacement To Soybean Meal

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggy Palesa Mabena ◽  
Moses Ratsaka ◽  
Thobela Nkukwana ◽  
Ingrid Malebana ◽  
Douglas Nkosi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Sclerocarya Birrea

Abstract This experiment evaluated varying levels of Amarula (Sclerocarya birrea A. Rich) nut cake (ANC) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass characteristics in pigs. Thirty Large White × Landrace (LW × LR) pigs were stratified by weight (average live weight of 20 ± 5 kg) and randomly allocated to the five experimental diets that contained 0 (control), 50, 100, 150 and 200 g ANC/kg DM. Each pig served as a replicate unit, housed individually. Bodyweight, feed intake, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly throughout the trial period. On completion of the growth trial, following a 3-day adaptation, a nutrient digestibility study was conducted over 5 days. Thereafter, pigs were fasted for twelve hours, weighed, slaughtered, and carcass samples were collected for analysis. Feed intake was not affected by dietary treatment, but ADGs were reduced at ANC levels > 15%, resulting in poor FCR. Protein digestibility was reduced at ANC levels > 15%, while ether extract and fibre levels increased. Warm and cold carcass weights were lower at ANC levels > 15, with improved meat redness and lightness. It was concluded that ANC could replace SBM in the diet of growing pigs at less than 15% inclusion level.

Effects of low protein diets on performance of pigs with a lean genotype between 40 and 115 kg liveweight

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Bunger ◽  
N. R. Lambe ◽  
K. McLean ◽  
G. Cesaro ◽  
G. A. Walling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Low Protein

The aim of the work was to assess the effects of three dietary protein regimes on pig performance and nitrogen (N) excretion, in particular, whether performance can be maintained in lean, fast growing pigs when protein levels are reduced to limit N excretion. Entire male pigs of a lean genotype (Pietrain × Large White × Landrace), 192 in total in four batches, were grown from 40 to 115 kg in pens with four pigs per pen. The diets were: (i) a high-protein control regime; (ii) a low-protein regime in which protein was reduced by ~2 percentage units in each growth stage, but with levels of five essential amino acids the same as in the control (LP1); (iii) an even lower protein regime in which levels of essential amino acids were not maintained beyond 60 kg (LP2). The LP2 regime was designed to promote intramuscular fat deposition rather than efficient growth. Excretion of N was reduced by 17% and 19% in LP1 and LP2, respectively, compared with the control. Average daily gain was lower and feed conversion ratio higher in LP2 than the other regimes, as expected. The control and LP1, which differed in protein but not essential amino acid levels, produced broadly similar results for performance, but pigs in LP1 had poorer feed conversion than control pigs, which could be due to slightly greater fat deposition. The results show the difficulty in maintaining consistently high levels of performance in fast-growing, lean pigs when dietary protein levels are reduced.

scholarly journals The effects of feeding toxic groundnut meal to growing pigs and its interaction with high-copper diets

1968 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Barber ◽  
R. Braude ◽  
K. G. Mitchell ◽  
J. D. J. Harding ◽  
G. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Serum Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Large White ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Aflatoxin B ◽  
Histological Results

1. Three experiments using sixty individually fed, enzootic pneumonia-free Large White pigs on experiment from 9–11 weeks of age to 200 lb live weight are described.2. Information was obtained on the effect of different dietary concentrations of aflatoxin B1 on the performance of the pigs, on various biochemical measurements and on the histology of the livers and kidneys.3. Reduced growth rate and loss of appetite were the main adverse effects observed, their extent being positively related to the dietary level of aflatoxin B1. No marked clinical signs were seen, mortality was very low and there was little or no effect on the feed conversion efficiency of the animals.4. No evidence for any adverse interaction between aflatoxin B1 and the presence in the diet of a supplement of copper sulphate providing 250 ppm Cu was apparent from either the performance, biochemical or histological results obtained. It was concluded that the few isolated reports of toxicity in growing pigs fed diets containing a supplement of 250 ppm Cu were unlikely to have been the result of the unsuspected presence of aflatoxin B1 in the feedingstuffs used in the diets.5. Aflatoxin B1 tended to increase the serum alkaline phosphatase level, the concentration of Cu in the kidneys, and liver weight and to reduce the liver vitamin A concentration. No other consistent differences in the measurements made were observed.6. The extent of the total pathological abnormality observed in the livers and kidneys was closely related to the level of aflatoxin B1 in the diet.

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